英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比與翻譯(一)分析課件(PPT 43頁(yè))

1、英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比與翻譯(一)第1頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。翻譯中英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比的重要意義Jean Delisle, representative of French Interpretative Theory of Translation, says in his Translation: An Interpretive Approach, “In other words, each community has developed habits of expression that, over time, have been integrated into the language and lent it ce

2、rtain characteristics.”1He also quotes from Edmond Cary: “Two languages can both be inflected and belong to the same family yet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.” 1 1. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive ApproachM. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Cree

3、ry. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 74第2頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。翻譯中英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比的重要意義傅雷在高老頭重譯本序中說(shuō)：“譯本與原作，文字既不侔，規(guī)則又大異。各種文字各有特色，各有無(wú)可模仿的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，各有無(wú)法補(bǔ)救的缺陷，同時(shí)又各有不能侵犯的戒律。像英、法，英、德那樣接近的語(yǔ)言，尚且有許多難以互譯的地方；中西文字的格遠(yuǎn)過(guò)于此，要求傳神達(dá)意，銖兩悉稱(chēng)，自非死抓字典，按照原文句法拼湊堆砌所能濟(jì)事。”11. 怒安. 傅雷談翻譯M. 沈陽(yáng)：遼寧教育出版社2005:1第3頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。翻譯中英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比的重要意義他也談到了改變句法結(jié)構(gòu)和保留句法結(jié)構(gòu)之間的

4、辯證關(guān)系：“我不是說(shuō)原文的句法絕對(duì)可以不管，在最大限度內(nèi)我們是要保持原文句法的，但無(wú)論如何，要叫人覺(jué)得盡管句法新奇而仍不失為中文。這一點(diǎn)當(dāng)然是不容易做到的，” 1 1. 怒安. 傅雷談翻譯M. 沈陽(yáng)：遼寧教育出版社2005:30第4頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。翻譯中英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比的重要意義就保留原文句法與譯文體現(xiàn)原作精神的問(wèn)題，傅雷也有精辟的論述:“假如破壞本國(guó)文字的結(jié)構(gòu)與特性，就能傳達(dá)異國(guó)文字的特性而獲得原作的精神，那么翻譯真是太容易了。不幸那種理論非但是刻船求劍，而且結(jié)果是削足就履，兩敗俱傷?！?1 1. 怒安. 傅雷談翻譯M. 沈陽(yáng)：遼寧教育出版社2005:2第5頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。翻譯中英漢語(yǔ)言對(duì)比的重要意

5、義劉宓慶：“西方各語(yǔ)種在SLT與TLT之間的實(shí)現(xiàn)形式轉(zhuǎn)換的可行性比漢外翻譯大得多。即既實(shí)現(xiàn)意義對(duì)應(yīng)，又實(shí)現(xiàn)形式對(duì)應(yīng)。這在漢語(yǔ)與西方語(yǔ)言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換中是根本辦不到的?；旧?，漢外互譯必須放棄拘守形式的努力而傾全力于意義?！?思果說(shuō)：“千萬(wàn)不能跟英文走?！?2 1.劉宓慶.翻譯與語(yǔ)言哲學(xué)M.北京:中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司,2001: 78.) 2.思果. 翻譯研究M. 北京:中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司, 2001:23)第6頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。漢語(yǔ)的線(xiàn)性序列與英語(yǔ)的空間結(jié)構(gòu)第7頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。關(guān)于英漢語(yǔ)言的比喻英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu): “葡萄藤型”結(jié)構(gòu)（grapevine structure），意為在短短的主干上派生出長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的

6、枝蔓和豐碩的果實(shí)；英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu): 漢語(yǔ)句子因?yàn)楹苌侬B床架屋，節(jié)外生枝，而是一個(gè)短句接一個(gè)短句地往下延伸，因此被稱(chēng)為“竹竿型”結(jié)構(gòu)（bamboo structure）。1 1. 王寅. 英漢語(yǔ)言宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別特征. 載方夢(mèng)之、馬秉義編選漢譯英實(shí)踐與技巧M. 北京：旅游教育出版社，1996: 42第8頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。關(guān)于英漢語(yǔ)言的比喻“波浪形”結(jié)構(gòu)：漢語(yǔ)的句子關(guān)系往往是并列、并行的，因此是以時(shí)序或邏輯順序排列的。子句與子句之間的關(guān)系須透過(guò)上下文才能決定，所以句子是意合的；而且連詞的使用也不像英語(yǔ)中普遍，結(jié)構(gòu)也較為簡(jiǎn)練明快。漢語(yǔ)的句式稱(chēng)之為“流水句”，整個(gè)句子像由一個(gè)一個(gè)獨(dú)立的子句，按時(shí)間順序或邏輯順

7、序?qū)訉油七M(jìn)。因此，有人把漢語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)比作“波浪形”結(jié)構(gòu)，每個(gè)子句猶如波浪，前浪推后浪，宛如“萬(wàn)頃碧波，層層推進(jìn)”?！爸﹁拘谓Y(jié)構(gòu)”：英語(yǔ)采用主從關(guān)系的形合法(use of hypotaxis)。英語(yǔ)可以通過(guò)連詞(如狀語(yǔ)從句)、關(guān)系詞(如定語(yǔ)從句)和分詞、動(dòng)名詞及不定式等構(gòu)成句子，因此構(gòu)成方式是形合的；英語(yǔ)利用關(guān)系代詞引出包孕句(embedded clause)，語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)采用層次結(jié)構(gòu)，關(guān)系緊湊嚴(yán)密。也就是說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)是在一個(gè)主句中，可在不同的地方插入各種從屬結(jié)構(gòu)，層層展開(kāi)。從屬結(jié)構(gòu)包括動(dòng)詞的非限定形式、介詞短語(yǔ)和各種從句。有人把英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)比作樹(shù)狀的“枝杈形”結(jié)構(gòu)，猶如“參天大樹(shù)，枝葉橫生”

8、。1 1. 郭建中. 漢英/英漢翻譯:理念與方法J. 上海翻譯, 2006(01)：18-19第9頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。關(guān)于英漢語(yǔ)言的比喻英語(yǔ)造句著重用關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)將句子的主干與上下左右勾連，進(jìn)行空間搭架，因此可以稱(chēng)為“營(yíng)造學(xué)手法”（architectural style），而漢語(yǔ)造句偏重從動(dòng)詞著眼，將各部分根據(jù)時(shí)間順序一一予以安排，因此，可以稱(chēng)為“編年史手法”（chronicle style）1 1.林同濟(jì). 從漢語(yǔ)詞序看長(zhǎng)句的翻譯. 載方夢(mèng)之、馬秉義編選漢譯英實(shí)踐與技巧M. 北京：旅游教育出版社，1996: 433-4第10頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。關(guān)于英漢語(yǔ)言的比喻陳安定：英語(yǔ)句子好比“一串珍珠”，而漢語(yǔ)句子則

9、像“一盤(pán)大小各異的珍珠，散落玉盤(pán)，閃閃發(fā)光，燦爛奪目?！?比喻歸納：“英語(yǔ)句子好比一棵參天大樹(shù)，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一樹(shù)荔枝。而漢語(yǔ)（句子）好比一根竹子，一盤(pán)珠子，一江波濤?！? 1，2. 陳安定. 英漢比較與翻譯M. 北京：中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司 1998: 7; 5第11頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。關(guān)于英漢語(yǔ)言的比喻以上比喻可以說(shuō)基本上代表了英漢對(duì)比研究領(lǐng)域?qū)@英漢兩種語(yǔ)言各自總體特征的認(rèn)識(shí)。這里我們把它們統(tǒng)一 為漢語(yǔ)的線(xiàn)性序列結(jié)構(gòu)和英語(yǔ)的空間結(jié)構(gòu)。 第12頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。天目山林深人少，古樹(shù)掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙境一般。第13頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。天目山林深人少，古樹(shù)掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙

10、境一般。第14頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。Mt. Tianmu, densely forested and scarcely populated, is like a fairyland where heavy fogs envelop halfway up the mountain and clear streams flow along the valleys.第15頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。densely forested and scarcely populated,Mt. Tianmu, is like a fairylandwhere heavy fogs envelop halfway up the mo

11、untain and clear streams flow along the valleys.第16頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。英漢比喻帶來(lái)的啟示理論認(rèn)識(shí)層面：翻譯就是重構(gòu)(Translating is restructuring.)。Nida: “To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed.”1Nida: “If all languages differ in form (and this is the essence of their being different languages), then quite nat

12、urally the forms must be altered if one is to preserve the content.”1 1. Nida, E.A. &Taber. C. R. The Theory and Practice of TranslationM. Leiden: Brill, 1982：5.第17頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。英漢比喻帶來(lái)的啟示Delisle：Translation is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques and a knowledge of two languages. 1“and re-ex

13、pression (to reconstruct the text in another language writing techniques.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive ApproachM. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；83第18頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。英漢比喻帶來(lái)的啟示“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one lan

14、guage to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1“Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, whi

15、ch is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive ApproachM. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；52第19頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。英漢比喻帶來(lái)的啟示實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)意義：翻譯成功的關(guān)鍵之一，就是要實(shí)現(xiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。漢譯英時(shí)，要把漢語(yǔ)的線(xiàn)性序列，轉(zhuǎn)換成英語(yǔ)的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，這能在很大程度上避免所謂的Ch

16、inglish。英譯漢時(shí)，要把英語(yǔ)的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)的線(xiàn)性序列，這能在很大程度上避免所謂的“歐化”句子。 第20頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。對(duì)英漢比喻的錯(cuò)誤定位把漢語(yǔ)的線(xiàn)性序列和英語(yǔ)的空間結(jié)構(gòu)與英漢語(yǔ)形合與意合對(duì)應(yīng)起來(lái)，把上述提及到的比喻都認(rèn)為是形合和意合的形象表達(dá)。而形合與意合的內(nèi)涵實(shí)際上是關(guān)于句子銜接的問(wèn)題，主張?jiān)跐h譯英時(shí)添加應(yīng)有的連接詞，或者在英譯漢時(shí)省略連接詞。 連接詞的使用與否不能保證譯成的漢語(yǔ)就是線(xiàn)性序列的，或者譯成的英語(yǔ)就是空間結(jié)構(gòu)的。 第21頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。重估英漢語(yǔ)言比喻對(duì)實(shí)踐的價(jià)值英語(yǔ)的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)際上是一種“修飾”結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是“主從”結(jié)構(gòu)；漢語(yǔ)的線(xiàn)性序列，實(shí)際上是一種“并列”結(jié)構(gòu)，亦

17、即每個(gè)子句都是“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)(含隱性主謂結(jié)構(gòu))。漢譯英：Step 1：找出句子的重心，用主謂形式將它表示出來(lái)，作為句子的“樹(shù)干”，Step 2:把漢語(yǔ)中其他的“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”變?yōu)橛⒄Z(yǔ)中的“主從結(jié)構(gòu)”，即變成分詞，動(dòng)名詞，不定式，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及從句等，作為句子的枝椏附屬在句子的主干上；Step 3: 空間性。既然把英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比喻為一串葡萄、枝杈，就說(shuō)明多數(shù)情況下這個(gè)樹(shù)干是在中間的，它的左右兩邊都有枝杈，達(dá)到左右對(duì)稱(chēng)。這種對(duì)稱(chēng)只是一種近似。第22頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。例句例2 山西省是中國(guó)古代文明發(fā)祥地之一，有悠久的歷史。1. Shanxi is one of homes of ancient civiliz

18、ation in China. It has a long history or Shangxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China and has a long history2. One of the cradles of ancient civilization in China, Shanxi has a long history3. With a long history, Shanxi is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization in China.第23頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)

19、。例句例3 諾丁山嘉年華每年八月在倫敦的諾丁山舉行，為期三天（包括一個(gè)周末和銀行假日）。1. Notting Hill Carnival is held each August on the streets of Notting Hill, London, lasting three days (Sunday and the following bank holiday). Held each August on the streets of Notting Hill, London, Notting Hill Carnival lasts three days (Sunday and the

20、 following bank holiday). An annual event which takes place on the streets of Notting Hill, London, each August, Notting Hill Carnival lasts three days (Sunday and the following bank holiday). 第24頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。例句例4 小馬兒鼻子凍得通紅，掛著兩條白鼻涕。 Because/since/for the nose of Little Maer became red with cold, it is run

21、ning. The nose of little Maer became red with cold. So/therefore/as a consequence/as a result it is running.第25頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。例句例4 小馬兒鼻子凍得通紅，掛著兩條白鼻涕。 The nose of Little Maer became red with cold, running.The nose of Little Maer, red with cold, is running.Note：漢語(yǔ)的線(xiàn)性序列和英語(yǔ)的空間結(jié)構(gòu)作為最基本的對(duì)比范疇，在運(yùn)用時(shí)需要考慮諸如文體、語(yǔ)意重心等因素。

22、第26頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。例5 二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象，聽(tīng)說(shuō)他考上了研究生，被他的進(jìn)步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽(tīng)哪里可以花錢(qián)買(mǎi)個(gè)MBA。漢語(yǔ)在標(biāo)點(diǎn)使用上的模糊性：“由于漢語(yǔ)句法結(jié)構(gòu)的開(kāi)放性，應(yīng)該在哪兒斷句，主要取決于寫(xiě)說(shuō)者或標(biāo)點(diǎn)人對(duì)意義的理解?！?這種“中英文句子在斷句，標(biāo)點(diǎn)上的差異是影響漢英一一對(duì)應(yīng)以及導(dǎo)致中文一句對(duì)兩句甚至多句現(xiàn)象多發(fā)的主要原因”2 1. 王峻巖. 英漢句法對(duì)比散議. 載蕭立明主編. 英漢語(yǔ)對(duì)比研究C.長(zhǎng)沙：湖南人民出版社，1992：107 2. 王克非.雙語(yǔ)對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)料庫(kù)研制與應(yīng)用M.北京:外語(yǔ)

23、教學(xué)與研究出版社，2004：104第27頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。例5 二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象，聽(tīng)說(shuō)他考上了研究生，被他的進(jìn)步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽(tīng)哪里可以花錢(qián)買(mǎi)個(gè)MBA。譯文1：In the summer holiday when I was 20, I met my unrequited love in the street of my hometown by accident. I heard that he had passed the postgraduate exam. I was struck by

24、his improvement. As I thought that he would never look at me because of my excellence, my bitter tears just rolled down the face譯文2：At the age of 20, I was on my vacation. I met the boy whom I loved secretly in the street of my hometown. I heard that he passed the postgraduate entrance examination,

25、so I was really depressed by his progress and felt as if a knife were piercing my heart. I couldnt help crying when I thought that I couldnt let him look at me with new eyes during my lifetime. But after I was 30, I inquired about where I could buy a MBA.第28頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。例5 二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象，聽(tīng)說(shuō)他考上了研究

26、生，被他的進(jìn)步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽(tīng)哪里可以花錢(qián)買(mǎi)個(gè)MBA。譯文1：In the summer holiday when I was 20, I met my unrequited love in the street of my hometown by accident. I heard that he had passed the postgraduate exam. I was struck by his improvement. As I thought that he would never look at me b

27、ecause of my excellence, my bitter tears just rolled down the face譯文2：At the age of 20, I was on my vacation. I met the boy whom I loved secretly in the street of my hometown. I heard that he passed the postgraduate entrance examination, so I was really depressed by his progress and felt as if a kni

28、fe were piercing my heart. I couldnt help crying when I thought that I couldnt let him look at me with new eyes during my lifetime. But after I was 30, I inquired about where I could buy a MBA.第29頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象。At the age of 20, during the summer holiday I ran into the young man whom

29、 I loved in private in the street of my hometown.第30頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對(duì)象，聽(tīng)說(shuō)他考上了研究生，被他的進(jìn)步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽(tīng)哪里可以花錢(qián)買(mǎi)個(gè)MBA。 At the age of 20, during the summer holiday I ran into the young man whom I loved in private in the street of my hometown. Upon hearing that he

30、had been enrolled as a postgraduate, I was virtually dealt with a heavy blow, believing reluctantly so painful a fact that I could never do well enough to win his favor, bitter tears streaming down my cheeks. After 30, I busy myself here and there, inquiring where I could buy a MBA diploma.第31頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)

31、。 Upon hearing that he had been enrolled as a postgraduate, I was virtually dealt with a heavy blow, believing reluctantly so painful a fact that I could never do well enough to win his favor, bitter tears streaming down my cheeks.第32頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。例6 我們有決心，有信心，通過(guò)深化改革、擴(kuò)大開(kāi)放，變壓力為動(dòng)力，迎接加入世貿(mào)組織帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)，促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷取得新的發(fā)

32、展。We have the determination and confidence that through the deepening of reform and opening wider to the outside world, we can turn pressure into motive force to take the challenges arisen from our accession to the WTO and enable the national economy to achieve new progress on a continuous basis.第33

33、頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。We have the determination and confidence that through the deepening of reform and opening wider to the outside world, we can turn pressure into motive force to take the challenges arisen from our accession to the WTO and enable the national economy to achieve new progress on a continuous basi

34、s.第34頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。 我們有決心，有信心，通過(guò)深化改革、擴(kuò)大開(kāi)放，變壓力為動(dòng)力，迎接加入世貿(mào)組織帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)，促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)不斷取得新的發(fā)展。With confidence and determination, and through further reform and opening wider to the outside world, we will respond positively to the pressure upon us, meeting challenges arising from Chinas accession to the WTO, and pushing fo

35、rward the development of our national economy.第35頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。 With confidence and determination, and through further reform and opening wider to the outside world, we will respond positively to the pressure upon us, meeting challenges arising from Chinas accession to the WTO, and pushing forward the deve

36、lopment of our national economy.第36頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。例7 全黨必須堅(jiān)定不移地高舉中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義偉大旗幟，帶領(lǐng)人民從新的歷史起點(diǎn)出發(fā)，抓住和用好重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，求真務(wù)實(shí)，銳意進(jìn)取，繼續(xù)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)，加快推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化，完成時(shí)代賦予的崇高使命。第37頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。The whole party must unswervingly hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and lead people in starting from this new hist

37、orical point, grasping and making the most of the important period of strategic opportunities, staying realistic and pragmatic, forging ahead with determination, continuing to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerate socialist modernization, and accomplishing the lofty mi

38、ssion bestowed by the times. ( ）第38頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。The whole party must unswervingly hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and lead people in starting from this new historical point, grasping and making the most of the important period of strategic opportunities, staying realis

39、tic and pragmatic, forging ahead with determination, continuing to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerate socialist modernization, and accomplishing the lofty mission bestowed by the times.第39頁(yè)，共43頁(yè)。全黨必須堅(jiān)定不移地高舉中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義偉大旗幟，帶領(lǐng)人民從新的歷史起點(diǎn)出發(fā)，抓住和用好重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，求真務(wù)實(shí)，銳意進(jìn)取，繼續(xù)全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)，加快推進(jìn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化，完成時(shí)代賦予的崇高使命。 Unswervingly holding high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteris