漢語言文學專業(yè)外文翻譯好狐貍壞狐貍歷史專業(yè)

1、譯文：好狐貍，壞狐貍霍佳穎.今日中國J.2007，10在中國兩千多年的寓言中，狐貍一直是受歡送的角色。她們第一次出現在她們的原型形成之前，既仁慈又惡毒，通過偽裝成妖艷、迷人的年輕女子來逐步攝取人們的靈魂。明代1368 - 1644著名作家蒲松齡的關于狐貍精的故事描寫在他著名的?聊齋志異?中，他把她們作為美麗的生物來塑造從而表達出了人類忠誠、愛、慷慨、正義和樂意幫助別人的美德。在過去的三個世紀中，閱讀蒲松齡作品的讀者已經把這些字符看成是“狐仙而不是“狐貍精。馬瑞芳，中國的學者和專家教授，致力于?聊齋志異?的研究，曾擔任東道主采訪來自美國芝加哥大學的教授。當時，有兩個研究蒲松齡作品的教授表示非常驚

2、訝。這個17世紀的中國作家是如何在當時封建制度根深蒂固，孤立的，君權至上的中國社會創(chuàng)作出?恒娘?這個?聊齋?500多個故事中最著名的關于狐貍的故事的。這其中隱含的對妻子的建議是她們應該用女性的溫柔嬌媚去確保配偶對自己的激情永固，就像律師依靠美國80年代的報紙、雜志征求異性朋友。女性的理想世界?恒娘?中的情節(jié)是經典的丈夫，妻子和情婦的三角戀。恒娘是一個善良的狐貍精，同時也是一個人類的妻子。她有一個鄰居叫洪大業(yè)，洪大業(yè)有一妻一妾。妻子朱氏遠比小妾漂亮，只是年齡比妾稍大，但是讓朱氏大為吃驚的是丈夫洪大業(yè)更寵愛小妾。同樣恒娘的丈夫也有一個小妾，小妾明顯比恒娘更年輕、更漂亮，但是他仍然深深愛著她的妻子。

3、當朱氏問恒娘為什么會這樣時，恒娘告訴她這是人類的天性放棄舊事物，追求新事物，渴望得不到的和充滿神秘性的東西。在恒娘的建議下，朱氏在接下來的一個月采取寬宏大量的態(tài)度對待她的丈夫和小妾，讓他們自由地在一起度過日日夜夜。恒娘還建議朱氏改變她的容貌。在接下去的一個月里嘗試著不要化裝打扮，穿著舊衣服，讓自己忙于家務勞動中。但在這個月的最后一天，她要穿上新衣服、新鞋子，設計一個漂亮的發(fā)型，好好打扮一下自己。正如恒娘所預料的，愛的光輝回到了洪大業(yè)的眼中當他看到朱氏的時候，而且在黃昏來臨前，他就敲響了朱氏的房門。但朱氏依然遵從恒娘的建議，以疲勞為借口，溫柔地但是堅決地拒絕了他。第二天，她遵循同樣的策略。到了第

4、三天，太陽還沒落山，大業(yè)就溜進了她的房間，等著天黑。這天晚上，夫妻倆渡過了自從他們新婚以來最快樂的一夜。事后當大業(yè)問她他能明天晚上還與她一起渡過時，朱氏表示反對并告訴他必須再等三天才準他再次進房。畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文翻譯朱氏快樂地向恒娘表達了她重新贏得大業(yè)寵愛的成功。恒娘告誡朱氏要繼續(xù)用她教給她的女性詭計，因為雖然朱氏很漂亮，但她缺乏女性魅力，所以她丈夫的激情被重新喚起只能是短暫的。恒娘解釋說，魅力包括一個女人的生活方式、各種行為習慣，比方她走路的方式、說話的方式甚至看她丈夫的眼神。恒娘指導朱氏所有適當的女性習慣，并告訴她要每天在鏡子前自己練習。在這樣的情況下，朱氏當然最終贏回了丈夫忠貞的愛情

5、。在這里恒娘所說的魅力被1000年前唐代618- 907著名作家和詩人駱賓王定義為“狐之魅。他創(chuàng)作了這個詞，在一篇針對女皇武那么天，將其定罪的散文中，給了它輕蔑的隱藏涵義。無論如何，女皇應該感到榮幸，而不是被這個典故激怒。在?聊齋?中另一個有關狐貍精的故事?嬌娜?。這篇故事贊美了人與狐貍之間真誠的友情和愛情。當一位年輕的書生孔雪笠患了重病時，他的朋友，一個狐貍精勸告他讓他的姐妹嬌娜來為他醫(yī)治。一個年輕的女子，她的形象和做人方式就像“柳樹的恩典，滿懷著柔情和耀眼的智慧，出現在他身邊。嬌娜為孔生做了一個外科手術，并把一顆長生不老藥喂進了他嘴里，這顆藥是耗盡了她多年生命能量，精心培育而成的。當孔生恢

6、復知覺以后，他深深地愛上了這位年輕女子的溫柔、嫻靜、漂亮和慈祥。所以，孔生向嬌娜的兄長請求能與她結婚。但由于嬌娜年紀太小而不能成婚，她的家族讓比她大的姐妹松娘代替她與孔生成親。松娘跟嬌娜一樣又漂亮又善良，從此夫妻倆過著幸福美滿的生活。幾年之后，孔生的朋友也就是狐貍表哥告訴他，有一個雷霆大劫將要降臨到他們家，他們都將滅亡除非孔生能出手營救他們?？籽也活欁约旱纳参＃⒓慈菰S了他的請求。在那個風雨交加的夜晚，孔生手拿寶劍，守護著狐貍一家居住的洞穴的入口。突然，一陣黑色的旋風盤旋著轉出了洞口，而嬌娜正在颶風的中心?？咨盟膭τ帽M全力插入黑風中。最終，嬌娜掉到了地上，得救了。由于孔生對她的幫助使

7、孔生被雷電所襲。隨后，暴風雨減緩了，天空也恢復了晴朗，狐貍一家平安了，但孔生卻危在旦夕。嬌娜犧牲了最后一顆用一千年修行煉成的長生不老藥，將它吐到長生的嘴里，再一次救活了他。在孔雪笠的堅持下，狐貍一家搬去與他一同居住。為了防止更多的災難，狐貍一家在一個安靜的小院里過著與世隔絕的生活，小院的門只為孔生和松娘開放。數年之后，孔生與松娘的孩子長大了，而他也變成了一個白發(fā)蒼蒼的老人。他維持著與狐貍表哥和婚后的嬌娜以及他們的家庭的親密友誼。?小翠?是另一個可愛的狐貍精的故事。小翠是一只非常可愛、活潑機靈的狐貍精，但她的外貌是一個年輕漂亮的小姐。一天，她的媽媽帶她到一戶姓王的人家家里偷竊，似乎想拋棄她的女兒

8、。王家是當地的一戶有臉面的人家，只有一個兒子，而且是個智障。他既沒有玩伴也沒人愿意跟他結婚，但是小翠跟他結為好友，并且嫁給了他。盡管王家一開始很喜歡小翠，但她不守規(guī)矩的方式引起了他們的反感，他們經常責罵和訓斥她，但小翠平靜地接受了這種對待。當王老爺被他的政敵陷害時，小翠用她的智慧救全家于水深熾熱之中。而且，她還治好了她丈夫的精神病。但是，小翠知道她的公婆永遠不能接受她對當時封建制度所采取的叛逆態(tài)度。她在無意中發(fā)現一個年輕的女子長得很像她，于是暗中安排她取代他在王家的位置。在偷偷離開前，小翠向她的丈夫成認了她實際上是一只狐貍精的女兒。幾十年前，她的母親在王老爺的衣袍下躲過了雷霆劫，當時王老爺正在

9、一所寺廟中避雨。盡管王老爺沒有意識到他給予狐貍母親的幫助，但她覺得感謝所以來報答他當時的善舉。正是這個原因，她在關心中留下了小翠。邪惡的狐貍精箴言常用狐貍比喻，然而通常以狡猾、卑劣來描寫這樣一種聰明、美麗的生物。箴言中有這樣一個例子“狐假虎威。這是一那么講騙子和無賴的寓言，是說他們會彎曲別人對自己力量強大的夸耀。它的起源是一個關于兩千年前楚國國王的故事。國王問他的大臣：“有謠言說北方的諸侯都害怕楚令尹昭奚恤，真的是這樣嗎？他的大臣通過一個寓言答復了王的問題：森林之王老虎要吃掉一只它剛剛捕獲的狐貍時，狐貍告訴它：“你不能吃掉我，因為我有上帝的指令，讓我做群獸的領袖。如果你不相信我，那么跟我一起穿

