傳統(tǒng)能源動(dòng)力裝置(內(nèi)燃機(jī))高效利用替代燃料技術(shù)交流研討會(huì)-（精編版）

1、“傳統(tǒng)能源動(dòng)力裝置內(nèi)燃機(jī) 高效利用替代燃料技術(shù)交流研討會(huì)日 程 表時(shí)間： 2010年 4 月 2 日至3 日地點(diǎn)： B 座三層多功能廳日期活動(dòng)內(nèi)容報(bào)告者9:00歡送詞內(nèi)燃機(jī)應(yīng)用替代燃料的思考及幾點(diǎn)意見(jiàn)中國(guó)內(nèi)燃機(jī)工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)中國(guó)內(nèi)燃機(jī)工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)2021 年4 月 2 日上午9:0012:00未來(lái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的替代燃料評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù) Alternative Fuel Assessment for Future Engine Technologies 10:00Tea Break茶歇乘用車用點(diǎn)燃式 M100 甲醇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)研發(fā) Research and Development of Spark-Ignition Engi

2、ne Fueled with Methanol for Passenger Car壓燃式內(nèi)燃機(jī)燃用 M100 甲醇技術(shù)研究 The analysis on compression ignition internal combustion engine with M100 methanol technology Dr. Charles E. Roberts金先揚(yáng)教授Mr Xian Yang Jin王天靈博士Dr. Wang Tianling12:00Lunch午餐壓燃式內(nèi)燃機(jī)甲醇/柴油組合燃燒的研究及應(yīng)用Application of Alcoholic Fuel Ignited by Diese

3、l Spray to CI Engines姚春德教授Dr. Prof. Chunde Yao2021 年4 月 2 日下午13:3017:30二甲醚發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的研究與開(kāi)發(fā) Research and Development of DME Engines 3:00 Tea Break茶歇煤 基 低 碳 能 源 化 工 路 線 是 中 國(guó) 替 代 能 源 的 開(kāi) 展 方 向(Coal-based low-carbon energy, chemical route is the development direction of China's alternative energy)甲醇燃料使用平安

4、性 Safety Assessment of Using Methanol as an Alternative Fuel 低 排 高 效 的 天 然 氣 發(fā) 動(dòng) 機(jī) 技 術(shù) Natural Gas Engine Technology for Low Emissions and High Efficiency 劉圣華教授Prof. Liu Shenghua方德巍教授Fang Dewei謝振華高級(jí)工程師Zhenhua XieMr. Timothy J Callahan生 物 柴 油 在 車 用 內(nèi) 燃 機(jī) 上 的 應(yīng) 用 TheApplicationof Bio-diesel on Interna

5、l Combustion Engine for Vehicle生物柴油的應(yīng)用根底研究The Basic Research of Biodiesel Fuel王建昕教授Wang Jianxin王忠教授Wang Zhong2021 年4 月 3 日上午8:3012:00氣體燃料特性及其內(nèi)燃機(jī)技術(shù)的探討 Gas fuel characteristics and gas engine technology9:30Tea Break茶歇工 程 塑 料 在 內(nèi) 燃 機(jī) 燃 油 系 統(tǒng) 上 的 應(yīng) 用 Engineering thermoplastics applied in the modern fuel

6、 systems of internal combustion enginesF-T 合成燃料在車用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的應(yīng)用研究The Application Research ofFischer-Tropsch(F-T)DieselFuelonVehicle Engine張欣教授Xin ZhangMervyn Cox樓狄明教授LOU Diming12:00Lunch午餐生物柴油組分及與汽車匹配技術(shù)研究李理光2021 年4 月 3 日下午13:3015:00介紹編制中國(guó)內(nèi)燃機(jī)工業(yè)“十二五開(kāi)展規(guī)劃的思路，并就在規(guī)劃中由企業(yè)提供的開(kāi)展重點(diǎn)及重點(diǎn)工程，提出具體要求及進(jìn)度安排。中國(guó)內(nèi)燃機(jī)工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)“傳統(tǒng)能源動(dòng)力裝

