國(guó)際物流第講XXXX年秋天

1、國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)與貿(mào)易系1考試要求考試改革：提交一份不少于3000字的論文（55%）講課過程中會(huì)給相應(yīng)的選題范圍兩次隨堂測(cè)試（20%）課堂報(bào)告（團(tuán)隊(duì)形式）（15%）考勤10%2教材選擇教材：國(guó)際物流學(xué)教程 中國(guó)物資出版社 蔣長(zhǎng)兵編（電子檔）參考教材：International logistics-the management of international trade operation by Pierre David and Richard Stewart3The responsibilities of a logistician Arranging transportation of these

2、 goods over thousands of milesUnderstanding the trade-off between the different modes of transportation available and making the correct decisionMaking sure that the goods are packed properly for their journeyInsuring the goods appropriately while in transit and understanding the risks they face4Min

3、imizing the risks associated with international payment by selecting the right payment currency or the right hedging strategyMaking sure that the goods are accompanied by the proper documents so that they can clear customs in the country of destinationDefining properly who between them and their for

4、eign counterparts is responsible for which aspects of the voyage and the documentsDetermining which method is most suitable for payment between exporter and importer5本課程主要講授內(nèi)容第一章國(guó)際物流學(xué)導(dǎo)論第四章 海上班輪運(yùn)輸?shù)谖逭?班輪提單 第六章 租船貨運(yùn)業(yè)務(wù)第七章 國(guó)際航空運(yùn)輸?shù)诎苏?國(guó)際多式聯(lián)運(yùn)第九章 國(guó)際物流倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)與包裝第十章 進(jìn)出口商品檢驗(yàn)檢疫6第一章 國(guó)際物流概述本章要點(diǎn)：國(guó)際物流概述國(guó)際物流系統(tǒng)（根據(jù)英文教材）7一、物

5、流概念的起源1921年提出，Physical Distribution：物質(zhì)通過時(shí)間和空間的轉(zhuǎn)移。二戰(zhàn)，美國(guó)軍方提出后勤管理理論：Logistics Management : 各種物資的生產(chǎn)、采購(gòu)、運(yùn)輸、配給等活動(dòng)作為一個(gè)整體來計(jì)劃、管理和實(shí)施。電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展給物流的概念帶來新含意。我國(guó)1979年才開始使用，以前是計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)。8商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的四種流程資金流、商流、物資流、信息流9二、物流的定義狹義物流：包含于銷售之中的物質(zhì)資料和服務(wù)于從生產(chǎn)地點(diǎn)到消費(fèi)地點(diǎn)的流動(dòng)過程中伴隨的種種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。 現(xiàn)代物流（ Logistics ） ：以適合于顧客的要求為目的，對(duì)原材料、在制品、制成品及與其關(guān)聯(lián)的信息，從生產(chǎn)

6、地點(diǎn)到消費(fèi)地點(diǎn)之間的流通與保管，為提高效率且最大的“對(duì)費(fèi)用的相對(duì)效果”而進(jìn)行計(jì)劃、執(zhí)行、控制。 10美國(guó)學(xué)者瑪沙庫(kù)珀：物流是處在供應(yīng)鏈中的采購(gòu)、生產(chǎn)、最終分撥各階段的原材料、零部件、制成品的移動(dòng)、存儲(chǔ)及相關(guān)信息的戰(zhàn)略管理11中國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)物流術(shù)語對(duì)物流的定義是：物流是物品從供應(yīng)地向接收地的實(shí)體流動(dòng)過程。根據(jù)實(shí)際需要，將運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存、裝卸、搬運(yùn)、包裝、流通加工、配送、信息處理等基本功能實(shí)現(xiàn)有機(jī)結(jié)合。12三、供應(yīng)鏈的概念供應(yīng)鏈（Supply Chain，SC）是指在整個(gè)商業(yè)交易中，從制造商、供應(yīng)商、零售商到最終用戶間的產(chǎn)品、信息及資金的雙向流動(dòng)的一連串活動(dòng)。簡(jiǎn)單說，供應(yīng)鏈實(shí)際就是由原材料加工為成品并送

7、到用戶手中這一過程中涉及的合作企業(yè)和部門所組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。供應(yīng)鏈管理（Supply Chain Management，SCM）則是通過不斷地整合與改造這些活動(dòng)，以達(dá)到提升所有廠商的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力與客戶價(jià)值的連鎖性管理。供應(yīng)鏈管理是一種一體化的管理思想和方法，它執(zhí)行供應(yīng)鏈中從供應(yīng)商到最終用戶的物流的計(jì)劃和控制思想等職能。13供應(yīng)鏈管理的內(nèi)容供應(yīng)鏈管理 = 物流管理+資金流管理+信息流管理供應(yīng)鏈管理的真正涵意，則是在管理企業(yè)從接受客戶訂單后到將產(chǎn)品交給客戶的所有過程。這些活動(dòng)主要包含供應(yīng)鏈規(guī)劃與供應(yīng)鏈執(zhí)行兩部分：供應(yīng)鏈規(guī)劃（Supply Chain Planning，SCP）：供應(yīng)鏈網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計(jì)、需求規(guī)劃與預(yù)測(cè)、

8、供給規(guī)劃、配銷規(guī)劃等。鏈執(zhí)行（Supply Chain Execution，SCE）：訂單管理、進(jìn)貨管理、生產(chǎn)管理、運(yùn)輸管理、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)管理等。14供應(yīng)鏈的組成供應(yīng)鏈可以看作由一系列“供應(yīng)鏈實(shí)體”（Supply Chain Entities）或稱為供應(yīng)鏈成員組成。這些實(shí)體可能是不同企業(yè)或同企業(yè)的各部門，也可能是最終消費(fèi)者，他們都是整個(gè)供應(yīng)鏈上的一環(huán)。在一個(gè)完整的供應(yīng)鏈體系中，參與供應(yīng)接活動(dòng)的供應(yīng)鏈實(shí)體通常會(huì)包括供應(yīng)商、制造商、配銷商、零售商及消費(fèi)者等。 15四、國(guó)際物流國(guó)際貿(mào)易是國(guó)際物流的前提。國(guó)際物流是指物資進(jìn)口國(guó)與物資出口國(guó)之間形成的物流,屬大宏觀物流。具體的說當(dāng)生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)分別在兩個(gè)以上國(guó)家（或

9、地區(qū)）獨(dú)立進(jìn)行時(shí)，為了克服生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)之間的空間隔離和時(shí)間距離，對(duì)物資進(jìn)行物理性移動(dòng)的一項(xiàng)國(guó)際商品貿(mào)易或交流活動(dòng)。 16教材定義國(guó)際物流(International Logistics)是跨越不同國(guó)家(地區(qū))之間的物流活動(dòng)(見GB/T18354-2006中2.30條)。國(guó)際物流的實(shí)質(zhì)是按國(guó)際分工協(xié)作的原則，依照國(guó)際慣例，利用國(guó)際化的物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)、物流設(shè)施和物流技術(shù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)貨物在國(guó)際間的流動(dòng)與交換，以促進(jìn)區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和世界資源優(yōu)化配置。國(guó)際物流的總目標(biāo)是為國(guó)際貿(mào)易和跨國(guó)經(jīng)營(yíng)服務(wù)的，即通過選擇最佳的方式與路徑，以最低的費(fèi)用和最小的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，保質(zhì)保量適時(shí)地將貨物從某國(guó)(供方)運(yùn)送到另一國(guó)(需方)。國(guó)際物流使各

10、國(guó)物流系統(tǒng)相互“接軌”，因而與國(guó)內(nèi)物流系統(tǒng)相比，具有國(guó)際性、復(fù)雜性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性等特點(diǎn)。17五、國(guó)際物流的特點(diǎn)（一）國(guó)際物流環(huán)境存在差異性（二）國(guó)際物流必須有國(guó)際化信息系統(tǒng)的支持（三）國(guó)際物流的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度要求更（四）國(guó)際物流以遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸為主，并由多種運(yùn)輸方式組合18Environment involved in international logistics is important (language and culture)Decisions regarding transportation are complicatedThe number of intermediaries involved

11、is greaterThe inherent risks and hazards of international transportation are significantInternational insurance is much more complexInternational means of payment are more involvedTerms of trade are much more complicatedThe crossing of borders represents specific challengesInventories is managed dif

12、ferently19第三利潤(rùn)源泉第1利潤(rùn)源泉：合理設(shè)計(jì)，擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，降低原材料的消耗；第2利潤(rùn)源泉：科學(xué)管理以提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，節(jié)省生產(chǎn)過程中各種資源的消耗；第3利潤(rùn)源泉：建立起一體化的物流系統(tǒng)，降低物流成本，利用現(xiàn)代物流管理，使產(chǎn)品在有效的供應(yīng)鏈內(nèi)迅速移動(dòng)。這樣不僅使參與各方的企業(yè)都能獲益，而且使整個(gè)社會(huì)獲得明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 20企業(yè)利潤(rùn)的轉(zhuǎn)移思考：利潤(rùn)的下一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)移轉(zhuǎn)向哪里？21七、國(guó)際物流發(fā)展歷史Historical development of International logisticsThe early , “slow” daysGreek LogistikeThe word “l(fā)