10、過森林，看看是否有其他動物敢阻攔我的道路。老虎同意了。果然，所有的動物在他們接近時都遠遠地逃跑了。老虎不明白，動物們害怕的是它而不是狐貍，以至于不敢吃狐貍。大臣蔣怡繼續(xù)指出，大王的領土覆蓋面積達2500平方公里，軍事力量更是到達百萬之眾，所有人都在昭奚恤的統(tǒng)領之下。北方諸侯毫無疑問是害怕昭奚恤的，但是他的地位是作為國王軍事力量的控制者和至高無上皇權的代表。蔣怡警告如果國王強迫，他的優(yōu)勢必將削弱。隨后國王逐漸稀釋趙國的軍事力量。備受責罵的狐貍精妲己是?封神榜?的女主角，是邪惡狐貍精的典型例子。這部明代文學作品是關于商朝滅亡和周朝崛起的故事的。紂王是商朝最后一位君主，同時也是一位臭名昭著的暴君。他

11、在老百姓身上橫征暴斂、苛捐雜稅為自己建造奢侈的宮殿，過著放縱的生活。在他的統(tǒng)治時期，已有600年歷史的商朝迅速瓦解。猖獗的戰(zhàn)爭使人民失去了生計，使君主統(tǒng)治混亂不堪。在?封神榜?中，紂王的妃子妲己，被描述成商朝滅亡的罪魁禍首。妲己是一只狐貍精，她變成美貌女子的形象被送進宮迷惑紂王，推翻商王朝。她的酬勞是長生不老。紂王對國家大事非常不在意，把一切事務都交給他的叔叔，丞相比干。比干發(fā)現了妲己的真面目，力勸紂王除掉她，但是毫無用處。不但如此，紂王還對他叔叔的魯莽行為非常憤怒，下令驅逐比干。妲己意識到了比干對她的威脅，就制定了一個方案殺死這個敵人。她假裝生病，和另一個妖精用美人計迷惑紂王，告訴他除非妲己

12、吃比干的心，不然她就會死。比干因此被殺害了，但是，妲己的邪惡超出了她的敵人的預料，她沉迷于對未出生嬰兒的喜愛，甚至鼓勵紂王過沉迷于酒色的糜爛生活。所有這些都加速了商朝的滅亡。妲己最終被抓獲并被判以死刑，但是所有被派去執(zhí)行命令的劊子手都被她的妖媚迷惑而無法執(zhí)行命令。經過幾個熟練的劊子手都未能履行職責后，一個有法力的將軍親自動手結束了妲己的生命。這部小說有一個主要原因就是解釋為什么女性的魅力往往被等同于邪惡的狐貍精，為什么叫一個女人狐貍精通常會被當做是一種侮辱。盡管有著種種的負面狐貍形象，然而狐皮卻一直被廣泛的贊美著。最早的書面參考在2000年前的?詩經?中。它寫道：“用狐皮做成皮毛大衣，獻給我們

13、年輕的王子。狐皮大衣被視為唯一適合貴族服飾。古代的中國人想盡一切方法盡可能地去捕獲狐貍的皮膚，但由于狐貍是一種警惕性非常高且非常狡猾的動物，狩獵通常只是成功地讓它提高警惕。人類從來沒有成功地馴化或飼養(yǎng)過狐貍，它是少數動物中有足夠的智力能瞞騙過人類的一種。它可能是怨恨和欽佩的混合體，引起中國文學界將其作為善惡交替的生物來描寫。山海經、地理編輯超過2000年的神話百科全書將狐貍描述成具有九個尾巴，專門吃人的妖怪。說文解字解釋和研究字符組成的原那么，中國歷史上第一部字典，創(chuàng)作于100年到121年的東漢時期，將狐貍定義為“一個迷人的動物被魔鬼纏身。原文：Good fox, Bad foxHou Jia

14、ying. China Today, Oct2007, Vol. 56 Issue 10, p62-66Foxes have been popular characters in Chinese fables for two millennia. They first featured in their original animal form before gradually taking on the persona of spirits, both benevolent and malevolent, in the guise of bewitchingly beautiful, cha

15、rming young women. Famous Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) writer Pu Songlings stories about fox spirits in his well-known Strange Tales from Make-do Studio characterize them as beautiful creatures that embody the nest human virtues of fidelity, love, generosity, justice, and willingness to help others. Ove

16、r the past three centuries, readers of Pu Songlings work have come to refer to these characters as “fox angels rather than “fox spirits. Ma Ruifang, Chinese scholar and expert on the Strange Tales from Makedo Studio, once acted as host to a visiting American professor from Chicago University. When t

17、he two spoke of Pu Songlings works the professor expressed his amazement at how this 17th-century Chinese writer from feudal, isolated, imperial China could have dreamt up the story Hengniang, one of the 500 Strange Tales most famous foxy stories. Its implicit advice to wives that they should employ

18、 feminine wiles to ensure their spouses passion strongly resembled the counsel dispensed on the lonely hearts pages of American newspapers and magazines of the 1980s.Women of the Dream WorldHengniangs plot is the classic husband, wife and mistress love triangle. Hengniang is a benign fox spirit and

19、wife of a mortal. Her neighbor, Hong Daye, has a wife, Zhu, and a concubine. Zhu is more beautiful, and only a few years older than the concubine but, to Zhus consternation, Hong Daye favors his concubine over her. Hengniangs husband also has a concubine, one appreciably younger and more beautiful t

20、han Hengniang, but he nevertheless loves his wife the more by far. When Zhu asks Hengniang why this should be Hengniang tells her that it is human nature to abandon the old for the new and to yearn for the elusive. At Hengniangs suggestion, Zhu adopts a magnanimous attitude towards her husband and h

21、is concubine for a whole month, making it easy for them freely to spend day and night together. Hengniang also advises Zhu to improve her looks. During the month-long experiment, Zhu busies herself around the house wearing old clothes and no makeup. But on the last day of the month, she dons new clo

22、thes, shoes and styles her hair. As Hengniang predicts, the light of love returns to Hong Dayes eyes when he beholds her, and before nightfall he comes knocking at Zhus bedroom door. Zhu, still following Hengniangs advice, gently but firmly declines to let him in, feigning tiredness. The next day, s

23、he follows the same strategy. On the third day, Daye slips into Zhus room before sunset and waits till dark. That night the couple spend their happiest night together since they were newlywed. When Daye asks Zhu if he may stay with her the next night, Zhu demurs, telling him he must wait for three d

24、ays.Zhu joyfully recounts to Hengniang her successful reclamation of Dayes passion. Hengniang cautions Zhu to continue using her feminine wiles, because although Zhu may be beautiful she lacks charm, so her husbands reawakened passion may be short-lived. Hengniang explains that charm encompasses a w

25、omans manner and all aspects of behavior the way she walks, talks and even looks at her husband. Hengniang instructs Zhu in all the appropriate feminine mannerisms, telling her to practice them every day in front of a mirror. Zhu, of course, eventually wins back husbands devoted love. The “charm of

26、which Hengniang speaks is what was defined as “fox charm 1,000 years earlier in the Tang Dynasty (618- 907) by famous poet and writer Luo Binwang. He coined the term, giving it pejorative connotations, in a condemnatory piece of prose directed against Empress Wu Zetian. The empress, however, was 

27、23; flattered rather than enraged at this allusion.Another foxy story in Pu Songlings work, Jiaona, celebrates true friendship and love among mortals and foxes. When the young scholar Kong Xueli falls seriously ill, his friend, a fox spirit, urges Kong to let his sister Jiaona cure him. A young woma

28、n, “brimming softness and beaming intelligencewhose figure and manner resemble a“willows gracethen appears. Jiaona performs a surgical operation on Kong, and spits into his mouth an elixir that is the cultivated accumulation of years of her vital energy. Upon regaining consciousness Kong falls in lo

29、ve with the young womans soft, serene beauty and kindness and asks her brothers permission to marry her. As Jiaona is too young to wed, her fox family instead marries her elder sister Songniang to Kong. Songniang is as beautiful and kind-hearted as Jiaona, and the couple lives happily.A few years la

30、ter, Kongs friend and fox brother-in-law tells him that a massive thunderstorm threatens his family, and that they will all perish unless Kong comes to their rescue. Kong immediately agrees, regardless of the danger to himself. On that stormy night, Kong, sword in hand, guards the entrance to the fo

31、x family cave. Suddenly, a black gust of wind whirls out of the cave with Jiaona at its center. Kong makes an almighty thrust with his sword and Jiaona falls to the ground. As Kong is about to help her up, he is struck by a thunderbolt. The storm then abates, the sky clears and the fox family is saf

32、e, but Kong is about to expire. Jiaona sacrifices the last drop of her self-cultivation of 1,000 years and spits in to Kongs mouth the elixir that will save him a second time. The fox family moves in with Kong Xueli at his insistence. In order to avoid further disaster, the fox family lives a seclud

33、ed life in a quiet courtyard whose doors open only to Kong and Songniang. Years later, Kong and Songniangs children are grown up, and he is a white-haired old man. He maintains his intimate friendship with his fox brother-in-law, Jiaona, now married, and their families.Xiaocui is another charming fo

34、x spirit story. Xiaocui is lovely, vivacious fox spirit with the outward trappings of a beautiful young lady. One day, her fox mother takes her to the Wang household and steals away, apparently abandoning her daughter. Wang is a local of cial whose only son is mentally challenged. He has neither pla

35、ymates nor marriage prospects, but Xiaocui befriends and later marries him. Although the Wangs initially love Xiaocui, her unruly ways antagonize them, and they often scold and upbraid her, but Xiaocui accepts this treatment with equanimity. When Wang is framed by his political enemies, Xiaocuis wis

36、dom saves the family from disaster. She also cures her husbands mental illness. But Xiaocui knows that her parents-in-law will never be able to accept her rebellious attitude towards the feudalistic conventions of the time. She finds a young woman that resembles her and arranges for her to take her

37、place in the Wang household. Before stealing away, Xiaocui confesses to her husband that she is actually the daughter of a fox. Decades previously, her mother had sheltered from a thunderstorm under Wangs robe as he himself took refuge from the storm in a temple. Although Wang had not been aware of

38、the help he had given the fox mother, she felt beholden to repay him the kindness he had done her. It was for this reason that she left Xiaocui in his care.The Evil Fox SpiritProverbs that use fox imagery, however, generally portray this intelligent, charming animal as cunning and contemptible. One

39、example is the proverb, Hu (fox) Jia (fake, under) Hu (tigers) Wei (power), an allegory for tricksters and scoundrels that bend others to their will by flaunting their powerful connections. Its origins are in a story about the king of the State of Chu from more than 2,000 years ago. The king askedhi

40、s ministers if rumors that the northern vassals feared the important Chu military of official Zhao Xixu were true. His minister Jiang Yi answered by telling the king a fable: The Tiger King of the Forest was about to devour the fox he had just captured when the fox told him, “You cant eat me because

41、 I have the Mandate of Heaven that makes me head of the animal kingdom. If you dont believe me, walk with me through the forest and see if any other animal dares to cross my path. The tiger agreed. Sure enough, all the animals they met fled at their approach. The tiger, not realizing that it was he

42、and not the fox that the animals feared, refrained from eating the fox.Minister Jiang Yi went on to point out that the kings territory covered an area of 2,500 kilometers and that his military force comprised one million men all of whom were under the control of the official Zhao Xixu. The northern

43、vassals undoubtedly feared Zhao, but in his capacity as controller of the kings military force and representative of his supremacy. Jiang warned that unless the king enforced his supremacy it would be bound to weaken. The king subsequently diluted Zhaos military power.Vituperative VixenDaji, heroine

44、 of Canonization of the Gods, exemplifies the evil fox spirit. This Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) work is about the downfall of the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 B.C.) and the rise of the succeeding Zhou Dynasty. King Zhou was the last monarch of the Shang Dynasty and a notorious tyrant. He levied exorbitant

45、taxes on the people with which to build himself luxurious palaces and fund his debauched lifestyle. During his rule, the 600-year-old Shang Dynasty rapidly disintegrated. Rampant wars lost the people their livelihoods, and chaos reigned. In Canonization of the Gods, however, Daji, the wife of King Z

46、hou, is portrayed as the true culprit of the fall of the Shang Dynasty.Daji is a fox spirit in the form of a beautiful young woman who is sent by the deity to bewitch King Zhou and bring about the downfall of the Shang Dynasty. Her reward is immortality.King Zhou was extremely lax in his attention t

47、o state affairs, leaving everything to his uncle, Prime Minister Bigan. Bigan discovers the truth about Dajis true persona and urges King Zhou to be rid of her, but to no avail. Enraged at his uncles temerity the king banishes Bigan. Daji, aware of the threat Bigan represents, hatches a plan to kill

48、 her enemy. She feigns illness, and another evil spirit in beauteous mortal form comes to the king, telling him that unless Daji eats Bigans heart she will die. Bigan is consequently murdered. But Dajis evil goes beyond dispatching her enemies. She indulges her taste for unborn fetuses and also encourages the king in his dissipated lifestyle, thereby hastening the fall of the Shang Dy