7、置內(nèi)燃機(jī) 高效利用替代燃料技術(shù)交流研討會(huì)專題報(bào)告摘要匯總一、中國(guó)內(nèi)燃機(jī)工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)內(nèi)燃機(jī)應(yīng)用替代燃料的思考及幾點(diǎn)意見(jiàn)二、美國(guó)西南研究院Southwest Research Institute1、未來(lái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的替代燃料評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)Alternative Fuel Assessment for Future Engine Technologies Dr. Charles E. RobertsThis presentation discusses the potential for use of various alternative fuels for future engine applications.

8、The presentation recognizes the differences in selection of alternativefuelsdepending upongoalsbased uponpotentialCO2regulations, petroleum independence, and energy efficiency. For example, the U.S. has increased the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel for the last several years, based upon a desi

9、re to reduce petroleum requirements. This strategy has been successful in meeting its goal. However, the well-to-wheels energy-cost for use of ethanol is worse than thatfor petroleum. Hence, the outcome is that energy inefficiency has been accepted to reduce petroleum consumption. In an effort to im

10、prove the fuel economy and range of ethanol-fueled vehicles, SwRI has developed cooled-EGR technology for ethanol- or flex-fuelengines,thusmeetingthegoalofreducedpetroleumusewhile simultaneously meeting the fuel economy and range demands of an ethanol powered vehicle. Similarly, proposed CO2 regulat

11、ions might be addressed through alternative fuels, such as natural gas, ethanol and methanol. This study includes analysis of the CO2 reduction potential for the alternative fuels, but also addresses the efficiency and energy cost for each fuel. The presentation culminates in a selection and rating

12、chart foralternative fuelsbased upon differentgoals thatmaybe required forfuture markets.本報(bào)告針對(duì)各種替代燃料在未來(lái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的應(yīng)用潛力進(jìn)行討論。由于 CO2排放法規(guī)、石油資源自主性和能源效率的不同，各國(guó)對(duì)于替代燃料的選擇亦會(huì)不同。比方，美國(guó)在過(guò)去幾年中不斷增加對(duì)乙醇代用燃料的使用，希望藉此降低對(duì)石油的需求。這一舉措雖然成功地滿足了這一目標(biāo)，但用于汽車工業(yè)的乙醇燃油本錢卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于石油。由此導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果是，為降低石油消耗，人們不得不接受能源效率低下的事實(shí)。美國(guó)西南研究院開(kāi)發(fā)的用于乙醇或其它混合燃料 的冷卻 EG

13、R 技術(shù)，不但可以有效減少對(duì)石油燃料的使用，同時(shí)也能很好地滿足乙醇或其它動(dòng)力車輛的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性和工況范圍要求。替代燃料如天然氣、乙 醇、甲醇的使用將可能成為實(shí)現(xiàn)CO2 排放法規(guī)的更有效途徑；為此，本報(bào)告增加了對(duì)替代燃料降低CO2 排放潛力的分析，以及各種替代燃料的燃效和本錢方面的內(nèi)容。報(bào)告中的高潮局部還根據(jù)未來(lái)市場(chǎng)的不同需求目標(biāo)，給出了各種 替代燃料的選擇評(píng)價(jià)圖。2、低排高效的天然氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)技術(shù)Natural Gas Engine Technology for Low Emissions and High Efficiency Mr. Timothy J CallahanThispresentat

14、ion willdiscuss technology fornatural gas engines that enablethem to achieve low emission while maintaining high efficiency.As an alternative to petroleum derived fuels, natural gas has several desirable characteristics:本報(bào)告就各種天然氣技術(shù)進(jìn)行討論，在實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)低排放的同時(shí)，仍然保持較高的燃燒效率。作為對(duì)動(dòng)力石油的替代燃料，天然氣具有如下優(yōu)勢(shì)特點(diǎn)：· favorab

15、le CO2 emissions due to its high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio· near zero particulate emissions· abundantly available with favorable pricing· high octane number (resistance to knock)· wide range of flammability·二氧化碳排放較低高氫碳比·顆粒排放幾乎為零·資源豐富，價(jià)格低廉·高辛烷值抗爆震·可燃性好In th

16、e United States (and elsewhere), heavy-duty natural gas engines have been widelyused infleetoperations inregionswithpoorambientairquality.As emission regulations have become increasinglyrestrictive,diesel engine emission levels are approaching those ofnatural gas engines.However, the diesel engines

17、require expensive aftertreatment and engine combustion strategies that lead to higher specific fuel consumption.With the appropriate technologies, the performance and emissions of gas engines can exceed the diesel engine or other alternatively fuelled engines.在美國(guó)和其它地區(qū)一些環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量惡劣的地區(qū)，重型天然氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)已被廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車運(yùn)

18、輸業(yè)。隨著排放法規(guī)的日益嚴(yán)格，柴油機(jī)的排放水平逐漸接近天然氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。但是，柴油機(jī)需要用到昂貴的后處理裝置，且各種燃燒策略的運(yùn)用直接導(dǎo)致燃油耗增加。如果能夠采用適當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)，氣體發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的性能和排放完全可以超越柴油機(jī)或其它替代燃料發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。In addition to low emissions, natural gas can also be used as a petroleum fuel substitute orextender as inthe case ofdual fuelengines.Twodual fuelengine scenarios are common.The first

19、scenario is a dedicated dual fuel engine in which a small diesel pilot injection is used to ignite the natural gas air charge and the ratio of pilot energy to natural gas energy is about 1:100.In the second scenario, full diesel engine capability is retained and natural gas is used to replace the eq

20、uivalent diesel energy.That is as natural gas is added to the combustion mixture, the equivalent energy ofdieselfuelisremoved.Inthiscase thepercentage ofnaturalgas substitution ranges from 15-85 percent.除排放低外，天然氣可以替代石油燃料，或作為雙燃料發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的混合添加物?，F(xiàn)有兩種雙燃料發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)比擬普遍。第一種是專門的雙燃料發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，只預(yù)噴少量的柴油用于引燃天然氣，預(yù)噴的柴油與天然氣的能量比約為1:1

21、00。第二種雙燃料發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)那么保存了全部的柴油機(jī)性能，但用天然氣替代具有等效能量的柴油。即，將天然氣添加到燃燒混合物的同時(shí)，釋放具有等效能量的柴油。這種情況下天然氣對(duì)柴油的替代比率在15-85%Technologies discussed includethe ignitionoflean burnand stoichiometric mixtures, exhaust aftertreatment, fuel system, and combustion strategies for dedicated natural gas engines and dual fuel engines.本報(bào)告

22、所討論的各項(xiàng)技術(shù)包括：針對(duì)單燃料和雙燃料天然氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的稀薄燃燒及當(dāng)量混合燃燒點(diǎn)火技術(shù)、排氣后處理技術(shù)、燃料系統(tǒng)及燃燒策略。三、上海華普汽車Shanghai Maple Automobile Co., Ltd.乘用車用點(diǎn)燃式M100 甲醇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)研發(fā)Research and Development of Spark-Ignition Engine Fueled with Methanol for Passenger Car金先揚(yáng) Mr Xian Yang Jin以點(diǎn)燃式內(nèi)燃機(jī)為根底，全新開(kāi)發(fā)點(diǎn)燃式M100甲醇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。該技術(shù)采用集成式電噴控制技術(shù)， 使點(diǎn)燃式 M100 甲醇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)具有較高的靈活性。產(chǎn)

23、業(yè)化后的點(diǎn)燃式 M100 甲醇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)力性將優(yōu)于同型號(hào)汽油機(jī)，燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性優(yōu)勢(shì)顯著， 搭載整車后的排放水平優(yōu)于國(guó)，到達(dá)歐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，有效解決高比例甲醇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的腐蝕、摩擦、磨損，極大的提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的壽命。Based onspark-ignitionengine,wehave researched anddeveloped 100% methanol fuelengine, whichis highlypractical and very flexibleto use integrated electronicdual-fuelinjectiontechnology.TheperformancesofSpa

24、rk-ignition methanol engine have exceeded the ones of gasoline engine for the same types: better economy(methanol ismorecheaper than gasoline), higher efficiency,remarkably reduced exhaust emissions (standard Euro ), longer service life and so on.四、道依茨一汽大連柴油機(jī)DEUTZ Dalian Diesel Engine Co,Ltd.壓燃式內(nèi)燃機(jī)燃

25、用M100 甲醇技術(shù)研究The analysis on compression ignitioninternalcombustion engine withM100 methanol technology王天靈博士 Dr. Wang Tianling隨著我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的日益開(kāi)展，石油燃料的能源短缺日益突出，局域市場(chǎng)特別是在我國(guó)煤三角地區(qū)，重型甲醇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)將被日益廣泛地應(yīng)用于汽車運(yùn)輸業(yè)。本報(bào)告針對(duì)壓燃式內(nèi)燃機(jī)燃用M100 甲醇技術(shù)在我國(guó)的應(yīng)用空間、 存在問(wèn)題、采用的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和應(yīng)用支持環(huán)境進(jìn)行了討論和分析，通過(guò)對(duì)燃燒系統(tǒng)、燃料供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)、進(jìn)氣系統(tǒng)和后處理系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化匹配與控制，論述實(shí)現(xiàn)甲醇發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的清潔高效

26、燃燒的可行性。報(bào)告所討論的技術(shù)包括：動(dòng)力性、燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性、排放的 優(yōu)化和控制、零部件的腐蝕性、溶脹性的分析和控制；冷啟動(dòng)的控制等策略。Alongwithour national economic development, petroleum as fuel is in short supply, especially oncoal productionarea, wepredictthat heavy dutymethanol engine willincreasingly use on transportation. This presentation has discussed and an

27、alyzed towards compression ignitioninternal combustion engine on applications scope, problems, majortechnologies adoption and applicationenvironment;also discussed on feasibility of clean and high effect combustion through optimization and controltowardcombustionsystem, fuelfeedingsystem, gas intake

28、system and after-treatment system. Discussed technologies included,power performance, fuel economy, emission optimizationand control,parts corrosiveness, swelling analysis and control; control of cold start etc.五、天津大學(xué)內(nèi)燃機(jī)燃燒學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University壓燃式內(nèi)燃機(jī)甲醇 /柴油組合燃燒的研究

29、及應(yīng)用Application of Alcoholic Fuel Ignited by Diesel Spray to CI Engines姚春德 博士 教授 Dr. Prof. Chunde Yao本報(bào)告介紹柴油引燃醇類燃料在壓燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上的研究和應(yīng)用。為減少柴油的消耗，針對(duì)醇類燃料著火性差的特點(diǎn)，天津大學(xué)開(kāi)發(fā)的采用柴油/醇雙燃料方法成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)了在壓燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上應(yīng)用。研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明，該方法同時(shí)適于甲醇和乙醇兩種醇類燃料。采用該方法的車輛經(jīng)數(shù)萬(wàn)公里道路試驗(yàn)考核，甲醇替代柴油的比例20%，替換等熱值柴油所需甲醇遠(yuǎn)低于理論值，具有很大的節(jié)能優(yōu)勢(shì)。經(jīng)排放檢測(cè)說(shuō)明，在柴油機(jī)采用機(jī)械式燃油噴射系統(tǒng)條件下，

30、僅采用氧化催化轉(zhuǎn)化器便可使其排放水平由國(guó)2 提升到國(guó) 3。本報(bào)告還就甲醇和乙醇對(duì)柴油著火的機(jī)理做了簡(jiǎn)單的介紹。對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用醇 /柴油組合燃燒方式降低CO2 排放潛力的進(jìn)行了分析，并就采用甲醇/柴油組合燃燒的運(yùn)輸本錢做了簡(jiǎn)單分析。This report presents the results for the application of alcoholic fuel ignited by dieselspraytoCompression Ignitionengines.Inordertoreduce dieselfuel consumption,anovelcombustionmodecall

31、edasDMCC(DieselMethanol CompoundCombustion)wasdeveloped byTianjinUniversityforsolvingthe problem of difficult self ignition of alcoholic fuel. The test results illustrated that the mode could be used to both methanol and ethanol. The vehicles equipped with those engines inthe mode had run longer tha

32、n several ten thousands kilometer, which showed that the diesel fuel substituted by methanol more than 20% and the diesel fuel substituted by methanol at much less than theoretic calorific value.The road tests indicate the mode withgreat potential ofenergy saving. Inaddition, the emission level of e

33、ngines with the mode could be upgraded to higher one even the engine with mechanical fuel injection system and simple oxide catalyst. Meanwhile, the report also revealed the mechanism of ignition of diesel fuel in the hot alcoholic ambient.Again, the potential to decrease CO2 emission was analyzed f

34、or the engine with thecombustion mode as well as to reduce the cost of transportation.六、美國(guó)泰科納公司Ticona工程塑料在內(nèi)燃機(jī)燃油系統(tǒng)上的應(yīng)用Engineeringthermoplastics appliedinthemodernfuelsystems ofinternal combustion enginesMervyn Cox, POM ManagerThis presentation provides an insight to Ticona, the manufacturer of engine

35、ering thermoplastic resins withexperience gained fromover 50 years inthe automotive industry.本報(bào)告來(lái)自泰科納公司 全球知名的工程塑料生產(chǎn)商，在汽車行業(yè)擁有 50 多年豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)。Fuel technology is a very diverse field with a host of alternative fuel types now available to the industry, flex fuels - Ethanol & Methanol based, natural gas,

36、diesel, bio derivatives and Hydrogen to name a few.燃料技術(shù)是一個(gè)飛速開(kāi)展的領(lǐng)域，如今在該行業(yè)相繼誕生了許多可替代燃料，如基于乙醇和甲醇的混合燃料、天然氣、柴油、各種生物衍生物以及氫能源等。The presentation will explore which engineering thermoplastic materials are capable of supporting the extremely harsh environments of both today asnd tomorrow s fuel types. It will

37、 also guide you through the innovations in engineeinrg thermoplastic materials that have supported the changes in fuel system technology regardless of fuel type to gain the competitive edge.本報(bào)告將探討哪些塑料能夠適應(yīng)目前以及將來(lái)各種燃料極其苛刻的工作環(huán)境。 通過(guò)這個(gè)報(bào)告，大家將了解工程塑料界的創(chuàng)新歷程，這些創(chuàng)新在很大程度上促進(jìn)了汽車燃油系統(tǒng)技術(shù)的開(kāi)展。無(wú)論是哪種燃料，材料的創(chuàng)新都能為您帶來(lái)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。七、西

38、安交通大學(xué)Xi an Jiaotong University二甲醚發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的研究與開(kāi)發(fā)Research and Development of DME Engines劉圣華教授Prof. Liu Shenghua考慮到我國(guó)的石油儲(chǔ)量、產(chǎn)量、進(jìn)口和經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)展對(duì)石油的需求，大力開(kāi)展石油替代和提高內(nèi)燃機(jī)的效率對(duì)緩解石油緊張，實(shí)現(xiàn)能源多樣化和可持續(xù)開(kāi)展具有重要意義。二甲醚燃料具有沸點(diǎn)低、十六烷值高的特點(diǎn)，適合壓燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，主要存在的問(wèn)題是易氣化、潤(rùn)滑性差，需要對(duì)燃料供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行全新的設(shè)計(jì)。由于二甲醚高含氧，燃燒無(wú)顆粒排放，易于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用 EGR 降低 NOx 排放。西安交大開(kāi)展二甲醚均質(zhì)壓燃和直噴壓燃兩種燃燒

