英漢語言對比與翻譯(一)分析課件(PPT 43頁)

1、英漢語言對比與翻譯(一)第1頁，共43頁。翻譯中英漢語言對比的重要意義Jean Delisle, representative of French Interpretative Theory of Translation, says in his Translation: An Interpretive Approach, “In other words, each community has developed habits of expression that, over time, have been integrated into the language and lent it ce

2、rtain characteristics.”1He also quotes from Edmond Cary: “Two languages can both be inflected and belong to the same family yet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.” 1 1. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive ApproachM. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Cree

3、ry. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 74第2頁，共43頁。翻譯中英漢語言對比的重要意義傅雷在高老頭重譯本序中說：“譯本與原作，文字既不侔，規(guī)則又大異。各種文字各有特色，各有無可模仿的優(yōu)點，各有無法補救的缺陷，同時又各有不能侵犯的戒律。像英、法，英、德那樣接近的語言，尚且有許多難以互譯的地方；中西文字的格遠過于此，要求傳神達意，銖兩悉稱，自非死抓字典，按照原文句法拼湊堆砌所能濟事?！?1. 怒安. 傅雷談翻譯M. 沈陽：遼寧教育出版社2005:1第3頁，共43頁。翻譯中英漢語言對比的重要意義他也談到了改變句法結(jié)構(gòu)和保留句法結(jié)構(gòu)之間的

4、辯證關系：“我不是說原文的句法絕對可以不管，在最大限度內(nèi)我們是要保持原文句法的，但無論如何，要叫人覺得盡管句法新奇而仍不失為中文。這一點當然是不容易做到的，” 1 1. 怒安. 傅雷談翻譯M. 沈陽：遼寧教育出版社2005:30第4頁，共43頁。翻譯中英漢語言對比的重要意義就保留原文句法與譯文體現(xiàn)原作精神的問題，傅雷也有精辟的論述:“假如破壞本國文字的結(jié)構(gòu)與特性，就能傳達異國文字的特性而獲得原作的精神，那么翻譯真是太容易了。不幸那種理論非但是刻船求劍，而且結(jié)果是削足就履，兩敗俱傷?！?1 1. 怒安. 傅雷談翻譯M. 沈陽：遼寧教育出版社2005:2第5頁，共43頁。翻譯中英漢語言對比的重要意

5、義劉宓慶：“西方各語種在SLT與TLT之間的實現(xiàn)形式轉(zhuǎn)換的可行性比漢外翻譯大得多。即既實現(xiàn)意義對應，又實現(xiàn)形式對應。這在漢語與西方語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換中是根本辦不到的?；旧希瑵h外互譯必須放棄拘守形式的努力而傾全力于意義。”1思果說：“千萬不能跟英文走。” 2 1.劉宓慶.翻譯與語言哲學M.北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,2001: 78.) 2.思果. 翻譯研究M. 北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司, 2001:23)第6頁，共43頁。漢語的線性序列與英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)第7頁，共43頁。關于英漢語言的比喻英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu): “葡萄藤型”結(jié)構(gòu)（grapevine structure），意為在短短的主干上派生出長長的

6、枝蔓和豐碩的果實；英語句子的結(jié)構(gòu): 漢語句子因為很少疊床架屋，節(jié)外生枝，而是一個短句接一個短句地往下延伸，因此被稱為“竹竿型”結(jié)構(gòu)（bamboo structure）。1 1. 王寅. 英漢語言宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別特征. 載方夢之、馬秉義編選漢譯英實踐與技巧M. 北京：旅游教育出版社，1996: 42第8頁，共43頁。關于英漢語言的比喻“波浪形”結(jié)構(gòu)：漢語的句子關系往往是并列、并行的，因此是以時序或邏輯順序排列的。子句與子句之間的關系須透過上下文才能決定，所以句子是意合的；而且連詞的使用也不像英語中普遍，結(jié)構(gòu)也較為簡練明快。漢語的句式稱之為“流水句”，整個句子像由一個一個獨立的子句，按時間順序或邏輯順

7、序?qū)訉油七M。因此，有人把漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)比作“波浪形”結(jié)構(gòu)，每個子句猶如波浪，前浪推后浪，宛如“萬頃碧波，層層推進”?！爸﹁拘谓Y(jié)構(gòu)”：英語采用主從關系的形合法(use of hypotaxis)。英語可以通過連詞(如狀語從句)、關系詞(如定語從句)和分詞、動名詞及不定式等構(gòu)成句子，因此構(gòu)成方式是形合的；英語利用關系代詞引出包孕句(embedded clause)，語法結(jié)構(gòu)采用層次結(jié)構(gòu)，關系緊湊嚴密。也就是說，英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)是在一個主句中，可在不同的地方插入各種從屬結(jié)構(gòu)，層層展開。從屬結(jié)構(gòu)包括動詞的非限定形式、介詞短語和各種從句。有人把英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)比作樹狀的“枝杈形”結(jié)構(gòu)，猶如“參天大樹，枝葉橫生”

8、。1 1. 郭建中. 漢英/英漢翻譯:理念與方法J. 上海翻譯, 2006(01)：18-19第9頁，共43頁。關于英漢語言的比喻英語造句著重用關聯(lián)詞語將句子的主干與上下左右勾連，進行空間搭架，因此可以稱為“營造學手法”（architectural style），而漢語造句偏重從動詞著眼，將各部分根據(jù)時間順序一一予以安排，因此，可以稱為“編年史手法”（chronicle style）1 1.林同濟. 從漢語詞序看長句的翻譯. 載方夢之、馬秉義編選漢譯英實踐與技巧M. 北京：旅游教育出版社，1996: 433-4第10頁，共43頁。關于英漢語言的比喻陳安定：英語句子好比“一串珍珠”，而漢語句子則

9、像“一盤大小各異的珍珠，散落玉盤，閃閃發(fā)光，燦爛奪目?！?比喻歸納：“英語句子好比一棵參天大樹，一串葡萄，一串珍珠，一樹荔枝。而漢語（句子）好比一根竹子，一盤珠子，一江波濤?！? 1，2. 陳安定. 英漢比較與翻譯M. 北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司 1998: 7; 5第11頁，共43頁。關于英漢語言的比喻以上比喻可以說基本上代表了英漢對比研究領域?qū)@英漢兩種語言各自總體特征的認識。這里我們把它們統(tǒng)一 為漢語的線性序列結(jié)構(gòu)和英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)。 第12頁，共43頁。天目山林深人少，古樹掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙境一般。第13頁，共43頁。天目山林深人少，古樹掩映，清泉石上流，霧生半山腰，如仙

10、境一般。第14頁，共43頁。Mt. Tianmu, densely forested and scarcely populated, is like a fairyland where heavy fogs envelop halfway up the mountain and clear streams flow along the valleys.第15頁，共43頁。densely forested and scarcely populated,Mt. Tianmu, is like a fairylandwhere heavy fogs envelop halfway up the mo

11、untain and clear streams flow along the valleys.第16頁，共43頁。英漢比喻帶來的啟示理論認識層面：翻譯就是重構(gòu)(Translating is restructuring.)。Nida: “To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed.”1Nida: “If all languages differ in form (and this is the essence of their being different languages), then quite nat

12、urally the forms must be altered if one is to preserve the content.”1 1. Nida, E.A. &Taber. C. R. The Theory and Practice of TranslationM. Leiden: Brill, 1982：5.第17頁，共43頁。英漢比喻帶來的啟示Delisle：Translation is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques and a knowledge of two languages. 1“and re-ex

13、pression (to reconstruct the text in another language writing techniques.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive ApproachM. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；83第18頁，共43頁。英漢比喻帶來的啟示“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one lan

14、guage to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1“Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, whi

15、ch is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive ApproachM. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3；52第19頁，共43頁。英漢比喻帶來的啟示實踐指導意義：翻譯成功的關鍵之一，就是要實現(xiàn)句子結(jié)構(gòu)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。漢譯英時，要把漢語的線性序列，轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，這能在很大程度上避免所謂的Ch

16、inglish。英譯漢時，要把英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的線性序列，這能在很大程度上避免所謂的“歐化”句子。 第20頁，共43頁。對英漢比喻的錯誤定位把漢語的線性序列和英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)與英漢語形合與意合對應起來，把上述提及到的比喻都認為是形合和意合的形象表達。而形合與意合的內(nèi)涵實際上是關于句子銜接的問題，主張在漢譯英時添加應有的連接詞，或者在英譯漢時省略連接詞。 連接詞的使用與否不能保證譯成的漢語就是線性序列的，或者譯成的英語就是空間結(jié)構(gòu)的。 第21頁，共43頁。重估英漢語言比喻對實踐的價值英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)，實際上是一種“修飾”結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是“主從”結(jié)構(gòu)；漢語的線性序列，實際上是一種“并列”結(jié)構(gòu)，亦

17、即每個子句都是“主謂”結(jié)構(gòu)(含隱性主謂結(jié)構(gòu))。漢譯英：Step 1：找出句子的重心，用主謂形式將它表示出來，作為句子的“樹干”，Step 2:把漢語中其他的“主謂結(jié)構(gòu)”變?yōu)橛⒄Z中的“主從結(jié)構(gòu)”，即變成分詞，動名詞，不定式，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及從句等，作為句子的枝椏附屬在句子的主干上；Step 3: 空間性。既然把英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比喻為一串葡萄、枝杈，就說明多數(shù)情況下這個樹干是在中間的，它的左右兩邊都有枝杈，達到左右對稱。這種對稱只是一種近似。第22頁，共43頁。例句例2 山西省是中國古代文明發(fā)祥地之一，有悠久的歷史。1. Shanxi is one of homes of ancient civiliz

18、ation in China. It has a long history or Shangxi is one of homes of ancient civilization in China and has a long history2. One of the cradles of ancient civilization in China, Shanxi has a long history3. With a long history, Shanxi is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization in China.第23頁，共43頁

19、。例句例3 諾丁山嘉年華每年八月在倫敦的諾丁山舉行，為期三天（包括一個周末和銀行假日）。1. Notting Hill Carnival is held each August on the streets of Notting Hill, London, lasting three days (Sunday and the following bank holiday). Held each August on the streets of Notting Hill, London, Notting Hill Carnival lasts three days (Sunday and the

20、 following bank holiday). An annual event which takes place on the streets of Notting Hill, London, each August, Notting Hill Carnival lasts three days (Sunday and the following bank holiday). 第24頁，共43頁。例句例4 小馬兒鼻子凍得通紅，掛著兩條白鼻涕。 Because/since/for the nose of Little Maer became red with cold, it is run

21、ning. The nose of little Maer became red with cold. So/therefore/as a consequence/as a result it is running.第25頁，共43頁。例句例4 小馬兒鼻子凍得通紅，掛著兩條白鼻涕。 The nose of Little Maer became red with cold, running.The nose of Little Maer, red with cold, is running.Note：漢語的線性序列和英語的空間結(jié)構(gòu)作為最基本的對比范疇，在運用時需要考慮諸如文體、語意重心等因素。

22、第26頁，共43頁。例5 二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對象，聽說他考上了研究生，被他的進步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽哪里可以花錢買個MBA。漢語在標點使用上的模糊性：“由于漢語句法結(jié)構(gòu)的開放性，應該在哪兒斷句，主要取決于寫說者或標點人對意義的理解?！?這種“中英文句子在斷句，標點上的差異是影響漢英一一對應以及導致中文一句對兩句甚至多句現(xiàn)象多發(fā)的主要原因”2 1. 王峻巖. 英漢句法對比散議. 載蕭立明主編. 英漢語對比研究C.長沙：湖南人民出版社，1992：107 2. 王克非.雙語對應語料庫研制與應用M.北京:外語

23、教學與研究出版社，2004：104第27頁，共43頁。例5 二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對象，聽說他考上了研究生，被他的進步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽哪里可以花錢買個MBA。譯文1：In the summer holiday when I was 20, I met my unrequited love in the street of my hometown by accident. I heard that he had passed the postgraduate exam. I was struck by

24、his improvement. As I thought that he would never look at me because of my excellence, my bitter tears just rolled down the face譯文2：At the age of 20, I was on my vacation. I met the boy whom I loved secretly in the street of my hometown. I heard that he passed the postgraduate entrance examination,

25、so I was really depressed by his progress and felt as if a knife were piercing my heart. I couldnt help crying when I thought that I couldnt let him look at me with new eyes during my lifetime. But after I was 30, I inquired about where I could buy a MBA.第28頁，共43頁。例5 二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對象，聽說他考上了研究

26、生，被他的進步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽哪里可以花錢買個MBA。譯文1：In the summer holiday when I was 20, I met my unrequited love in the street of my hometown by accident. I heard that he had passed the postgraduate exam. I was struck by his improvement. As I thought that he would never look at me b

27、ecause of my excellence, my bitter tears just rolled down the face譯文2：At the age of 20, I was on my vacation. I met the boy whom I loved secretly in the street of my hometown. I heard that he passed the postgraduate entrance examination, so I was really depressed by his progress and felt as if a kni

28、fe were piercing my heart. I couldnt help crying when I thought that I couldnt let him look at me with new eyes during my lifetime. But after I was 30, I inquired about where I could buy a MBA.第29頁，共43頁。二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對象。At the age of 20, during the summer holiday I ran into the young man whom

29、 I loved in private in the street of my hometown.第30頁，共43頁。二十歲的暑假，在家鄉(xiāng)的大街上偶遇自己的暗戀對象，聽說他考上了研究生，被他的進步所打擊，心如刀絞，想到這輩子終于不能出色得讓他看我一眼，不禁愴然淚下。三十歲之后，到處打聽哪里可以花錢買個MBA。 At the age of 20, during the summer holiday I ran into the young man whom I loved in private in the street of my hometown. Upon hearing that he

30、had been enrolled as a postgraduate, I was virtually dealt with a heavy blow, believing reluctantly so painful a fact that I could never do well enough to win his favor, bitter tears streaming down my cheeks. After 30, I busy myself here and there, inquiring where I could buy a MBA diploma.第31頁，共43頁

31、。 Upon hearing that he had been enrolled as a postgraduate, I was virtually dealt with a heavy blow, believing reluctantly so painful a fact that I could never do well enough to win his favor, bitter tears streaming down my cheeks.第32頁，共43頁。例6 我們有決心，有信心，通過深化改革、擴大開放，變壓力為動力，迎接加入世貿(mào)組織帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，促進國民經(jīng)濟不斷取得新的發(fā)

32、展。We have the determination and confidence that through the deepening of reform and opening wider to the outside world, we can turn pressure into motive force to take the challenges arisen from our accession to the WTO and enable the national economy to achieve new progress on a continuous basis.第33

33、頁，共43頁。We have the determination and confidence that through the deepening of reform and opening wider to the outside world, we can turn pressure into motive force to take the challenges arisen from our accession to the WTO and enable the national economy to achieve new progress on a continuous basi

34、s.第34頁，共43頁。 我們有決心，有信心，通過深化改革、擴大開放，變壓力為動力，迎接加入世貿(mào)組織帶來的挑戰(zhàn)，促進國民經(jīng)濟不斷取得新的發(fā)展。With confidence and determination, and through further reform and opening wider to the outside world, we will respond positively to the pressure upon us, meeting challenges arising from Chinas accession to the WTO, and pushing fo

35、rward the development of our national economy.第35頁，共43頁。 With confidence and determination, and through further reform and opening wider to the outside world, we will respond positively to the pressure upon us, meeting challenges arising from Chinas accession to the WTO, and pushing forward the deve

36、lopment of our national economy.第36頁，共43頁。例7 全黨必須堅定不移地高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，帶領人民從新的歷史起點出發(fā)，抓住和用好重要戰(zhàn)略機遇期，求真務實，銳意進取，繼續(xù)全面建設小康社會，加快推進社會主義現(xiàn)代化，完成時代賦予的崇高使命。第37頁，共43頁。The whole party must unswervingly hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and lead people in starting from this new hist

37、orical point, grasping and making the most of the important period of strategic opportunities, staying realistic and pragmatic, forging ahead with determination, continuing to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerate socialist modernization, and accomplishing the lofty mi

38、ssion bestowed by the times. ( ）第38頁，共43頁。The whole party must unswervingly hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and lead people in starting from this new historical point, grasping and making the most of the important period of strategic opportunities, staying realis

39、tic and pragmatic, forging ahead with determination, continuing to build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerate socialist modernization, and accomplishing the lofty mission bestowed by the times.第39頁，共43頁。全黨必須堅定不移地高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟，帶領人民從新的歷史起點出發(fā)，抓住和用好重要戰(zhàn)略機遇期，求真務實，銳意進取，繼續(xù)全面建設小康社會，加快推進社會主義現(xiàn)代化，完成時代賦予的崇高使命。 Unswervingly holding high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteris