名詞基本用法

1、關(guān)于名詞的基本用法第一張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 專有名詞與普通名詞名詞可分為兩大類：*專有名詞(proper nouns)*普通名詞(common nouns)專有名詞主要指人名、地名或某類人或事物的名稱，如：*人名：Diana，Einstein，Miss Brown，President Bush；*地名：Asia，Kensington Gardens，the Yellow River，*某些人的名稱：Americans，Chinese，Japanese，*某些抽象事物的名稱：Buddhism，Geneva Conference, *月份、周日及節(jié)日名詞：June，Monda

2、y，Easter，*書名、電影及詩歌名：A Tale of Two Cities， Gone with the Wind，Ode to the West Wind(西風(fēng)頌)，*對家人的稱呼：Mum，Dad，Auntie，Uncle Tom專有名詞開頭的字母要大寫。 第二張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月普通名詞可分為四類：*個(gè)體名詞(individual nouns)；*集體名詞(collective nouns)；*物質(zhì)名詞(mass nouns)；*抽象名詞(abstract nouns)。其中個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)來數(shù)的，稱為 可數(shù)名詞(countable nouns)；物質(zhì)

3、名詞和抽象名詞是無法以數(shù)計(jì)的，稱為 不可數(shù)名詞(uncountable nouns)。 第三張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月個(gè)體名詞個(gè)體名詞指作為個(gè)體而存在的人或東西，可以指具體東西，如： She has three brothers.她有三個(gè)哥哥。也可指抽象的東西，如： Hes been here for a month.他在這里待一星期了。下面是一些常見的個(gè)體名詞：accident actor baby bank battle beach camp captain star station task teacher tent thought woman第四張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)

4、作于2022年6月集體名詞集體名詞是由個(gè)體組成的集體的名稱，下面是一些常見的集體名詞： army audience committee community company crew enemy family flock gang government group herd media navy police public staff team 這些詞本身有復(fù)數(shù) (注明者除外)，帶復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞，表示多個(gè)集體。 單數(shù)集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。一般說來，作為整體時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，想到它包含的成員時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。 第五張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月公眾支持它的可能性不大。 The pu

5、blic was unlikely to support it. 公眾受到報(bào)紙的蒙騙。 The public were deceived by the newspapers.敵人受到重大損失。 The enemy has suffered heavy losses.敵軍正在攻打該城。 The enemy were attacking the town.觀眾自始至終欣賞這次演出。 The audience enjoys every minute of the performance.觀眾有形形色色的穿著。 The audience are dressed in a variety of ways

6、.第六張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月物質(zhì)名詞物質(zhì)名詞指不可分成個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。下面是一些常見的物質(zhì)名詞：beer cheese cloth coal cotton jam jellyjuice meat medicine oil paint paper perfume plastics poison salad snow tea whisky wine wood yoghurt*有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”，“一杯”等：A dozen beers，please. 請來一打啤酒 *有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一種”：It was a special tea which

7、tasted of orange blossoms. 這是一種特別的茶，有橘子花味。第七張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 抽象名詞抽象名詞主要指一些抽象概念的名稱，它們一般是不可數(shù)的，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，前面也不能加冠詞a，an。下面是一些常見的抽象名詞： angerbeauty childhoodcomfort confidence courageexperience failure faith fashion fear freedom fun growth respect safety silencetruth violence waste wealth 在多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞都用于單

8、數(shù)形式，并不加任何冠詞：Knowledge is power. 知識(shí)就是力量。(諺)第八張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月二、常用不可數(shù)名詞： 主要是物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞 advice 忠告主意 age 年齡 baggage 行李 beauty 美麗，漂亮 bread 面包 beer 啤酒 camping 露營 cloth 布 coffee 咖啡 courage 勇氣 cream 奶油 damage 損害 death 死亡 dust 塵土 experience 經(jīng)驗(yàn) fear 擔(dān)心 furniture 家具 glass 玻璃 gold 黃金 help 幫助 hope 希望 hair 頭發(fā)

9、 homework 作業(yè) horror 恐懼 ice 冰 information 消息信息 jam 果醬 juice 飲料 knowledge 知識(shí) luggage 行李mercy 仁慈 money 金錢 oil 油 paper 紙 pity 同情 shopping 購物 soap 肥皂 steak 牛排 stone 石頭 suspicion 猜疑 silver 銀 tea 茶 water 水 weather 天氣 wind 風(fēng) wine 葡萄酒 wood 木頭 work 工作 第九張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月不可數(shù)名詞量的表達(dá)a piece of news 一條消息 a box

10、 of milk 一盒牛奶 a cake of soap 一塊肥皂 a drop of oil 一滴油 a grain of sand 一粒沙子 a pane of glass 一塊玻璃 a piece of advice 一條忠告 a pot of jam 一罐果醬 a sheet of paper 一頁紙 a glass of beer 一杯啤酒第十張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月 三、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式： 有規(guī)則和不規(guī)則兩種。 A. 規(guī)則變化(1) 一般在詞尾加 -s。如:dog dogs(2) 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞加 -es。如: bus buses, box

11、 boxes, watch watches, wish wishes (3)以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加-es。如:country countries, city cities 特別提示 如果名詞以“元音字母 + y”結(jié)尾,則直接在名詞的后面加-s構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。如: toy toys, day days(4)以o結(jié)尾的名詞多數(shù)直接加-s, 只有 potato, tomato, Negro, hero 等少數(shù)名詞加-es構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。(5)以f, fe結(jié)尾的名詞, 變f, fe為v 再加 -es。 如: knife knives, shelf shelves第十一張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于

12、2022年6月B. 不規(guī)則變化(1)少數(shù)名詞的變化是不規(guī)則的。 如: tooth teeth, man men, woman women, child children (2)在表示某國人的名詞中,Chinese和Japanese這兩個(gè)詞 的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。 如: a Chinese two Chinese (3)還有其它一些單、復(fù)數(shù)相同的名詞。 如: deer deer, sheep sheep, fish fish (fish表示不同種類的魚時(shí),其復(fù)數(shù)形式也可以為fishes) (4)有些名詞只以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。如:clothes, trousers, glasses 這些名詞做主語時(shí),

13、謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。 如: My clothes are newer than yours.(5) 有些名詞看似復(fù)數(shù)形式,實(shí)際上是單數(shù)。 如:maths, physics，politics 第十二張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月(6)有些復(fù)合名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),只將復(fù)合名詞的主體詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。但當(dāng)man, woman作定語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),前后兩部分都要變復(fù)數(shù)。如: a boy student two boy students a woman doctor six women doctors (7)一些集體名詞以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)際上為復(fù)數(shù)。 如:people, police等本身就是

14、復(fù)數(shù),不能說a people, a police, 但可以說 a person, a policeman。特別提示 family也是一個(gè)集體名詞,指一個(gè)家庭的整體時(shí),用作 單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;強(qiáng)調(diào)家庭成員個(gè)體時(shí), 用作復(fù)數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: His family is a happy one. The family are enjoying themselves at the party. 第十三張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月名詞所有格 用來表示名詞在句子中的所屬關(guān)系。1. 名詞所有格一般由下列方法構(gòu)成:(1)一般情況下在名詞后加“s”。如:Toms book(2)若

15、是以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞,在s后加“ ”即可。 如: Teachers Day 不以s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞的所有格, 則仍按慣例加“s”。如:Childrens Day2. 關(guān)于名詞所有格, 應(yīng)掌握以下幾點(diǎn): (1)名詞所有格表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),后面的名詞?？梢允∪?。如: to my uncles (去我叔叔家), at the doctors (在診所)(2)表示兩人共同擁有,在最后一個(gè)名詞后加“s”即可。 如: Lucy and Lilys room (兩人共同的房間) 如果表示兩者各自所屬關(guān)系,應(yīng)該在每個(gè)后面加“s”, 這時(shí)所修飾的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。如: Lucys and Lilys rooms (兩人均有

16、自己的房間)第十四張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月(3)名詞表示無生命的東西時(shí),其所有格形式一般 由 “名詞+of +名詞” 構(gòu)成。如: a map of China (4)名詞的雙重所有格。 “of + 名詞s” 這種形式 稱為名詞的雙重所有格,常用來表示整體中的 一部分。如: He is a friend of Li Mings. (他是李明的朋友。)第十五張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月（一）、只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞語有: many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores

17、of, dozens of 等。 （二）、只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞語有: much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of 等。 （三）、既能修飾可數(shù)名詞又能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞語有: a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三個(gè)詞語后謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)依of 后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定), a great / large quantity of (其后謂語用單數(shù)), quantities of (其后謂語用復(fù)數(shù))。 第十六張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月1、花園里還有許多雪。 There is still lots of sn

18、ow in the garden.2、大廳里放了很多鮮花。 A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.3、櫥柜里有許多食物。 There are large quantities of food in the cupboard. 4、很多學(xué)生都游覽過長城。 Many a student has (=many students have) visited the Great Wall. (謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù))5、開張后的頭幾天,很多人去了那兒。 A large number of people went there in the first

19、 few days after its opening.第十七張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月四、名詞的構(gòu)成 主要有三種： 合成、派生與轉(zhuǎn)化。. 合成 : 由兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞。class + room = classroom (名詞+名詞)black+ board= blackboard (形容詞+名詞)friendship，greenhouse， fire-fighter，bus-stop， son-in-law (女婿)，editor-in-chief (總編)， fire station (消防站)，music lessons (音樂課)，drinking water(

20、飲用水)，sleeping-pills(安眠藥) sunbathing(日光浴)，weightlifting(舉重) a black sheep(敗家子)，a green house(溫室) breakdown(失敗) 第十八張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月2、轉(zhuǎn)化stop v. 停止 - n.車站love v. 愛 - n. 愛watch v. 觀看 - n. 手表look v. 看- have a look n. 看 walk v. 散步,走- take a walk n.散步love v. 愛- your love n. 愛第十九張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月3、派

21、生-tion education, invitation, prediction-ment development, movement, disappointment -er teacher, worker, runner, singer -or visitor, sailor, tutor, actor -ist ( 人,名詞后綴) scientist, terrorist -ese ( 民族,語言,名詞后綴) Chinese, Japanese -ness happiness, sadness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility 第二十張，PPT

22、共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月名詞單句改錯(cuò)專題訓(xùn)練 A級 1. What a lot of works I have to finish today! 2. Both Marx and Engels were Germen.3. What a beautiful weather we are having recently!4. Most of them are woman doctors.5. He wrote a three-hundred-words report.workGermanswomenword第二十一張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月6. There are fou

23、r baskets of apple in that room.7. This computer cost me eight thousands yuan.8. Mr. Zhang looks very happy today. He has got many good news from here.9. This hat of my fathers is rather old.10.He made many mistakes in his composition because of careless.applesthousandmuchcarelessness第二十二張，PPT共三十三頁，

24、創(chuàng)作于2022年6月B級 1. Will you please make a room for the lady outside?2. The number of the students in our school are increasing.3. She has made some progresses in English.4. His work is better than anyone else.5. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no way but to take a taxi.isprogresselseschoice

25、第二十三張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月6. He dropped the coffees cup and broke it.7. He gained his wealths by printing works of famous writers.8. I spent last weekend with the Palmers.9. My brother has had one of his tooth taken out.10.Youll find this map of great valuable in helping you to get round London. coff

26、eewealthteethvalue第二十四張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月一、語法填空之名詞基礎(chǔ)練習(xí) 1Father went to his doctor for_ (advise) about his heart trouble 2. There are ten_ (woman) teachers and two hundred _(girl) students in the school 3. Facing cut-throat(激烈的) _ (compete) in all subjects, students must devote as much of their tim

27、e as possible. 4. I shall never fear difficulty and I shall never know the _ (exist) of the word “failure”. 5. Youll want to know your body language is saying and how to interpret other _(people). advicewomengirlcompetitionexistencepeoples第二十五張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月6. Not long ago he sent _(word) that

28、 he would return with his family. 7. She was in London and spent her _(young) in China. 8. The _ (erupt) of Mount Kilauea, one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii, is always taking people by surprise. 9. His _ (curious) made him wonder about clouds. 10. Except for some short songs and poems inclu

29、ded in his plays, all of _ (Shakespeare) greatest poems are sonnet( 十四行詩). Word(消息)youtheruptioncuriosityShakespeares第二十六張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月11. The number of languages is getting smaller all the time because of the steady _ (grow) of bigger languages. 12. Tight jeans and trousers, short skirts and

30、 even sensible flat shoes may all cause _ (ill). 13. Reduce the amount of it if you suffered from restlessness or _ (sleep) after taking the medicine. 14. I saw many _ (Japan) seated in the corner and reading something. 15. You should take more _(exercise). Dont always sit at the desk busy doing you

31、r _(exercise). growthillnesssleeplessJapaneseexerciseexercises第二十七張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月二、高考與各地模擬題中語法填空中的名詞考點(diǎn) 1Mr Chen has taught me English since Junior 1, and to show my_ (appreciate) I decided to get her a present. (07廣州一模) 2. You have done well and made great achievement in the _ (entertain) fiel

32、d. (08惠一模) 3. These people have made great _ (contribute) to China with their work.（08茂名二模） appreciationentertainmentcontributions第二十八張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月4. As far as I am concerned, my _ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English within easy reach. (08惠二模) 5. I took o

33、ut my guide book in which there was a lot of information about the citys well-known tourist _ (attract) and started to read. (08廣一模)6. But some have put forward the idea that the remains date from this period because of their _ (similar) to those found elsewhere. (08廣二模) suggestionattractionssimilar

34、ities第二十九張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月7. She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world; a world of smiles, love and _ ( warm ) (08深圳一模) 8. We convey either by words or by actions that failure is something to be ashamed of and that nothing but top performance meets with our _

35、 (approve). (08深圳二模) 9. Some things looked as if they had not been cared for a long time, but I knew their _( beautify) was still there beneath their own surface. (09深圳一模擬) warmthapprovalbeauty第三十張，PPT共三十三頁，創(chuàng)作于2022年6月A cat called Mayor Stubbs is celebrating 15 years in charge of the town of Talkeetna, Alaska. Stubbs was 1._ (elect) mayor as a joke by the towns 900 2._ (resident) just after he was born, and has been in charge ever since. He does all the things mayors are supposed to do, 3._ (sell) the town to outside investors by appearing in local and national 4._ (magazine) and news artic