39、模式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的研究，說(shuō)明二甲醚特別適合作為均質(zhì)壓燃發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的燃料，均質(zhì)壓燃二甲醚發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的空燃 比、轉(zhuǎn)速以及負(fù)荷需要耦合聯(lián)動(dòng)，可以獲得理想的經(jīng)濟(jì)和排放特性。直噴壓燃 柴油機(jī)燃用二甲醚后，其動(dòng)力性提高，經(jīng)濟(jì)性略有改善，對(duì)于自然吸氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 的排放可以滿足國(guó)、增壓帶EGR 可以滿足國(guó)排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。進(jìn)一步利用二甲醚的燃料特性，采用深度EGR，二甲醚發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的排放可以采用類似汽油機(jī)三效催化反響器，使排放滿足更高排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。In consideration of the petroleum deposit, production, import and requirement of the development of

40、oureconomy, improvingfuelefficiencyas wellas applying alternative fuels are two big ways to deal with the shortage of petroleum based fuels, so that multiple fuel policy and sustainable development can be achieved.DimethylEther (DME)is a kindofalternative fuelforcompression ignition engines withlowe

41、rboilingtemperature andhighenough octane number. The problems are lower lubricity and easier evaporating, which needs a new design fuel system. Due to its higher oxygen content, no smoke combustion is quite suitable for EGR to reduce DME engine NOx formation and emission.Muchresearch activitieshave

42、carriedouttostudyDMEas enginecleanalternative fuel in Xi an Jiaotong University. DME is the best fuel for HCCI engine; the engine can run under joint control of A/F, speed and power with a good economy and low emissions. For a natural aspired direct injection compression ignition engine to run on DM

43、E,the engine emissions can easily to meet EURO, and for a TC DMEengine, its emission can meet EURO standards withhelp ofEGR, while the DMEengines have a better power performance and equivalence fueleconomy compared withtheir originaldiesel engines. To take the advantage ofDME,deep EGR studies show t

44、hat the DI CI DME engine can run under stoichiometric A/F ratio, so that three-way catalyst converter can be utilizedto further emission regulations like gasoline engines.八、清華大學(xué)，汽車平安與節(jié)能國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室Tsinghua University, State Key Laboratory of Automobile Safety and Energy生物柴油在車用內(nèi)燃機(jī)上的應(yīng)用The Application of Bi

45、o-diesel on Internal Combustion Engine for Vehicle王建昕 Wang Jianxin簡(jiǎn)要介紹了生物柴油目前在中國(guó)的生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀和可能利用的資源情況。基于 試驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果分析了柴油中低比例摻混生物柴油時(shí)對(duì)柴油機(jī)性能的影響、生物 柴油的非常規(guī)排放特性、以及高比例摻混生物柴油時(shí)大幅度降低柴油機(jī)微粒排 放的效果以及不用后處理達(dá)國(guó)4排放的可能性。最后提出了盡快在我國(guó)車用柴油機(jī)上推廣應(yīng)用生物柴油的幾點(diǎn)建議。The current status and the possible resources of bio-diesel were briefly present

46、ed in this paper. Based on the research of engine experiment, the effects of blending fuel withthelowproportionofbio-diesel/dieselondieselengine performance, thecharacteristics of unregulated emissions fuelling bio-diesel, as well as the achieved results of significant reduction of particulate matte

47、r on diesel engine fuelled with high proportion of bio-diesel/diesel and the possibility to meet Chinese 4th stage Emission regulation without after-treatment, were analyzed. Finally, some suggestions for the popularizationandapplicationofbio-dieselassoonaspossibleoninternal combustion engine for ve

48、hicle in China were put forward.九、江蘇大學(xué)JiangSu University生物柴油的應(yīng)用根底研究The Basic Research of Biodiesel Fuel王忠 Wang Zhong2021 年我國(guó)汽車產(chǎn)銷分別為1379.10 萬(wàn)輛和 1364.48 萬(wàn)輛，成為全球汽車產(chǎn)銷第一大國(guó)。我國(guó)非道路用柴油機(jī)的總產(chǎn)量居全球第一，單缸柴油機(jī)年產(chǎn)量突破 900 萬(wàn)臺(tái)。 2021 年我國(guó)石油對(duì)外依存度到達(dá)52%，石油燃料的緊張已經(jīng)威脅到我國(guó)的能源平安。此外，非道路用柴油機(jī)的NOx 和 PM 排放已占柴油機(jī)排放總量的 20%和 36%，應(yīng)該引起人們的重視，針對(duì)

49、非道路用柴油機(jī)尾氣排放的問(wèn)題，美國(guó)EPA、美國(guó)加州空氣資源局CARB 、歐盟 EU、日本均制定了較嚴(yán)格的非道路用柴油機(jī)排放法規(guī)。報(bào)告分為3 個(gè)局部，第一局部介紹了生物柴油的理化特性與燃料設(shè)計(jì)；第二局部介紹了生物柴油的噴霧、燃燒過(guò)程研究情況；第三局部介紹了生物柴油排放污染物常規(guī)與非常規(guī)的檢測(cè)與控制技術(shù)的研究。生物柴油是由動(dòng)植物油脂與醇例如甲醇或乙醇經(jīng)過(guò)酯交換反響制得的脂肪酸單烷基酯，最典型的為脂肪酸甲酯，生物柴油一般是由飽和脂肪酸甲酯C14:0C24:0和不飽和脂肪酸甲酯C16:1C22:1、C18:2、C18:3組成， 不飽和脂肪酸甲酯中雙鍵的數(shù)量和位置對(duì)燃料十六烷值有很大的影響。生物柴油是一

50、種綠色、可再生清潔能源，具有閃點(diǎn)高，運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存平安的特點(diǎn)，并能以任意比例與石化柴油摻燒，有利于維持全球二氧化碳排放平衡，減輕溫室效應(yīng)。美國(guó) EPA 研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明，燃用生物柴油BD100 可以使二氧化碳排放量降低 78%，致癌物成分減少94%，生物柴油的降解速度是傳統(tǒng)柴油的四倍，是唯一成功通過(guò) ?清潔空氣法 ?排放測(cè)試的燃料。歐洲生物柴油主要應(yīng)用在公路運(yùn)輸、船舶航運(yùn)、農(nóng)業(yè)動(dòng)力、家庭取暖等，并且具有完善的市場(chǎng)鼓勵(lì)機(jī)制。我國(guó)的柴油機(jī)燃用 BD5 生物柴油的可靠性試驗(yàn)結(jié)果說(shuō)明， 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間燃用BD5 生物柴油，性能不會(huì)出現(xiàn)惡化，零部件磨損與柴油根本一致。生物柴油整車排放結(jié)果說(shuō)明，按照15 循環(huán)測(cè)試，

51、生物柴油HC、CO、PM 排放下降幅度可達(dá)50%左右，僅有 NOX 排放上升 5.8%。報(bào)告介紹了國(guó)內(nèi)外各高校、 科研院所德國(guó) Stuttgart 大學(xué)、美國(guó) Pennsylvania 大學(xué)、英國(guó)Birmingham 大學(xué)、美國(guó) Lawrence 實(shí)驗(yàn)室、法國(guó)國(guó)家科學(xué)研究院在生物柴油根底理論領(lǐng)域的研究工作，重點(diǎn)介紹了我國(guó)在生物柴油的分子結(jié)構(gòu)、燃料組分、十六烷值、密度、碘值、運(yùn)動(dòng)粘度、低溫流動(dòng)性、氧化安定性、噴霧、燃燒等領(lǐng)域所開(kāi)展的工作及成果。我國(guó)開(kāi)展生物柴油產(chǎn)業(yè)面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)有：本錢偏高、低溫流動(dòng)性較差、氧化安定性較差、 NOx排放較高等。生物柴油低溫流動(dòng)性、氧化安定性等方面存在的問(wèn)題，可以通

