法律英語詞匯特點

1、法律(fl)英語詞匯特點鄭達軒共二十一頁法律語言(yyn)/法律英語(langue of the law)語言文學（language and literature）Communicative language專門用途英語（English for special purposes, ESP）: greater specialization in the teaching of English 行業(yè)(hngy)用途語言(English for Professional Purposes, EPP)Language for trade, marketing, tourism, legislation

2、, policy-makingLegal EnglishInternational organizations and institutions, government agencies or departments, multinational corporations, import-export firms, the media, the film and tourist industry, information technology, web activities(foreign offices conducting international businesses, nationa

3、l or international courts, legal form and methods for diplomatic controversies, judicial and arbitral proceedings etc.)共二十一頁用詞(yn c)特點 (1)詞匯(chu)重復 （The repetition of lexical items）Eg: “The church must comply with the requirements of the zoning and building codes before it may legally operate its sc

4、hool . Each of these codes makes accommodation for uses that legally existed prior to enactment of the code. However, the church never operated a school prior to the codes enactment, so full compliance with the codes is required for the new use involved in operating a school .”共二十一頁用詞(yn c)特點（cont.）

5、(2)并列使用近義詞或同義詞 concurrent use of synonym and near synonyms(sometimes redundancy_doublets or triplets )Eg：“The servantt s liability stems from the duty owed to a third person under the law requiring the servant to act so as not to injure others.”O(jiān)ther examples： acknowledge and confess(供認;承認)aid and a

6、bet(教唆)alter and change(變更(bingng)any matter，fact or thing(一切事情/一切事項)breaking and entering(闖入)Cancel, annul and set aside（取消）cease and desist (制止)false and untrue (非真實的，虛假的)共二十一頁fixtures and fittings(附屬物)Force and effect (效力)full and final (完備的;決定性的)goods and chattels(動產(dngchn);私人動產(dngchn)last wil

7、l and testament (遺囑)Known and distinguished as (稱作)nominate, constitute and appoint(提名，指定)null and void(無效;失效)request and require（要求）rights and interests(權益)terms and conditions (of an Agreement) (協議條件)共二十一頁用詞(yn c)特點（cont.）（3）古詞、舊詞的頻繁(pnfn)使用frequent Use of the archaic words or phrasesEsp. archaic

8、adverbs and prepositional phrasesaforementioned ( =previously mentioned）, aforesaid ( = above) ,behoove ( = to be necessary/ tobe proper) ,foregoing ,forthwith ( = immediately) , henceforth( = from now on) , hitherto ( = until this time/ up to now) ,pursuant to ( = under/ according to）hereafter , he

9、rebefore ,hereby ,herein ,herinabove ( = above) ,hereinafter ,hereinunder( = below) , hereof , heretofore ( = before/ up to this time) ,hereunder , herewith ( eg. enclosed herewith = enclosed) 共二十一頁thereabout , thereafter ( from that time on ) ,therefrom, therein , thereof , thereon , thereto ,there

10、unto , therewith whereas ( = because/ considering that/while on the contrary/ inasmuch as ) , whereat , whereby ,wherefore，wheresoever , wherein ( = there ) ,whereof ,whereon ,whereupon Pursuant toWithout prejudice toSubject toAt the motion of notwithstanding共二十一頁用詞(yn c)特點（cont.）（4）外來詞語的使用 loan wor

11、ds or phrases拉丁詞匯 “actus legitimus(合法行為)” “ad hoc (特別,特定;臨時;特殊)” “ad referendum(尚待核準,待進一步審議)” “amicus cruiae (協助法庭解釋(jish)某類法律問題的人,法庭之友 )”“animus (意愿,意圖;心素)” “arguendo (for the sake of argument 在爭辯中)” “bancus(法院;法官席)” “billa vera (正式的起訴書)” “bona fide (真誠地,善意地辯正當地)” “cadit quaestio (辨論終結)” “capias(拘票

12、,拘捕令;令狀)” “certiorari (上級法院向下級法院調取案卷復審的令狀)” “coemptio (買賣婚姻)” ” coram(在某人面前)” “corpusj uris (法典,法令大全)” “de jure (法律上,按照法律的,合法 的)”共二十一頁 “decessit sine prole (死后無子女)” “dies cedit (權利義務成立期,債權發(fā)生日期)”“dolus antecedens (事前犯意)” “durante lite (訴訟進行期間)” , “en banc (全體出庭法官聽審)” “et alii (以及其他事項,以及其他等等)” “Expres

13、sio unius est exclusio alterius. (明示其一即排斥其他)” , “Falsus in uno ,falsus omnibus. (一事假,事事假)” “ fieri facias (財物扣押(kuy)令,扣押(kuy)債務人動產令)” “habeas corpus(人身保護令狀)” “inter alia (among other things 在其他事物中/除了別的以外/特別是/其中包括)” “juscriminale (刑法)” “l(fā)ex situs = lex rei sitae (物所在地法)” per curiam( by the court 依法院/

14、為法院所定/引用法官判詞)” “prima facie (初步的;表面的)” , “pro bono (為了 的利益)” , “quorum(法定人數)” “res judicata (既決案件;已判決的事項/事件)” “seriatum (in turn/ serially/ one after another 依次/逐條)” Stare decisis(遵循先例，因循先例)“supersedeas(中止執(zhí)行令;中止訴訟令狀)” , “stare decisis(服從先例原則,遵照先例原則;根據判例)”“vis major (不可抗力;不能抵抗的力量)” 共二十一頁法語 “appeal”、“

15、assault”、“contract”、“damages”、“defendant”、“heir”、“l(fā)arceny”、 “l(fā)ien”、“mortgage”、“plaintiff”、“pleadings”、“reprieve”、“tort”、“treason”、“trespass”、“verdict” “cestui que trust ( = beneficiary 信托收益人 )” , “cy - pres = as near as possible1 盡可能地,力求近似;近似原則(yunz)” “en ventre sa mere ( = in its mother s womb,腹中胎兒

16、,待生胎兒” “feme covert = married woman 有夫之婦,已婚女子” “save = except除 之 外” “seisin/ seizin = possession or ownership 占有物;占有土地,土地的占有;依法占有的財產 共二十一頁用詞(yn c)特點（cont.）(5)法律術語和行話的使用/Terms of art and Argot法律術語根據大衛(wèi)麥林科夫(David Melinkoff)的解釋,是“具有特定意義的專門化詞” (a technical word with a specific meaning) ,根據布賴恩 A加納的解釋,是“在某

17、一特定專業(yè)中具有特定、準確意義的詞集 ( words having specific , precise significance in a given specialty)” “certiorari”就是一個法律術語,它出現在法律文件之中,意思是“上級法院向下級法院發(fā)出的調取案卷進行復審的令狀” ,但實際法律生活中,人們都會從文化背景范圍內去了解該詞的確切含義,現在人們使用該詞時都會明白法律工作中上訴(shn s)程序的運行情況,上級法院的自由裁量權的大小,也都明白一國最高法院到底是如何選擇它來聽審案件的。共二十一頁共核詞匯在法律語境中的特定法律意義 例詞 一般文體中的詞義 法律文體中的意義

18、action 行為、行動 訴訟、起訴權 action in chief ,主訴,本訴; action at law ,法律訴訟,訴訟行為Adopt 采納, 采用, 采取 收養(yǎng);正式通過 eg：adopted law ,繼受 法; to adopt a resolution ,通過一項決議Advance 前進, 進行, 進展 預付款,貸款eg: advance sb. money預付某人一些錢Appeal 呼吁, 號召; 請求 上訴;控訴;上訴狀 to appeal against a finding ,不服裁決的上訴arm 臂; 前肢; 扶手;臂狀物 權力;效力 arm of the law

