MBA專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)匯總講課講稿

1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。MBA專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)匯總-MBA專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)匯總AAbility-to-payprinciple能力納稅原則TheideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenAbsoluteadvantage絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivityAggregate-demandcurve總需求曲線(xiàn)Acurvetha

2、tshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthathouseholds,firms,andthegovernmentwanttobuyatanypricelevelAggregate-supplycurve總供給曲線(xiàn)AcurvethatshowsthequantityofgoodsandservicesthatfirmschoosetoproduceandsellatanylevelAppreciation升值A(chǔ)nincreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyAu

3、tomaticstabilizers自動(dòng)穩(wěn)定器ChangesinfiscalpolicythatstimulateaggregatedemandwhentheeconomygoesintoarecessionwithoutpolicymakershavingtotakeanydeliberateactionAveragefixedcost平均固定成本FixedcostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragerevenue平均收益TotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldAveragetaxrate平均稅率Totaltaxespaid

4、dividedbytotalincomeAveragetotalcost平均總成本TotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputAveragevariablecost平均可變成本VariablescostsdividedbythequantityofoutputAccelerator加速數(shù)theeffectonGDPoftheincreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromanincreaseinoutput.Forinstance,thegreateroutputleadsafirmtobelievethatthedemandforitspr

5、oductswillriseinthefuture;theresultingincreaseininvestmentleadstogrowthinoutputandstillfurtherincreasesininvestment,acceleratingtheexpansionoftheeconomyAcquiredendowments后天稟賦resourcesacountrybuildsforitself,likeanetworkofroadsoraneducatedpopulationAdaptiveexpectations適應(yīng)性預(yù)期expectationsbasedontheextra

6、polationofeventsintherecentpastintothefutureaggregateexpendituresschedule總支出曲線(xiàn)acurvethattracesouttherelationshipbetweenexpenditures-thesumofconsumption,investment,governmentexpenditures,andnetexports-andthenationalincome,atafixedpricelevelantitrustlaws反托拉斯法lawsthatdiscouragemonopolyandrestrictivepra

7、cticesandencouragegreatercompetitionarbitrage套利theprocessbywhichassetswithcomparablerisk,liquidity,andtaxtreatmentarepricedtoyieldcomparableexpectedreturnsadverseselection逆向選擇principlethatsaysthatthosewhomostwanttobuyinsurancetendtobethosemostatrisk,butchargingahighpriceforinsurance(tocoverthehighri

8、sk)willdiscouragethoseatlessriskfrombuyinginsuranceatallasset資產(chǎn)anyitemthatislong-lived,purchasedfortheserviceitrendersoveritslifeandforwhatonewillreceivewhenonesellsitassistanceinkind實(shí)物援助publicassistancethatprovidesparticulargoodsandservices,likefoodormedicalcare,ratherthancashasymmetricinformation信

9、息不對(duì)稱(chēng)asituationinwhichthepartiestoatransactionhavedifferentinformation,aswhenthesellerorausedcarhasmoreinformationaboutitsqualitythenthebuyerautonomousconsumption自主消費(fèi)thatpartofconsumptionthatdoesnotdependonincomeaveragecosts平均成本thetotalcostsdividedbythetotaloutputaverageproductivity平均產(chǎn)量totalquantityd

10、ividedbythetotalquantityofinputBBenefitsprinciple受益原則TheideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservicesBond債券AcertificateofindebtednessBudgetconstraint預(yù)算約束ThelimitontheconsumptionbundlesthataconsumercanaffordBudgetdeficit預(yù)算赤字Anexcessofgovernmentspendingovergovernmentr

11、eceiptsBudgetsurplus預(yù)算盈余Anexcessofgovernmentreceiptsovergovernmentspendinbarrierstoentry進(jìn)入障礙factorsthatpreventfirmsfromenteringamarket,suchasgovernmentrulesorpatentsbasiccompetitivemodel基本競(jìng)爭(zhēng)模型themodeloftheeconomythatpullstogethertheassumptionsofself-interestedconsumers,profitmaximizingfirms,andperfe

12、ctlycompetitivemarketsbequestsavingsmotive儲(chǔ)蓄的遺產(chǎn)動(dòng)機(jī)peoplesavesothattheycanleaveaninheritancetotheirchildrenBertrandcompetition伯特蘭競(jìng)爭(zhēng)anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtokeepingtheirpricesfixedandthatcustomerscanbeluredawaybyofferinglowerpricesbilateraltrade雙邊貿(mào)易tradebetweentwopar

