非謂語講義二

1、非謂語講義二動名詞動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。1.動名詞的形式：否定式：not+動名詞1）一般式：Seeing is believing.眼見為實。2）被動式：He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請就來到了晚會。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。4）完成被動式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。5）否定式：not+

2、動名詞I regret not following his advice.我后悔沒聽他的勸告。6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+動名詞He suggested our trying it once again.他建議我們再試一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。2.動名詞的句法功能：1）作主語：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting.集郵很有趣。當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。Its no use

3、 quarreling.爭吵是沒用的。2）作表語：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。3）作賓語：They havent finished building the dam.他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意：動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，如：We found it no good making fun of other

4、s. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid， excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認），deny, mind, permit, forbid, practice, risk（冒險）, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent.(from),keep .from, stop.(fr

5、om）,protect.from, set about, be engaged in, spend.(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like4）作定語：He cant walk without a walkingstick.他沒有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school?你們學校有游泳池嗎？5）作同位語：The cave, his hidingplace is secret.那個山洞，他藏身的

6、地方很秘密。His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.他收聽收音機新聞節(jié)目的習慣仍未改變。三、現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。1.現(xiàn)在分詞的形式否定式：not+現(xiàn)在分詞1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。如：They went to the park, _. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。_his homework, he played basketball.做完作業(yè)，他開始

7、打籃球。2）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前的被動的動作。The problem _s very important.正在被討論的問題很重要。_many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。2.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨作定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語作定語放在名詞后。In the _ he worked even harder.在后來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。The man_ the tea

8、cher is our monitors father.正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用in the years that followed;the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man _the teacher.2）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：The film_ in the cinema is exciting.正在這家上演的電影很棒。The present situation is inspiring.當前的形勢鼓舞人心。be+doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進行時

9、，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be+doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。3）作賓語補足語：如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。如：Can you hear her _ the song in the next room？你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？He kept the car _ at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。4）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語 作時間狀語(

10、While)Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。作原因狀語Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。作方式狀語，表示伴隨He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他待在家里，又擦又洗。作條件狀語(If)Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。 作結(jié)果狀語 He dropp

11、ed the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。作目的狀語 He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。作讓步狀語 Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格 I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.我等汽車時，一只鳥落到我頭上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away dis

12、appointedly.所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。_, well do another two exercises.如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習。有時也可用with (without)+名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他點著燈睡著了。作獨立成分 _his appearance, he must be an actor. 從外表看，他一定是個演員。_, girls are more careful.一般說來，女孩子更細心。四、過去分詞過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動詞的過去分

13、詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。過去分詞的句法功能：1.過去分詞作定語Our class went on an _ trip last Monday.上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.當選為委員的人將出席這次會。注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞作定語相當于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。2.過去分詞作表語The window is broken.窗戶破了。They were _at the sad sight.他們對眼前悲慘的景

14、象感到很害怕。注意：be+過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被動）有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：boiled water（開水）fallen leaves（落葉）newly arrived goods（新到的貨）the risen sun（升起的太陽）the changed world（變了的世界）這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, retur

15、ned, passed等。3.過去分詞作賓語補足語 I heard the song_ several times last week.上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。有時過去分詞作with短語中的賓語補足語：With the work done, they went out to play.工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。4.過去分詞作狀語1）表示原因Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. 受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。2）表示時間Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦

16、它被看見，人們就忘不了。3）表示條件Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。4）表示讓步Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之有危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進山洞。 1 Who do you think youd like _ with you, a boy or a gir

17、l?A. to have go to have to go . to have goneD. having to go2 Who did the boss _ his car this time?A. make washB. make to washC. make washingD. making to wash3 You can never imagine what great difficulty I had _ your house all by myself.A. foundB. findingC. to findD. for finding4 How happy we are! Th

18、e holiday we have been looking forward _ at last.A. to has comeB. to have comeC. to having comeD. has come 5 The man you referred to _ just now.A. come comeC. comingD. came6 The theory he sticks to _ to be of no use in our studies. A. proveB. proveC. provingD. be proved7 The work he devoted his time

19、 to _ worth praising.A. wasB. be C. beingD. been8 I think this is the very work that we must finish _ her.A. to helpB. helpC. helpingD. helped9 Which do you enjoy _ your weekend, swimming or fishing?A. spendinB. being spentC. spendD. to spend10) What the boy enjoys _ to have a room of his own.A. bei

20、ngB. to beC. isD. are11Nothing that he suggested _ to be of any use.A. prove B. proved C. proving D. to prove12) The old house we paid a visit _ at the top of the hill.A. standingB. to standC. to standingD. to stands13 The life he is now used _ quite different from ours. A. isB. to beC. to beingD. t

21、o is14) The work he paid special attention _ to nothing.A. cameB. to comeC. to comingD. to came15 The result what he said would lead _ his regret in the future. A. isB. to beC. to beingD. to was16_ the road round to the right, youll find his house.A. FollowB. FollowingC. To followD. Followed 17 _ le

22、ft when you get to the end of the street. A. KeepB. KeepingC. To keepD. Kept18_ your hand over your mouth when you cough. A. PutB. PuttingC. To putD. To be putting19_ until the lights have turned to green. A. WaitB. To waitC. WaitingD. Having waited20 _ the pieces of cloth with a loose stitch before

23、 finally sewing them together. A. JoinB. To joinC. JoiningD. Joined21 I dont want to listen a long story just _ me the result. A. tellB. tellingC. to tellD. to be telling22 Why stand there watching _ and help us!A. comeB. comingC. to comeD. to be coming23. He looked around and caught a man _ his han

24、d into the pocket of a passenger. A. putB. to be puttingC. to putD. putting24. When youre learning to drive, _ a good teacher makes a big difference. A. haveB. havingC. and haveD. and having25. I felt it a great honor _ to speak to you.A. to askB. askingC. to be askedD. having asked26. I would love

25、_ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone27. Before you decide to leave your job, _ the effect it will have on your family. A. considerB. consideringC. to considerD. considered28. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know

26、 what country he studied in.A. to have studiedB. to study C. to be studyingD. to have been studying29. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A. it what to do withB. what to do it withC. what to do with itD. to do what with it30. Anyone _ bags, boxes, or whateve

27、r, was stopped by the police.A. seen carryB. seen carryingC. saw to carryD. saw carrying31 Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some schools for poor children.A. set upB. setting upC. have set upD. having set up32. The discovery of new evidence led to _. A. the thief having caughtB. ca

28、tch the thiefC. the thief being caughtD. the thief to be caught33. She looks forward every spring to _ the flower-lined garden. A. visitB. paying a visitC. walk inD. walking in34. To test eggs, _ them in a bowl of water: if they float theyre bad, if they sink theyre good. A. put B. puttingC. to putD

29、. to be putting35. “Where is David?” “He is upstairs _ ready to go out.”A. to getB. gettingC. to be gettingD. having got36. “Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?” “_ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.”A. GetB. GettingC. To getD. to be getting37. He was reading his bo

30、ok, completely _ to the world. A. lostB. losingC. to loseD. to have lost38. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _.A. to findB. to have foundC. to be foundD. being found39. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do i

31、tD. do not do40. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. A. smokeB. smokingC. to smokeD. smoked41. Finding her car stolen, _. A. a policeman was asked to helpB. the area was searching thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhereD. she hurried to a policeman for help42. “How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?” “The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the