19、法律的權力; Justice has long arms. 法網恢恢,疏而不漏bar (鐵、木 等)條, 桿, 棒; 柵; ( 光、色等)線,條法庭的圍欄; ( the B) ,法庭(審判席、律師席、被告 席; ( the B) ,律師的職業(yè), 律師界; 阻礙,阻止eg：bar association 律師協會; be calledto the bar ,取得律師資格; to bar sb. f rom stationing at rial ,阻止某人起訴challenge 挑戰(zhàn);要求決斗; 質問, 懷疑； 對表決或投票資格提 出 質 問/懷疑;要求陪審員回避(hub) challenge o

20、f juror , 反對某人作陪審員;to challenge for cause ,有正當理由 要求某陪審員回避(hub)共二十一頁exhibit 展覽, 陳列, 展出; 表示, 顯示;展覽會物證,證物;證據;證件to exhibit register ,物 證登記冊instrument 儀 器/器 械;手段, 工具;樂器 證券;契約;文件 negotiable instrument , 流通票據(pio j); legal instrument , 法律文件； law of instrument（draft, promissory note and cheque）票據(pio j)法Maj

21、or 較大的;較年長 的; 成 年人; 專業(yè); 大音階;大前提已成年者,成人Minor 較輕微的;較次要的;次要; 學科 未成年人,未成年 minor offender ,未成年罪犯Party 黨,黨派, 政黨; 黨 派 活動,社交性或娛樂性的宴會條約、會議、訴訟等有關的一方/當事人 both parties ,雙方當事人（兩造）sentence 句子;樂句 量刑，判決,判刑;科刑 sentenced offender ,已決犯; sentence of life imprisonment , 判處無期徒刑共二十一頁“行話(hnghu)” (argot） case on all fours”

22、,” adhesion contract (附意合同/格式合同)” , “attractive nuisance” , “case at bar (法律案件)” ,“case - in - chief” ,“clean hands (清白無暇)” , “cloud on title (所有權的缺陷)” , “court below (下級法院)” , “four corners of the document (全部文件)” , “horse case” ,“instant case” ,“off the record (不公開的/非正式的)” , “pierce the corporate

23、veil” , “reasonable man(有理性的人)” , “res ipsa loquitur (事情不言自明)”共二十一頁用詞(yn c)特點（cont.）(6)修飾限制類的形容詞或副詞的使用(shyng)問題limited use of the Adjectives and intensifying adverbs eg: splendid, wise, disgusting, happy (adjectives) very, rather (intensifying adverbs)共二十一頁用詞(yn c)特點（cont.）（7）Use of the Chameleon hu

24、ed words變色詞的使用(use of the vague terms )“all reasonable efforts” reasonable(合理的) substantial(巨大的)meaningful(有意義的)satisfactory(符合要求的)sufficient(足夠的)excessive(額外的)incidental(輔助(fzh)的)proper(適當的)obvious(明顯的)等 共二十一頁(8)表示抽象概念的名詞的使用(shyng)Use of the nominalized nounsWisdom prepares for the worst, but the f

25、olly leaves the worst for the day it comes. _R. Cecil翻譯：智者防患未然，而笨人臨渴掘井。共二十一頁(9) 不可(bk)容忍的代詞使用問題Substitute words not tolerated()eg.he, she, it, they(pronoun reference); do; this, that(anaphora) Special Use of such words as “same”、“said”與“such”“It was snowing and icy on January 9 ,1991 ,when Mr . Smit

26、h , the plaintiff , was driving home from work along a deserted highway in his 1990 Honda Accord with chains on SAID vehicle s tires. Suddenly SAID plaintiff heard a loud clanging of metal . Such clanging continued until such time as SAID plaintiff was able to pull SAID clanging continued until such time as SAID plaintiff was able to pull SAID vehicle over to the shoulder of SAID highway ,Upon inspection of SAID vehicle ,SAID p