13、ogistics” militaryBusiness logistics include “physical movement of goods” and “both upstream (procurement activities) and downstream (sale activities) “management of relationship with suppliers and customersFocus changes :in good condition at the lowest possible cost shorter transit time (unnecessar

14、y)22The move toward speedcontainers and air shipmentContainers(1956,1970s)Before containers vs containers timesCumbersome and time consumingA large number of longshoremen Packages have to be small and sturdyShipment speed upCan be loaded and unloaded at the same timeCost come down23DHL and FedexDass

15、ault s Facon jets(達(dá)索獵鷹) -limited cargo capacityDeregualtion of the industryOpen sky agreementBoeing 727 mcdonnell-douglas DC10sAir shipment(1980s)24The emphasis on customers satisfactionHigh interest rateSpeedy delivery (increased speed of ocean shipment and availability of affordable airfreight )Re

16、ductions in static inventories(1980s) then mobile inventories(1990s)Tools used MRP and MRP(manufacturer)JIT(just in time Toyota)DRP (retailer)Agile logisticsPenalize financially the suppliers 25 MRP (Material requirement planning )MRP (manufacturing resources planning) DRP (Distribution resource pla

17、nning) SAP System application programERP Enterprise resource planningPP Production planningSOP Sales operation planningDM Demand managementMPS Master planning scheduling 26物流效益降低物流成本減少庫(kù)存加速資金周轉(zhuǎn)增加就業(yè)最終體現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)的服務(wù)質(zhì)量27六、國(guó)際物流運(yùn)作的主要業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)1.進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)2.國(guó)際運(yùn)輸3.庫(kù)存與倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)管理4.包裝與物料搬運(yùn)5.信息作業(yè)28六、 國(guó)際物流運(yùn)作的主要業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)1.進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)圖1-1進(jìn)出口物流流程2

18、9進(jìn)出口業(yè)務(wù)涉及到的參與方(1)發(fā)貨人(Shipper)(2)貨運(yùn)代理(Forwarder)(3)承運(yùn)人代理(Shipping Agent)(4)承運(yùn)人(Carrier)(5)報(bào)關(guān)行(Customs Broker)(6)收貨人(Consignee)30第二節(jié) 國(guó)際物流系統(tǒng)一、國(guó)際物流系統(tǒng)的組成二、國(guó)際物流系統(tǒng)模式31一、國(guó)際物流系統(tǒng)的組成1國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸子系統(tǒng)2進(jìn)出口商品儲(chǔ)存子系統(tǒng)3進(jìn)出口商品外貿(mào)加工子系統(tǒng)4進(jìn)出口商品裝卸與搬運(yùn)子系統(tǒng)5商品檢驗(yàn)子系統(tǒng)6商品包裝子系統(tǒng)7國(guó)際物流信息子系統(tǒng)32閱讀后請(qǐng)思考我國(guó)國(guó)際物流運(yùn)輸存在的主要問題是：第一，海運(yùn)力量不足、航線不齊、港口較少等，影響了進(jìn)出口貨物及時(shí)

19、流進(jìn)流出，特別是出口貨物的運(yùn)輸更加不足。我國(guó)出口貨物主要靠海運(yùn)。20世紀(jì)90年代初期曾發(fā)生過的最嚴(yán)重的月份缺船量達(dá)30條。目前，現(xiàn)有的船型結(jié)構(gòu)也不合理，中等船舶奇缺。由于船舶較大，運(yùn)輸間隔時(shí)間又長(zhǎng)，這對(duì)要求批量小、需求供貨快是很不適應(yīng)的。我國(guó)港口不足和布局不合理也比較突出。例如我國(guó)輸往中南美、澳大利亞、新西蘭、南太平洋和西非等地的貨物幾乎全部運(yùn)到香港地區(qū)中轉(zhuǎn)，運(yùn)費(fèi)較高，嚴(yán)重地影響了我國(guó)出口商品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。第二，鐵路運(yùn)輸不足，內(nèi)陸出口更困難。我國(guó)同朝鮮、蒙古、越南等雖然有鐵路連接，但運(yùn)力仍然不足。如供香港地區(qū)作為港口運(yùn)輸?shù)呢浳镏杏腥种皇强胯F路運(yùn)輸，其運(yùn)輸量是很大的。又如內(nèi)陸有的省份即使有貨，而