13、tiesboom繁榮aperiodoftimewhenresourcesarebeingfullyusedandGDPisgrowingsteadilyCCapital資本TheequipmentandstructuresusedtoproducegoodsandservicesCapitalflight資本外流AlargeandsuddenreductioninthedemandforassetslocatedinacountryCartel卡特爾AgroupoffirmsactinginunisonCatch-upeffect追趕效應(yīng)Thepropertythatcountriesthat

14、startoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythancountriesthatstartoffrichCentralbank中央銀行AninstitutiondesignedtooverseethebankingsystemandregulatethequantityofmoneyintheeconomyCeterisparibus其它條件相同ALatinphrase,translatedasotherthingsbeingequal,usedasareminderthatallvariablesotherthantheonesbeingstudiedareassumed

15、tobeconstantCircular-flowdiagram循環(huán)流向圖AvisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholdsandfirmsClassicaldichotomy古典二分法ThetheoreticalseparationofnominalandrealvariablesClosedeconomy封閉經(jīng)濟(jì)AneconomythatdoesnotinteractwithothereconomiesintheworldCoasetheorem科斯定理Thepropositionthat

16、ifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalitiesontheirownCollectivebargaining集體談判TheprocessbywhichunionsandfirmsagreeonthetermsofemploymentCollusion勾結(jié)AnagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestochargeCommoditymoney商品貨幣Moneyt

17、hattakestheformofacommoditywithintrinsicvalueCommonresources共有資源GoodsthatarerivalbutnotexcludableComparableworth同工同酬AdoctrineaccordingtowhichjobsdeemedcomparableshouldbepaidthesamewageComparativeadvantage比較優(yōu)勢(shì)ThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycostCompensatingwagedifferentia

18、l補(bǔ)償性工資差別AdifferenceinwagesthatarisestooffsetthenonmonetarycharacteristicsofdifferentjobsCompetitivemarket競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)AmarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetakerComplements互補(bǔ)品Twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofonegoodleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheothergo

19、odConstantreturnstoscale規(guī)模收益不變Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchangesConsumerpriceindex消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)AmeasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumerConsumersurplus消費(fèi)者剩余AbuyerswillingnesstopayminustheamountthebuyeractuallypaysConsumption消費(fèi)Spending

20、byhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasesofnewhousingCost成本ThevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagoodCost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析AstudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgoodCrowding-outeffect擠出效應(yīng)Theoffsetinaggregatedemandthatresultswhenexpansionaryfisc

21、alpolicyraisestheinterestrateandtherebyreducesinvestmentspendingCurrency通貨ThepaperbillsandcoinsinthehandsofthepublicCyclicalunemployment周期性失業(yè)Thedeviationofunemploymentfromitsnaturalratecapitalgain資本增值theincreaseinthevalueofanassetbetweenthetimeitispurchasedandthetimeitissoldcapitalmarket資本市場(chǎng)themarke

22、tinwhichsavingsaremadeavailabletoinvestorscategoricalassistance分類(lèi)幫助publicassistanceaimedataparticularcategoryofpeople,liketheelderlyorthedisabledcausation因果關(guān)系relationshipthatresultswhenanchangeinonevariableisnotonlycorrelatedwithbutactuallycausesthechangeinanotheronecentralplanning中央計(jì)劃thesysteminwhi

23、chcentralgovernmentbureaucrats(asopposedtoprivateentrepreneursorevenlocalgovernmentbureaucrats)determinewhatwillbeproducedanhowitwillbeproducedcentralization集權(quán)organizationalstructureinwhichdecisionmakingisconcentratedatthetopcentrallyplannedeconomy中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)aneconomyinwhichmostdecisionsaboutresourceallo

24、cationaremadebythecentralgovernmentcertificateofdeposit(CD)存單accountinwhichmoneyisdepositedforapresetlengthoftime,thatmustyieldaslightlyhigherreturntocompensateforthereducedliquiditycircularflow循環(huán)流程howfundsmovethroughthecapital,labor,andproductmarketsbetweenhouseholds,firms,thegovernment,andtheforei

25、gnsectorclassicaleconomists古典經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家economistsprevalentbeforetheGreatDepressionwhobelievedthatthebasiccompetitivemodelprovidedagooddescriptionoftheeconomyandthatifshortperiodsofunemploymentdidoccur,marketforceswouldquicklyrestoretheeconomytofullemploymentclassicalunemployment古典失業(yè)unemploymentthatresults

26、fromtoo-highrealwages;itoccursinthesupplyconstrainedequilibrium,sothatrightwardsshiftsinaggregatesupplyreducethelevelofunemploymentcompetitiveequilibriumprice競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性均衡價(jià)格thepriceatwhichthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedareequaltoeachotherconsumerprotectionlegislation消費(fèi)者保護(hù)法lawsaimedatprotectingcons

27、umers,forinstancebyassuringthatconsumershavemorecompleteinformationaboutitemstheyareconsideringbuyingconsumersovereignty消費(fèi)者權(quán)益theprinciplethatholdsthateachindividualisthebestjudgeofwhatmakeshimbetteroffconsumptionfunction消費(fèi)函數(shù)therelationshipbetweendisposableincomeandconsumptioncontingencyclauses應(yīng)變條款st

28、atementswithinacontractthatmakethelevelofpaymentortheworktobeperformedconditionaluponvariousfactorscorporateincometax公司所得稅ataxbasedontheincome,orprofit,receivedbyacorporationcorrelation相關(guān)relationshipthatresultswhenachangeinonevariableisconsistentlyassociatedwithachangeinanotheronecost-pushinflation成

29、本推動(dòng)型通貨膨脹inflationwhoseinitialcauseisariseinproductioncostsCournotcompetition古諾競(jìng)爭(zhēng)anoligopolyinwhicheachfirmbelievesthatitsrivalsarecommittedtoacertainlevelofproductionandthatrivalswillreducetheirpricesasneededtosellthatamountcredentialscompetition文憑競(jìng)爭(zhēng)thetrendinwhichprospectiveworkersacquirehighereduc

30、ationalcredentials,notsomuchbecauseofanythingtheyactuallylearnintheprocessbuttoconvincepotentialemployerstohirethembysignalingthattheywillbemoreproductiveemployeesthanthosewithweakercredentialscreditconstrainteffect信貸約束效應(yīng)whenpricesfall,firmsrevenuesalsofall,butthemoneytheyowecreditorsremainsunchange

31、d;asaresult,firmshavefewerfundsoftheirowntoinvest.Becauseofcreditrationing,firmscannotmakeupthedifference;accordingly,investmentdecreasescreditrationing信貸配給creditisrationedwhennolenderiswillingtomakealoantoaborrowerortheamountlendersarewillingtolendtoborrowersislimited,eveniftheborroweriswillingtopa

32、ymorethanotherborrowersofcomparableriskwhoaregettingloanscrosssubsidization交叉補(bǔ)貼thepracticeofcharginghigherpricestoonegroupofconsumersinordertosubsidizelowerpricesforanothergroupDDeadweightloss無(wú)謂損失ThereductionintotalsurplusthatresultsfromataxDemandcurve需求曲線(xiàn)Agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoo

33、dandthequantitydemandedDemanddeposits活期存款BalancesinbankaccountsthatdepositorscanaccessondemandbywritingacheckDemandschedule需求表AtablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedDepreciation貶值A(chǔ)decreaseinthevalueofacurrencyasmeasuredbytheamountofforeigncurrencyitcanbuyDepression

34、蕭條AsevererecessionDiminishingmarginalproduct邊際產(chǎn)量遞減ThepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreasesThepropertythatthemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreasesDiminishingreturns收益遞減Thepropertythatthebenefitfromanextraunitofaninputdeclinesasth

35、equantityoftheinputincreasesDiscountrate貼現(xiàn)率TheinterestrateontheloansthattheFedmakestobanksDiscouragedworkers喪失信心的工人IndividualswhowouldliketoworkbuthavegivenuplookingforajobDiscrimination歧視Theofferingofdifferentopportunitiestosimilarindividualswhodifferonlybyrace,ethnicgroup,sex,age,orotherpersonalch

36、aracteristicsDiseconomiesofscale規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreasesDominantstrategy優(yōu)勢(shì)戰(zhàn)略Astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayersdebt債務(wù)capital,suchasbondsandbankloans,suppliedtoafirmbylenders;thefirmpromisestorepay

37、theamountborrowedwithinterestdecentralization分權(quán)化organizationalstructureinwhichmanyindividualsorsubunitscanmakedecisionsdecisiontree決策樹(shù)adeviceforstructureddecisionmakingthatspellsoutthechoicesandpossibleconsequencesofalternativeactionsdeficitspending赤字支出thesituationthatexistswhengovernmentexpenditure

38、saregreaterthanrevenuesdeflation通貨緊縮apersistentdecreaseinthegenerallevelofpricesdemand-constrainedequilibrium受需求約束的平衡theequilibriumthatoccurswhenpricesarestuckatalevelabovethatatwhichaggregatedemandequalsaggregatesupplyatthecurrentpriceleveldemand-pullinflation需求拉動(dòng)型通貨膨脹inflationwhoseinitialcauseisag

39、gregatedemandexceedingaggregatesupplyatthecurrentpriceleveldemographiceffects人口效應(yīng)effectsthatarisefromchangesincharacteristicsofthepopulationsuchasage,birthrates,andlocationderegulation放松管制theliftingofgovernmentregulationstoallowthemarkettofunctionmorefreelydevaluation貶值areductionintherateofexchangeb

40、etweenonecurrencyandothercurrenciesunderafixedexchangeratesystemdevelopedcountries發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家或工業(yè)化國(guó)家thewealthiestnationsintheworld,includingWesternEurope,theUnitedStates,Canada,Japan,Australia,andNewZealanddiminishingmarginalutility邊際效用遞減theprinciplethatsaysthatasanindividualconsumesmoreandmoreofagood,eachs

41、uccessiveunitincreasesherutility,orenjoyment,lessandlessdividends股息thatportionofcorporateprofitspaidouttoshareholdersdownwardrigidityofwages工資下降剛性thesituationthatexistswhenwagesdonotfallquicklyinresponsetoashiftinthedemandorsupplycurveforlabor,resultinginanexcesssupplyoflabordualeconomy二元經(jīng)濟(jì)thesepara

42、tioninmanyLDCsbetweenanimpoverishedruralsectorandanurbansectorthathashigherwagesandmoreadvancedtechnologyduopoly雙頭壟斷anindustrywithonlytwofirmsdurablegoods耐用品goodsthatprovideaserviceoveranumberofyears,suchascars,majorappliances,andfurnituredynamicconsistency動(dòng)態(tài)一致性apolicyissaidtohavedynamicconsistencyw

43、hengovernmentannouncesacourseofactionandthenhastheincentivestoactuallycarryoutthatpolicyEEconomics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)ThestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresourcesEconomiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Thepropertythatlong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreasesEfficiency效率Thepropertyofaresourceallocationofmaximizingthet

44、otalsurplusreceivedbyallmembersofsociety;ThepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesEfficiencywages效率工資Above-equilibriumwagespaidbyfirmsinordertoincreaseworkerproductivityEfficientscale有效規(guī)模ThequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcostElasticity彈性Ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquan

45、titydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminantsEquilibrium均衡AsituationinwhichsupplyanddemandhavebeenbroughtintobalanceEquilibriumprice均衡價(jià)格ThepricethatbalancessupplyanddemandEquilibriumquantity均衡數(shù)量ThequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedwhenthepricehasadjustedtobalancesupplyanddemandEquity平等The

46、fairnessofthedistributionofwell-beingamongthevariousbuyersandsellers;ThepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityfairlyamongthemembersofsocietyExcessdemand超額需求AsituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysuppliedExcesssupply超額供給AsituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemandedEx

47、cludability排他性ThepropertyofagoodthatapersoncanbepreventedfromusingitExports出口Goodsandservicesthatareproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroad;GoodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadExternality外部性Theimpactofonepersonsactionsonthewell-beingofabystandereconomicrents經(jīng)濟(jì)租金paymentsmadetoafactorthatareinexcessofwhat

48、isrequiredtoelicitthesupplyofthatfactorefficiencywagetheory效率工資理論thetheorythatpayinghigherwages(uptoapoint)lowerstotalproductioncosts,forinstancebyleadingtoamoreproductivelaborforceeconomiesofscope范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)whatexistswhenitislessexpensivetoproducetwoproductstogetherthanitwouldbetoproduceeachoneseparatelye

49、fficientmarketstheory有效市場(chǎng)理論thetheorythatallavailableinformationisreflectedinthecurrentpriceofanassetelasticityoflaborsupply勞動(dòng)供給彈性thepercentagechangeinlaborsuppliedresultingfroma1%changeinwagesequity,shares,stock股票termsthatindicatepartownershipofafirm,whichthefirmsellsinordertoraisemoney,orcapitalequ