52、過(guò)技術(shù)手段解決，NOX 排放可以降低到礦物柴油的水平， 并可以減輕二氧化碳排放。在生物柴油制備過(guò)程中，采用低飽和度原料油或較 長(zhǎng)鏈或支鏈醇，可以獲得良好的低溫流動(dòng)性；在生物柴油使用過(guò)程中，添加低溫改良劑也可以有效改善生物柴油的低溫流動(dòng)性。添加BHA 、BHT 、TBHQ 等抗氧化劑可以顯著提高生物柴油的氧化安定性。采用過(guò)氧化法、抗氧化法、微乳化法對(duì)生物柴油進(jìn)行燃料的重新設(shè)計(jì)，可以將生物柴油NOX 排放降低到超低硫柴油的水平。生物柴油可以在國(guó)、國(guó)柴油機(jī)上長(zhǎng)期燃用，柴油機(jī)性能與燃燒礦物柴油的性能一樣，具有滿足國(guó)排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的潛力，但需要開(kāi)發(fā)相應(yīng)的燃料管理、排放控制系統(tǒng)。礦物柴油與生物柴油的非常規(guī)排放污

53、染物也同樣引起了人們的重視，美國(guó) 環(huán)境保護(hù)署 EPA、歐洲化學(xué)品管理署ECHA 等紛紛制定法規(guī)限制柴油機(jī)的非常規(guī)排放污染物。 我國(guó)的 ?大氣污染物綜合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?也有一些檢測(cè)和限制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。報(bào)告還介紹了生物柴油與礦物柴油非常規(guī)排放污染物的研究情況。研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明，生物柴油BD100的羰基類污染物低于礦物柴油BD0 ?？傯驶欧?BD0>BD50>BD100 ；苯系物排放BD0>BD50>BD100 ；總單環(huán)芳香烴排放MAHs BD0>BD50>BD100 。我國(guó)幅員遼闊，開(kāi)展生物柴油產(chǎn)業(yè)有利于農(nóng)產(chǎn)品深加工，提高土地利用率， 增加農(nóng)民收入，緩解我國(guó)能源短缺的現(xiàn)狀。非道

54、路柴油機(jī)移動(dòng)范圍小，生物柴 油存儲(chǔ)、添加方便，來(lái)源豐富；減少運(yùn)輸本錢，有利于環(huán)境保護(hù)；燃料泄漏對(duì) 土壤、河流、海洋不會(huì)造成污染；在農(nóng)業(yè)、林業(yè)、湖泊、海洋用的動(dòng)力機(jī)械有 廣泛應(yīng)用前景。生物柴油的根底研究領(lǐng)域仍有許多工作需要開(kāi)展，污染物的生 成機(jī)理、控制策略、推廣應(yīng)用等等。China's automobile production and sale were 13.791 million and 13.6448 million in 2021. It is the world's automobile production and sale superpower, and Chin

55、a's non-road diesel engine production ranking first in the world. More importantly,China's oil dependency of import reached 52% in 2021, energy tensions becomes a great threat to national energy security. In addition, the NOxand PM emissions of non-road dieselengine havereached 20%and 36%oft

56、hetotaldieselengien emissions, which should cause people's attention. U.S. EPA, California Air Resources Board (CARB)and Japan have already developed more stringent non-road diesel engine emission regulations.Thisreport is dividedintothree parts,the firstpart describes the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel. The second part describes the research situation of spray and combustion process. The third section describes the detection and emission controltechnologyofthebiodieselemissionpollutants(conventionaland unconventi