初中英語從句知識點總結歸納

1、賓語從句定義：賓語從句是指在一個句子中充當賓語的句子如I： He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.賓語從句有三種類型：由從屬連詞that引導的賓語從句表示陳述意義，連詞that?？杀皇÷浴＠纾篒 hope （that） they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy.由從屬連詞if或whether引導的賓語從句表示“是否（有，能，已經(jīng)）等一般疑問句的含義。例如:I wonder whether （if） he lives here.由連接代詞who,whom,whos

2、e,what,which和連接副詞when,where,how,why等引導的賓語從句表示“誰，誰的，什么，哪（個，些）, 何時，何地，怎樣，為什么等等特殊疑問句的意義。除了連接詞及被修飾的詞 提前以外，賓語從句用陳述句語序。例如：To masked who could give the message to her mother.Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was.賓語從句的時態(tài)呼應：主現(xiàn)則從任，主過則從過，客觀真理一般現(xiàn)當主句是現(xiàn)在時或將來時的時候，賓語從句可以用所需要的任何時態(tài)。主句是

3、過去時，賓語從句一般只能用過去時的某種形式；當從句敘述的 是客觀事實或一般真理時，賓語從句仍然用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞must一般不用于過去時，但卻可以用于主句是過去時的賓語 從句中。賓語從句的語序1賓語從句的連接詞后加陳述語序（主語在前，謂語在后）Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.Right: Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.雖然他很富有，然而他并不快樂.Right: Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as childrenR

4、ight: Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.盡管我們己經(jīng)長大了，可是我們的父母仍把我們看作小孩.although, though 辨析although不能作并列連詞，although不能作副詞，放在詞尾表示強調(diào)時要用 even though.1 Even though I didnt under a word, I kept smiling. 盡管典型例題she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. When B. However C. Although D. U

5、nlessever if, even though. 艮使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.whether.or not 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.no matter 從句結構：”no matter +特殊疑問詞疑問詞+陳述語序”或”特殊疑問詞+后綴 ever+陳述語序”No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替換：no matter what = w

6、hatever no matter who = whoeverno matter when = whenever no matter where = whereverno matter which = whichever no matter how = however注意：no matter不能引導主語從句和賓語從句。（錯）No matter what you say is not useful now.（對）Whatever you say is not useful now.你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。（Whatever you say 是主語從句）（錯）Prisoners have to ea

7、t no matter what theyre given,（對）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given. 囚犯們只能給什么吃什 么定語從句定語是指在句子中用來修飾名詞、代詞的成分定語從句是指在一個句子中作定語的句子，定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后如:I have met the doctor who is in the No.l hospital.定語從句的連接詞：1 .連接代詞： who、which、whom whose that連接副詞：when where why選用連接詞的關鍵是看先行詞（定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞）一、連接代詞的選用：wh

8、o 指人，先行詞為人，在從句中做主語Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.whom 指人，先行詞為人，在定語從句中充當賓語，?？墒÷?。Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.注意：關系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。which指物，先行詞為物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省 略This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.that指人時，相當于who或者whom；指物時，相當于whicho在

9、定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時可省略。Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語，譯成.的”He has a friend whose father is a doctor.指物時，常用以下結構來代替Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? = Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?介詞+連接代詞引導的定語從句連接代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時，從句常 由介詞+連接代詞引導The scho

10、ol (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.注意：1.含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of 等This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)若介詞放在連接代詞前，連接代詞指人時用whom,不可用who或者 that；指物時用wh

11、ich,不能用that；連接代詞是所有格時用whoseThe man with whom you talked is my friend.介詞+連接代詞前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代詞或者數(shù)詞He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.There are forty students i

12、n our class in all, most of whom are from big cities二、連接副詞的選用：when指時間，在定語從句中做時間狀語I still remember the day when I first came to the school.where指地點，在定語從句中做地點狀語is the city where I was born.why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.注意：關系副詞引導的從句可以由介詞+關系代詞引導的從句替換The reason why/

13、 for which he refused the invitation is not clear,From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.三、判斷關系代詞和關系副詞的方法：準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成 分（主、謂、賓、定、狀）彳列 1. Is this the museumyou visited

14、a few days ago?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one彳列 2. Is this the museumthe exhibition was held?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one關系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語 時,選擇關系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應選擇關系副詞（where地點狀語，when時 間狀語，why原因狀語）四、介詞+連接詞用法說明1）介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。2）that前不能有介

15、詞。3）某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的”介詞+關系詞”結構可以同關 系副詞when ,where和why互換如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?This is the reason why he came late.This

16、is the reason forwhich he came late.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句舉例：china is a country which has a long history.非限制性定語從句舉例：his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.要注意區(qū)分以下幾個句子的不同his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那當醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵他要考上大學。(他還有其他的哥哥)his brother, w

17、ho is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥是當醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵他要考上大學。(他只有一個哥哥)關系代詞as和which引導的定語從句as和which引導非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況 是：as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。he married her, as/which was natural.he was honest, as/which we can see.as引導非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以 切割一個主句；which引導的非

18、限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如.，正像.的意思as is known to all, china is a developing country.he is from the south, as we can see from his accent.john, as you know, is a famous writer.he has been to more than several times, which i dont believe.注意：當主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關系時，常用whichtom was always late for school, which

19、made his teacher angry.當先行次受such, the same修飾時,常用asi have never heard such a story as he tells.he is not such a fool as he looks.this is the same book as i lost last week.注意：當先行次由the same修飾時，偶爾也用that引導定語從句，但是和 由as所引導的定語從句意思不同she wore the same dress that she wore at marys wedding.她穿著她在mary婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。s

20、he wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導，而且通?？梢允?略。the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.but有時也可以做關系詞引導定語從句there are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who dont)定語從句只能用that的幾種情況當先彳亍詞是 anything, everything,

21、nothing (something 除夕卜)few, all, none, little, some 等代詞時，或者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修飾 時Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?All that can be done has been done.There is little that I can do for you.注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用whoAny man that/who has a sense of duty wont d

22、o such a thing.當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾The first place that they visited in was the Big Ben.當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時This is the best film that I have seen.當形容詞被the very, the only修飾時This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可以用whoWang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting?當先行詞

23、前面有who, which等疑問代詞時Who is the man that is standing there?當先行詞既有人，也有動物或者物體時Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?同位語從句（一）一般來說，在主從復合句中，用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它 通常跟在某些名詞之后，用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿?語從句的名詞通常有:advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, pro

24、posal, reply, report, suggestion, word （消息），problem, question, doubt, thought 等。They were delighted at the news that their team had won.有時同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。如:The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.（二）引導詞The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.He

25、hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.have no idea how I can get to

26、 the railway station.have no idea when he will be back.小結：that引導同位語從句時無詞義，也不充當任何成分，但通常不可 以省略，如句1； whether引導同位語從句時意為“是否，通常不能用if來代替，如句2;連接代詞who, what等可以引導同位語從句，如句3, 4；連接副詞where, how, when等可以引導同位語從句，如句5, 67o（三）that引導的同位語從句和定語從句意義不同：同位語從句用來進一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句 用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較：The news that our team has

27、won the final match is encouraging.The news that you told us is really encouraging.that的功能不同：that引導同位語從句時是一個純連詞，不充當任何成 分；而引導定語從句時，不僅起連接作用，而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當 主語、賓語等成分。試比較：Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the Englishtest.Dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省

28、略：that在引導同位語從句時，通常不可省略。在引導定語從句 時，若在從句中作賓語，通常可以省略，若作主語則不可以省略。主語從句1由連詞that引導的主語從句：引導詞that無含義，在句中不做成分,不可以 省。That you will win the medal seems unlikely.你想獲得獎牌看起來是不可能 的。2用連詞whether引導的主語從句:whether有含義（是否），在句中不做成分, 不可以省。4用連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的名詞性從句（其連接副詞有含義, 在句中作狀語。）Where we should leave it is a prob

29、lem.注意（2）It is +形容詞+從句It is necessary that. 有必要It is clear that.很清楚It is likely that.很可能It is important that.重要的是類彳以的形容詞還有:strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.當連接詞本身又是賓語從句的主語時，后

30、面直接加謂語動詞如：She asked me who had helped him狀語從句英語中，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語。狀語的功用：狀語說明地點、時間、原因、目的、結果、條件、方向、程 度、方式和伴隨狀況等，根據(jù)狀語的功能狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句、原 因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句、條件狀語從句。時間狀語從句：在一個句子中作時間狀語的句子。時間狀語的連接詞：when （當.時候） while （當.時候）as （當時候）after （在以后）before （在.以前）as soon as （一就）since （自從. 到現(xiàn)在）till /until （直到才）b

31、y the time （到.為止）依舊是連接詞后加陳述 語序。when當?shù)臅r候（一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn)）while 當時He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.as 在.的同時；一邊一邊He smiled as he stood up.after 在之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.before 在之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6

32、. as soon as就.（一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn)）It is +過去分詞+從句It is said that. 據(jù)說It is reported that.據(jù)報道It has been proved that. 已證明It must be proved that.必須指出類似的過去分詞還有:known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc. o當及物動詞+賓語較短時，也

33、可用這種結構。It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.讓我吃驚的是彼得沒有告訴任何人他在哪里。2.只用whether不用if引導主語從句.表語從句在復合句中作表語的從句，就叫做表語從句。表語從句一般放在系動詞 之后,結構是“主語+系動詞+表語從句”。連系動詞通常不用于被動語態(tài)和進行時態(tài)中。他已經(jīng)成為了他10年前想成為的。His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建議是，我們應該保持冷靜。表語從句的引導詞從屬連詞:that / whether /as if /as tho

34、ugh/as/becausethat引導表語從句本身沒有詞義，在句中只起連接作用，不充當句子成 分，一般不能省略。That fact is that more than seventy percent of the earths surface is covered by water.連接詞that 一般不能省略，但當主句中含動詞do的某種形式時，that可以 省略。What I want to do is (that) I can go up to him and thank him.我想做的事是走 到身邊去感謝他。whether引導表語從句表示是否，但不充當句子的成分。The questi

35、on is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.if與whether均意為“是否”，但引導表語從句時,只能用whether,不能用 ifoas if/though“好像，引導表語從句時要注意語態(tài).如果句中的情況與事實不相符，從句多用虛擬語氣。如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在 事實相反，謂語動詞用一般過去式；如果從句表示與過去事實相反時，謂語動詞要 用“had +過去分詞，如果從句表示將來的可能性不大，用would(might,could )+動詞原形.Li Lei is now in a new jacket. He looks as if

36、he were an American boy.(現(xiàn)在事實 相反)The girl is giving us a vivid description of the moon. It seems as if she had been to the moon many times.(與過去事實相反)It looks as if it might rain.(與將來事實相反)但是，如果as if/though引導的表語從句所表示的與事實相符，從句則用陳 述語氣。The clouds are gathering. It looks as if is going to rain.（4）as引導表語從句H

37、e looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起來還與十年前一樣。（5）because引導表語從句常用結構：This/That/lt is/was because-That is because I dont like Chinese.連接代詞： who/whom/whose/what/which/whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever,在表語 從句中做主語、賓語、表語和定語。Tom is no longer what he used to be. （what 做表語）The problem is who i

38、s fit for this job. （who 做主語）This is what I want to tell you. （what 做賓語）The problem is whose work is the best, （whose 做定語）連接副詞：when/where/how/why,在表語從句中做狀語。The question is how he did it.問題是他是如何做此事的。The question is where we can live.問題是我們能住在哪兒。注意reason做主語或主語中包含事件的起因時，后面的表語從句表示原因時 要用that來引導，而不用because

39、； why引導主語從句做主語時，表語從句用 that 引導，不用 becauseoThe reason is that he got up late.Why he is late is that he got up late.that is why/becauseThat is why .是常用句型，其中why引導的從句在句中作表語，該句型通常 用于針對前面已經(jīng)說過的原因進行總結。That is the reason why .與That is why.是同義的，“這就是.的原因/因此.，但是從語法結構上講That is the reason why .中的why引導的是一個定語從句。That

40、 is why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why在表語從句中充當原因狀語)That is the reason why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考試不及格的原因。(why在定語從句中充當原因狀語)That is because-句型中從屬連詞because引導的名詞性從句在此作表 語，這也是個常用句型，意為“這就是因為.。That is because I got up late,這是因為我起床遲了?！癟hat is because./與“That is why.”之間的不同在于“That is

41、because.指 原因或理由，“That is why.則指由于各種原因所造成的后果。I was angry. That was because he didnt understand me.我生氣是因為他不理解 我。(表語從句強調(diào)原因)That,s why he got fired from that firm.那正是他被公司解雇的原因。(表語從 句強調(diào)結果)The reason (why./for.)is /was that. 的原因是The reason for his absence is that he got up late.The reason why he is absent