50、itycapital股份資本capital,suchasshares(orstock),suppliedtoafirmbyitsowners(shareholders);thereturnsreceivedbytheownersarenotguaranteedbutdependonhowwellthefirmdoesexchangeefficiency交換的效率theconditioninwhichwhatevertheeconomyproducesisdistributedamongindividualsinanefficientwayexchangerate匯率therateatwhich

51、onecurrency(suchasdollars)canbeexchangedforanother(suchasmarks,yen,orpounds)excisetax貨物稅ataxonaparticulargoodorserviceexpectedreturn預(yù)期收益theaveragereturn-asinglenumberthatcombinesthevariouspossiblereturnsperdollarinvestedwiththechancesthateachofthesereturnswillactuallybepaidexport-ledgrowth出口導(dǎo)向型增長(zhǎng)the

52、strategythatgovernmentshouldencourageexportsinwhichthecountryhasacomparativeadvantagetostimulategrowthFFactorsofproduction生產(chǎn)要素TheinputsusedtoproducegoodsandservicesFederalReserve(Fed)聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備ThecentralbankoftheUnitedStatesFiatmoney法定貨幣MoneywithoutintrinsicvaluethatisusedasmoneybecauseofgovernmentdecreeF

53、inancialintermediaries金融中介機(jī)構(gòu)FinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectlyprovidefundstoborrowersFinancialmarkets金融市場(chǎng)FinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowersFinancialsystem金融體系Thegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatchonepersonssavingwithanotherpersonsin

54、vestmentFishereffect費(fèi)雪效應(yīng)Theone-for-oneadjustmentofthenominalinterestratetotheinflationrateFixedcost固定成本CoststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproducedFractional-reservebanking部分準(zhǔn)備金銀行體系A(chǔ)bankingsysteminwhichbanksholdonlyafractionofdepositsasreservesFreerider搭便車(chē)者Apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbut

55、avoidspayingforitfactordemand要素需求theamountofaninputdemandedbyafirm,giventhepriceoftheinputandthequantityofoutputbeingproduced;aninputwillbedemandeduptothepointwherethevalueoftheinputsmarginalproductequalsthepriceoftheinputfederalgovernmentstructure聯(lián)邦政府結(jié)構(gòu)asysteminwhichgovernmentactivitytakesplaceatse

56、verallevels-national,state,county,city,andothersfirmwealtheffect廠(chǎng)商的財(cái)富效應(yīng)lowerpricesorlowerdemandcausefirmsprofitsandnetworthtofall,andthismakesthemlesswillingtoundertaketherisksinvolvedwithinvestmentfiscalpolicies財(cái)政政策policiesthataffectthelevelofgovernmentexpendituresandtaxesfixedexchangeratesystem固定匯

57、率體系anexchangeratesysteminwhichthevalueofeachcurrencyisfixedinrelationshiptoothercurrenciesflexibleexchangeratesystem浮動(dòng)匯率體系asysteminwhichexchangeratesaredeterminedbymarketforces,thelawofsupplyanddemand,withoutgovernmentinterferencefixedoroverheadinputs不變投入或分?jǐn)偼度雐nputsthatdonotchangedependingonthequant

58、ityofoutput,atleastovertheshorttermflowstatistics流量統(tǒng)計(jì)measurementsofacertainrateofquantityperperiodoftime,suchasGDP,whichmeasuresoutputperyearfull-employmentdeficit充分就業(yè)赤字thebudgetdeficitthatwouldhaveprevailediftheeconomywereatfullemployment,thuswithhighertaxrevenuesandlowerpublicassistanceexpenditure

59、sfull-employmentoutput/potentialoutput充分就業(yè)產(chǎn)出或潛在產(chǎn)出thelevelofoutputthatwouldprevailiflaborwerefullyemployed(outputmayexceedthatlevelifworkersworkmorethanthenormallevelofovertime)GGDPdeflator平減指數(shù)AmeasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100Gametheory博弈理論Thestudyofhowpeoplebeh

60、aveinstrategicsituationsGiffengood吉芬物品AgoodforwhichanincreaseinthepriceraisesthequantitydemandedGrossdomesticproduct(GDP)國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值ThemarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftimeGrossnationalproduct(GNP)國(guó)名生產(chǎn)總值Themarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedbypermanentr