2016職稱英語理工B37篇文章及譯文

1、Microchip Research Center Created A research center has been set up in this Far Eastern country to develop advanced microchip production technology. The center, which will start out with about US $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported techno

2、logy. The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the countrys flagship c

3、hipmaker.1 Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments dont allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also

4、 an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2. As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billi

5、ons of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker. More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of US dollars.5 The majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners mainly from Japan and Singapore. Should the new center play a major role in

6、improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the US $14 million investment is still rather small. This country is developing comprehensive technologies. Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property7 owners. 微芯片研究中心成立為了開發(fā)先進的微芯片生產技

7、術，這個遠東國家建立了一個研究中心，該中心啟動資金為一千四百萬美元，可以幫助該國開發(fā)自己的芯片工業(yè)，不必總是依賴于進口技術。該中心將會應用自己的研究技術和設施，為本國芯片廠家開發(fā)新技術。這個國家名列首位的芯片制造公司說，芯片中心的成立可能使這個國家擺脫從他國購置即將淘汰的技術的困境。由于許多外國政府擔憂先進技術會被用于軍事目的，不允許這個國家的芯片生產廠家進口前沿技術，所以這些生產廠家處于一種被動局面。另外，由于這些芯片生產廠家必須向技術提供者支付高額的許可費，這也構成了他們決定要自力更生的一個重要原因。由于主流芯片生產技術每隔 35年就要進行更新?lián)Q代，所以掌握了新技術的廠家就可以以較低的本錢

8、制造出較好的芯片，而那些消耗數十億美元建立起的廠家，如果設備落后，也將會被生產商所淘汰。幾個芯片廠正在建立之中，每個廠的造價都在幾百萬美元，其中大局部資金都流向了海外設備商和技術所有者主要是日本和新加坡。如果新建的芯片中心能在改變該國芯片行業(yè)的被動形勢中起到重要作用，該國成認，一千四百萬美元的投資仍是微缺乏道的。該國正在開發(fā)綜合技術，大局部投資將用于與技術和知識產權所有者建立聯(lián)盟。Moderate Earthquake Strikes England A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007

9、, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County2. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries. “It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,3” said the woman. The British Geologica

10、l Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a. m. and was centered under the English Channel5, about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7. Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had laste

11、d for about 10 to 15 seconds. “I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me, said Hendrick van Eck, 27, of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London. “I then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier9. It felt as if someone was at th

12、e end of my bed hopping up and down. There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10. The countrys stro

13、ngest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused dam

14、age in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However, people should not be scared too much by this prediction. Musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to dete

15、ct a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum. 中度地震襲擊英國 2007年 4月 28日英格蘭東南部地區(qū)發(fā)生中度地震，一些房屋煙囪倒塌，許多居民半夜從睡夢中驚醒?？咸乜浊嗽庥鰯嚯?，一名女子頭部和頸部受了輕傷?！拔腋杏X整個房子就像游樂場的滑行機一樣在滑動。該女子說。英國地質調查局說，本次里氏 級的地震發(fā)生于上午 8點 19分，震中在

16、英吉利海峽底部，位于多佛爾以前約 英里處的海峽隧道入口附近。一些目擊者看到郡中墻壁現裂縫，并有煙囪倒塌。當地居民說震動大約持續(xù)了 1015秒。“我當時躺在床上，覺得好似旁邊有人從床上站起來。 住在倫敦東南部 60英里處的 27歲的 Hendrick van Eck說，“然后我聽到有東西裂開的聲音，而且越來越響。就好似有人在我床尾不停地并著腳跳。這種規(guī)模的中度地震世界上每年都會發(fā)生幾千次，但在英國仍非常少見。 4月 28日的地震是英國自 2002 年中部城市伯明翰里氏 級地震以來昀強的一次。英國的地震昀高曾到達里氏 級，1931年發(fā)生在北海。英國地質勘測所的科學家羅杰馬森說， 4月 28日發(fā)生地

17、震的地區(qū)曾經遭受過幾起英國昀大的地震，其中的一次發(fā)生在 1580年，那次地震蹂躪了倫敦，并涉及法國。馬森預言了英格蘭的這個地區(qū)早晚還會發(fā)生地震，但他說人們不必對此產生太大恐懼，因為英國的現代地震預警系統(tǒng)應該能夠偵測即將發(fā)生的地震，并在震前數小時內通知大家。這將使人們有時間撤離震區(qū)，并把損失降到昀低。WhatIsaDream? Forcenturies,peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Somepsychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecia

18、lmeaning.Others,however,thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact.,manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutapersonsmindandemotions.Beforemoderntimes,manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.ItWasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.TheAustrian

19、psychologist,SigmundFreud,wasprobablythefirstpersontoStudydreamsscientifically.Inhisfamousbook,TheinterpretationofDreams(1900),Freudwrotethatdreamsareanexpressionofapersonswishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthefeelings,thoughts,andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.TheSwisspsychia

20、tristCarlJungwasonceastudentofFreuds.Jung,however,hadadiffentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample,peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemse

21、lves.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.Modem-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample,psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCaliforia,SantaCruz,believesthatdreamsaretightlylinkedtoapersonsdailylife,thoughts,andbehavi

22、or.Acriminal,forexample,mightdreamaboutcrime.Domhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff,dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsandgender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwome

23、naredifferent.Forexample,thepeopleinmensdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomensdreams.Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefromllculturesaroundtheworld,includingbothmodernandtraditionalones.Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves?Psychologistscontinueto

24、trytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However,onethingtheyagreeonisthis:Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur,youshouldntpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning,butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.Itsimportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.什么是夢？許多世紀以來，人們都對他們夢到的奇

25、異事情感到疑惑。一些心理學家認為，這種大腦的夜間活動并沒有特殊含義。另一些人那么認為，夢是生命中重要的一局部。實際上，許多專家認為，夢能揭示人的心理和情感活動。近代以前，很多人認為夢傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到20世紀，人們才開始從科學的角度研究夢。奧地利心理學家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或許是第一個用科學的方法研究夢的人。在他的著作?夢的解析?(1900)中，弗洛伊德寫道，夢是一個人愿望的表達。他認為夢翻開了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達在生活中不敢表達的情感、思想和恐懼。瑞士精神病學家卡爾榮格曾是弗洛伊德的學生，但他對夢的看法與弗洛伊德不同。他認為，做夢的目的是要給做夢的人傳遞一種信息。而人們想想自已做的夢，便

26、能對自己有一個更深刻的了解。比方，如果夢到從高處墜落，那么他應該反思自己是不是白視過高。反過來，如果夢中自己成了英雄，應該想想平時可能太看低自己了?，F代心理學家還在繼續(xù)開展關于夢的理論，來自位于圣克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學的威廉多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認為，夢境和一個人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關，比方說，一個罪犯就可能夢到犯罪。多姆霍夫還認為，夢和年齡也有關系。他的研究說明，孩子不像成人做夢做的那么多。他認為，做夢也是一項心理機能，也需要隨著年齡增長而開展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現夢和性別之間的關系。通過研究，他發(fā)現男性和女性的夢境常常是不同的。例如，在男性夢境中出現的通常是其他男性，而且常與打斗有關

27、，而女性的夢境那么不是這樣。多姆霍夫通過研究包括來自現代文化以及傳統(tǒng)文化背景在內的11種不同文化背景的人群夢境中的性別差異得出了上述結論。夢能幫助我們更好地理解自己嗎？心理學家還在嘗試通過不同方式來解答這個問題，不過，有一件事他們是意見一致的：如果你夢到有不好的事要發(fā)生，不要慌張。夢可能會有意義，但也不意味著你夢到的一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。要記住，夢中的世界并不是真實的世界.Dangers Await Babies with AltitudeWomen who live in the worlds highest communities tend to give birth to under

28、-weight babies, a new study suggests. These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.1Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average. But it wasnt clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their

29、 mothers are under-nourished many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.To find out more, Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of 400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998. The babies were bom in both rich and p

30、oor areas of two cities: La Paz and Santa Cruz. La Paz is the highest city in the world, at 3.65 kilometers above sea level, while Santa Cruz is much lower, at 0.44 kilometers.Sure enough, Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was significantly lower than in Santa Cruz. Thi

31、s was true in both high and low-income families. Even babies bom to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz. “We were very surprised by this result, says Giussani.The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of2ox