42、 is that he got up late.他缺席的原因是他起床退了。使用虛擬語氣的表語從句在表示建議、勸告、命令、計劃含義的名詞后的表語從句，謂語動詞需用 “should+動詞原形”表示虛擬語氣，should可省略。常見的詞有：advice, suggestion, order, request, proposal, plan, idea 等。My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow.We began to work as soon as we got there.I will write to you as soon

43、as I get home.7. since 自以來 到現(xiàn)在表示自過去的一個起點時間到目前（說話時間）為止的一段持續(xù)時間。主句一 般用現(xiàn)在完成時，從句用一般過去時。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to three years ago.（還可以 用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago（自三年前以來）表示。）8 till/until 直到都可以作連詞，連接時間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構成介詞短語， 在句中作狀語。They walked till /until it was dark.Xiao

44、Ming didn,t leave home till / until his father came back.9. by the time至0.為止（所在句子的主句應用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時）By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.用法辨析：l.when, while和as的區(qū)別When引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。 并且when有時表示就在那時。例如： When she came i

45、n, I stopped eating. 她進來時，我在吃飯。 （瞬時動詞）When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時，我常常為他擔水。（延續(xù)性的動詞）We were about to leave when he came in.我們就要離開，就在那時他進來ToWhile引導的從句的謂語動作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強調(diào)主句和從句的動作 同時發(fā)生（或者相對應）。并且while有時還可以表示對比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was w

46、atching TV.I like playing football while you like playing basketball,我喜歡踢足球，而你喜 歡打籃球。（對比）As表示“一邊.一邊”，as引導的動作是延續(xù)性的動作，一般用于主句和從句動作同時發(fā)生；as也可以強調(diào)一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.我們總是邊走邊唱。（as表示“一邊一邊）As we was going out, it began to snow.當我們出門時，開始下雪了。（as 強 調(diào)句中兩個動作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強調(diào)開始下雪的特定時間）as when while都表示主、從句動

47、作同時發(fā)生，三者差異如下：as表示“一邊。一邊的意思when1、還可以表示從句動詞的動作在主幾句動詞的動作”之前或”之后” 發(fā)生。2、when = and then; at that moment （正在那個時候）3、常用于常見搭配中while 1、用于時間較長時2、強調(diào)兩個動作同時進行，并表示對比時有時這三個連詞可以互換，有時不可以。It was raining hard when （as） I got there.我到那里時，正在下大雨。（動作同時發(fā)生，when可換為as,但不能換為 while,因為get是點動詞.）When I had read the article, he call

48、ed me.我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話。（從句動作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意 時態(tài)表達，只能用when ）When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.（當）我到了電影院時，電影已經(jīng)開演了。（從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之后，只 能用when,并要注意時態(tài)）He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要離開，忽然電話響了。（此時不能放在句首。主句動詞一般表達正 在唧將.while, as不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in

49、 fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實際上在談論我女兒。（表轉折，對比， when, as都不能代替它）While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人買紀念品時，那女孩給警察打了電話。（表示主句，從句的動作同時 發(fā)生，while后引導的狀語從句的動詞必須是延續(xù)動詞不能是點動詞，因為它表 示較長時間）Mother was worried because little was ill, especially as （when/ while）

50、 father was away.媽媽擔心，因為小愛麗絲病了，特別是他父親不在家的時候。（此時 as ,when, while 可通用）由till或until引導的時間狀語從句。till和until 一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強調(diào)句型中多用untiL并且要 注意的是：如果主句中的謂語動詞是瞬時動詞時，必須用否定形式；如果主句 中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達的意思不 同。例如：I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來為止。I didnt work until he came back.他回來我這才開始工作。由since引導的時間狀語從

51、句。since引導的從句的謂語動詞可以是延續(xù)性的動詞，又可以是瞬時動詞。一 般情況下，從句謂語動詞用一般過去時，而主句的謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時，表 述為：現(xiàn)在完成時+since+一般過去時。但在Itis +時間+since從句的句型中， 主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時。例如：It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我彳門老板離開J匕京有五個月 了。知識擴展It is .since從.以來多長時間了It is five years since we met last time.It is .+before.（o 。才。）It was a long tim

52、e before I went to sleep again.It was an hour before! = until) the police arrived.原因狀語從句：在一個句子中作時間狀語的句子。連接詞：由連詞because, since, as引導，也可由for, now that等詞引導didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. 既然。As you are in poor health, you should not stay up

53、 late. 既然。asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.用法辨析：because , since , as, for 辨析1）because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。 當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或sinceoI didnt go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由because引導的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號，則可以用for來 代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。