20、且有些貨也是國(guó)際市場(chǎng)急需的，但由于鐵路運(yùn)力不足也不能賣出。第三，航空運(yùn)輸力不足，加上運(yùn)價(jià)昂貴，難以適應(yīng)外貿(mào)發(fā)展需要。20世紀(jì)80年代以來，世界空運(yùn)貨物已被廣泛采用，而我國(guó)在這方面卻很落后。目前主要靠客運(yùn)飛機(jī)捎帶，真正的貨運(yùn)飛機(jī)數(shù)量少，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)滿足不了外貿(mào)發(fā)展的需要?？傊瑸榻鉀Q外貿(mào)出口運(yùn)輸?shù)睦щy，必須由國(guó)家和地方聯(lián)合發(fā)展船隊(duì)，加速沿海碼頭建設(shè)和海運(yùn)事業(yè)的發(fā)展。問題：請(qǐng)問上述關(guān)于我國(guó)物流運(yùn)輸存在的問題現(xiàn)在是否依舊存在，當(dāng)前我國(guó)相關(guān)運(yùn)輸設(shè)施的基本情況如何？針對(duì)上面提出的問題一一解答。33第三節(jié) 國(guó)際物流基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（英文教材）物流設(shè)施物流設(shè)備物流工具信息技術(shù)及網(wǎng)絡(luò)組織及管理34Things dont wo

21、rk abroad like they do at “home”Adapting to this difference and anticipating the problems before they ariseDifficult to generalize in one particular comment or statement35The cases may ariseA specific port is not equipped with sufficient cold storage warehousing spaceDoesnt have an appropriately siz

22、ed craneIn experiencing delays in getting the goods from the port to the reminder of the countryThe road is particular congestedA specific tunnel has recently been closedA railroad is experiencing shortage of appropriately cars36物流設(shè)施- port infrastructureDepth of waterBridge clearanceCranePort operat

23、ionsWarehousing spaceConnection with the land-based transportation servicesPort capacity3738394041Depth of water(draft of water)The first issueNot sufficient for newer larger shipsThe port authorities have to engage in dredging activities to allow ships with drafts exceeding (13.5 meters)The dredgin

24、g of port and channel is very expensiveCase study the dredging of Phillip Bay42Bridge clearanceIn Some old port ,the bridge is too close to the water leaving little clearance for tall ships and ships carrying outsized cargoThe cargo has to be dismantled or repositioned The ship lower with ballast wa

25、terMake delivery at low tideThe port of Yangshan4344CraneThe arms of the traditional crane for panamax ship (the width is 13 containers) is too short for the post-panamax ships (as wide as 18 containers)Load one side and then another sizeConsider investment in new cranesIncrease the reach of the cra

26、ne (longer and higher)Cost may reach 50 millionCreate an indented berth to allow the ships to load at both sizeThe port of Amsterdams paragon Terminals 45The size of ships好望角型(capesize) 80.000 dwt以上 42 m 寬巴拿馬型(panamax) 60.000 到 80.000 dwt 32 m 寬大靈便型(Handymax bulk carrier) 40.000 到 60.000 dwt 30 m 寬靈

27、便型達(dá)(handysize) 40.000 dwt 23 m 寬?cǎi)g船各種船型 各種船型46Port operationsWork rulesLong beach work 8 hours a day47Warehousing spaceGoods should be protected from the elements ( rain and sun)Cignas port of the worldflood48Connection with the land-based transportation servicesRail and road access to the remainder

28、of the cityAlameda Corridor49Port capacityMany ports are operating at or near capacityLocated between the ocean and the city leaving little possibility to expandLandfill or purchase real estate (costly)The port of Santos in BrazilUS LNG50運(yùn)河設(shè)施canals and waterway infrastructureMaritime transportation

29、is dependent on the existence and proper maintenance of canals and other channel (the size and the size of lock)51canals and waterways infrastructureThe Bosporus strait in TurkeyThe suez canalThe panama canalThe saint Lawrence seaway52The Bosporus Strait in Turkey535455The Suez canal565758Panama can

30、al59The saint lawrence seaway60The strait of Malacca61機(jī)場(chǎng)設(shè)施 airport infrastructureRunwaysHours of operationWarehousing space62鐵路設(shè)施 rail infrastructureMulti-modal emphasisLand bridges63road infrastructureQualityCivil engineering structure64QualityThe US department of Commerces country commercial guide

31、sCIAs world factbook(美國(guó)中央情報(bào)局世界各國(guó)概況)In terms of total miles of road and the percentage of these road that pavedmisleading65qualityLength of roadPercentage of paved roadCondition of the road (over crowded two-lane highway riddled with potholes) difficult to evaluate for variationsChina 66Congestion of

32、 the road CalcuttaDehli(蓮花之上：印度行游書 )System of alternating days for traffic67Confusion generated by lack of signage and different addressing systemCities with easiest addressing system located in ( )Northern American EuropeMexico800 貝尼托胡亞雷斯 760 米格爾伊達(dá)爾戈神父 300 streets renamed 80,000 city blocks have no

33、 signageJapanBombay (the name of house ,the name of the street ,the name of the block, the name of the city ,the name of the city code)Saipan have no address system68net work with High speed links69中國(guó)三年內(nèi)將建成一點(diǎn)三萬公里高速鐵路1北京南 2廊坊 3天津西 4滄州 5德州 6濟(jì)南高速站 7泰安 8兗州 9棗莊 10新徐州 11宿州 12新蚌埠 13滁州 14南京南 15鎮(zhèn)江 16丹陽(yáng) 17常州

34、18無錫 19蘇州 20昆山 21上海（虹橋）。70中國(guó)建“4縱4橫”高鐵網(wǎng) 建成重慶7小時(shí)達(dá)京滬 71Network of highwaysSpeed up the transportation of goods between large citiesSubject to rules and regulations( the size of truck and the speed)Rules vary from country to countryToll is high (France)72Civil engineering structureUtilize bridge and tun

35、nels To eliminate the constraint of landscapeItalian Autostrade 高速公路公司Succession of tunnels and bridges-art structures73Bridge and tunnels built to cross bordersThe Chunnel 英法海底隧道(Channel Tunnel )Two Bridges in Istanbul connecting western Europe and Middle east (no rail link)oresund fixed link(厄勒聯(lián)絡(luò)線

36、three bridges and tunnel )between Copenhagen ,Denmark ,and Malmo SwedeMillau bridge(米約大橋)74 1994年5月6日連接英國(guó)和法國(guó)的英吉利海峽海底隧道通車。從此，隔斷英倫三島與歐洲大陸的天塹變通途，人們只要坐上被稱為“歐洲之星”的高速列車，穿越海底隧道，連接倫敦、巴黎、布魯塞爾僅需3個(gè)小時(shí)。汽車過海底隧道英吉利海峽海底隧道75Bogazici bridge博斯普魯斯大橋 76Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge 提蘇丹赫邁特橋77厄勒聯(lián)絡(luò)線78Millau Bridge(米約大橋)79粵港澳大

37、橋8081Importance of bridgesPalau（帕勞 ）Koror科羅爾 bridge collapsedPrince Edward Island building of bridgeMont Blanc Tunnel（the longest road tunnel)勃朗峰隧道大火Saint Gothard tunnel圣哥達(dá)隧道82倉(cāng)庫(kù)設(shè)施 warehousing infrastructureIt is equally important to realize that cargo is often stationaryA savvy international logist

38、ics manager focus on the protection of goodsUse public warehouse for storage purpose to avoid international shipment and short lead timeBest to plan an actual visit83通訊設(shè)施 Communication infrastructureThe ability to communicate with customers and suppliers depend on the mail ,phone and other electroni

39、c3-3a mail services3-3b telecommunication services84mail servicesDeveloped countries: deliver mail on time and reliablyUnaccepted delay and errors may also occur sometimes D+1 policyItaly: notoriously unreliable France: strike of mail service and railway service South Africa :unreliable to send paym

40、ent85The safety of mailGo to destination Lost DamagedStolenThe employees may remove the contents of the letter DHL Fedex (high cost ;good reputation; track documents and package on line) have gained larger market share 86telecommunication servicesDemand for voice telecommunication (語音通信系統(tǒng)）services i

41、ncreased 10% every year and data telecommunication（數(shù)據(jù)通信系統(tǒng)）doubled in the past 10 years showing no sign of slowing downUse gas and oil pipeline through fiber-optic line laid in their midestLeap frogging(跳躍式前進(jìn) ) phenomenon Bypassed the land-based system and switch to cellular phone (Czech China VS US)87Few cable left for increasing telecommunication trafficVulnerability (while in shallow water, floor of the oceans subject to the net of fisherman and anchor; if on land at the mercy of careless backhoe operation or other accident ) satellite telec