32、ygen before birth. “This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child.3 says Giussani.His team also found that high-altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies4. This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen wi

33、ll send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of the body5.Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life. People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood, for example. Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart dis

34、ease. And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.高海拔地區(qū)的嬰兒有危險一項新的研究說明，住在世界高海拔地區(qū)的女人通常生下體重缺乏的嬰兒。這些嬰兒在長大成人后患心臟病和中風的風險很大。研究暗示，在山區(qū)出生的新生兒低于平均體重。但是還不清楚這是由于在高海拔地區(qū)氧氣缺乏，還是由于他們的母親沒有獲得足夠的營養(yǎng)許多住在高海拔地區(qū)的人相比照住在低海拔地區(qū)的人窮。為了了解更多情況，劍橋大

35、學的Dina Giussani 和他的團隊研究了1997年至1998年玻利維亞的400個新生兒的記錄。這些嬰兒出生于兩個城市的富有和貧困地區(qū)：拉巴斯和圣克魯斯。拉巴斯是世界上海拔最高的城市，海拔3.65千米，而圣克魯斯低很多，海拔440米。當然，Giussani發(fā)現拉巴斯的新生兒的平均出生體重明顯低于圣克魯斯的新生兒，無論高收入家庭還是低收入家庭都是如此。甚至圣克魯斯的貧窮家庭的嬰兒比拉巴斯的富有家庭的嬰兒平均體重還要重。Giussani說：“我們對這個結果感到吃驚。這個結果說明在高海拔地區(qū)出生的嬰兒出生前就缺氧。Giussani說：“這可能會觸發(fā)調節(jié)胎兒成長的荷爾蒙的釋放或抑制。他的團隊還發(fā)

36、現高海拔地區(qū)出生的嬰兒通常有相對身體來說較大的頭部。這可能是因為一個缺氧的胚胎會首先把充氧的血液輸送到腦部，然后才送到身體的其他部位。Giussani想要查出這樣的嬰兒在今后的生活中是不是更容易患病。例如在拉巴斯出生的人在成年之后更可能患心臟病。出生時體重輕是患冠心病的一個危險因素。頭部相對身體較大的新生兒在今后的生活中通常更容易患高血壓和中風。 The Biology of Music Humans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may also play an important role in love. But what

37、is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all the answers. What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and me other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing better than a lot of people). However,the songs of ani

38、mals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that I humans, not animals , have developed musical instruments.Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However,people can use music to communicate things - especially their emotions. When music is combined with

39、 speech in a song .it is a very powerful form of communication. But,biologically speaking , what is music? If music is truly different from speech,then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests that this is true.Sometime people who suffer

40、brain damage lose their ability to process langua . However, they dont automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russian composer,had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak or understand speech. He could, however, still

41、compose music until his death ten years later. On the other hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability , but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying the physical effects of music on the body, sc

42、ientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, Lon don, thinks that muSiC and love have a strong connection Music requires special t

43、alent, practice, and physicai ability. Thats why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someones mate. For examplel singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good, memory to remember the notes. And playing or singing those notes correctly

44、suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally , when a man sings to the woman he loves ( or vice versa) , it may be a way of showing off.However , Millers theory still doesnt explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so deeply. For scientists, this is clearly

45、an area that needs further research.音樂生物學人們把音樂作為一種高效的交流方式，在愛情中它也可能會起到重要的作用。但是音樂是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科學界還沒有給出答案。 哪兩項事物使得人類不同于動物？一個是語言，另一個是音樂。當然一些動物會唱歌(并且許多鳥唱得比很多人都好聽)，但是，動物的歌聲是有限的，比方鳥類和鯨魚。同樣，是人類而不是動物開發(fā)出了樂器。 音樂是個奇怪的東西，它與語言有明顯的不同。但是，人們能夠用音樂去傳達尤其是情感。當音樂與歌曲中的語言結合在一起的時候，它就是一種強有力的表達方式。但是，從生物學來講，音樂是什么？如果音樂與語言真的

46、不同，那么我們應該在大腦的不同區(qū)域內對音樂和語言進行加工處理，科學證據也證實了這一點。有時，受過腦損傷的人會喪失他們處理語言的能力。但是，他們不會自動地喪失音樂才能。比方，維沙翁舍巴林，一位蘇聯(lián)作曲家，在1953年得了中風。他的大腦的左半邊受到損害，他再也不能說話或是理解別人的話，但是他仍然能夠譜曲，直到十年后他離開人世。另一方面，中風有時會使人們喪失音樂能力，但是他們仍然能夠說話也能聽懂別人的話。這就說明大腦是分別加了處理音樂和語言的。 通過研究音樂在人身體上的物理效應，科學家也了解到許多關于音樂是如何影響情感的。但是，為什么音樂對我們有如此強烈的影響？這是一個更難答復的問題。倫敦大學學院的

47、研究員杰弗里米勒認為音樂和愛有緊密的關，音樂需要特殊才能、練習和體能。這也許是一種方式讓你展示你適合做某人的伴侶。比方，按調唱歌或者彈奏樂器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的記憶力來記住音符。能正確地演奏或者唱出這些音符也證明你的聽力也非常好。所以，當一個男人唱給他心愛的女人時(反之亦然) 音樂就可能成為一種展示的方式。 然而，米勒的理論仍然不能解釋為什么聲音的特定結合可以深深地影響我們的情感。對于科學家來說，這顯然是一個需要深入研究的領域。How we form first impression我們是如何形成第一印象的We all have first impression of som

48、eone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits?對剛剛遇到的人我們都會有第一印象，為什么？除去一些描述或顯而易見的特征，我們很可能對他們一無所知，那為什么我們他們形成主觀的看法呢？The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be

49、 aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in a how a persons eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other make you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information the

50、 sights and sounds of your world. Theses incoming “signals are compared against a host of “memories stored in the brain areas called the cortex 大腦皮層system to determine what these new signals “mean.這與你的大腦如何感知世界是息息相關的。大腦對面部特征十分敏感，即使是在眼睛、 耳朵或嘴部的位置的差異也會使大腦發(fā)覺到這個人是“不同的。實際上，大腦一直在不斷地對接收到的感官信息也就是影像和聲音進行處理。大腦

51、將這些“信號與儲存在腦皮層系統(tǒng)的大量“記憶 相比擬，以便確定這些新收到的信號的“意思。If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says “familiar and safe. “If you see someone new, it says, “newpotentially threatening. Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other “known memories. The height, weight, dres

52、s, ethnicity, gestures and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, “This is new. I dont like this person. Or else, “I am intrigued. Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures like your other friends;

53、 so your brain says: “I like this person. But theses preliminary “impressions can be dead wrong.如果你在學?？吹侥硞€你認識而且喜歡的人，你的大腦會做出“熟悉平安的判斷；如果你 看見了一個陌生的人，你的大腦會告訴你“陌生，有潛在的威脅。緊接著你的大腦會開始將這 個陌生人的特征與“的記憶進行比擬。包括身高、體重、穿著、種族、手勢以及音調等。 特征越不相符，大腦越會告誡你，“這是陌生人，我不喜歡這個人，或“我很好奇。大腦也可 能觀察到一張新面孔，但卻有著熟悉的穿著、種族特征和手勢像你的朋友，這時大腦會告訴

54、 你“我喜歡這個人。但這些第一印象卻可能是完全錯誤的。When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking 【not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child】 that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people their history, interest, values, s

55、trengths, and true character we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks.當區(qū)分人時，我們會用一種不成熟的思維方式與小孩子的那些不成熟的想法沒區(qū)別去對別人做出 簡單并且絕對性的判斷。這樣的后果是我們將人區(qū)分為蠢貨、反常的人或怪人，而不是對人的 深度和廣度，即歷史、興趣、價值、長處或真正的性格有所了解。 However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is trul

56、y like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the persons character, we use a different, more mature style of thinkingand the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.但是，如果對刻板印象加以抑制，我們就會有時機對一個人有真正的了解。如果我 們花一些時間與一個人在一起，傾聽他或

57、她的生活、希望和夢想，了解了這個人的性格，我們才 會用一種不同的、更成熟的方式用腦皮層中最復雜的區(qū)域去思考。這會使我們更 富有人情味。Screen Test 1 Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early eough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countrie

58、s have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2 But the medical benefit of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher

59、 doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3 Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of ext

60、ra cancers this would cause. 4 The mathematical model recommended by Britains National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic R