高二英語下學(xué)期grammer課件剖析

1、Grammatical generalization 非謂語動詞用法錦集非謂語動詞用法錦集 present participle ( v.-ing ) past participle (v.-ed) the infinitive ( to do )謂語：說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀謂語：說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。態(tài)。 e.g. He works. He takes care of the baby. He will go to Shanghai. He didnt go to Shanghai. He has gone to Shanghai. You are student

2、s. You look smart.單謂語或動詞單謂語或動詞短語短語情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞/助助動詞動詞+ v.系動詞系動詞+表語表語非謂語：無人稱，數(shù)的變化，不單獨作謂語，但保留非謂語：無人稱，數(shù)的變化，不單獨作謂語，但保留動詞特點，可以有賓語或狀語，主要包括不定式，動詞特點，可以有賓語或狀語，主要包括不定式，ving形式以及過去分詞。形式以及過去分詞。e.g. He works. He wants to work here. I want to work here. You are students, so you dont work in the factory. Being students

3、, you dont work in the factory.l非謂語動詞（不定式、動名詞和分詞）非謂語動詞（不定式、動名詞和分詞）l1、動詞不定式在句子中可作主語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、表語和狀語。l2、動名詞在句子中可作主語、表語、賓語和定語。l3、分詞在句子中可作定語、狀語、表語和賓語補足語。The infinitive ( to do )u不定式不受人稱和數(shù)的限制，但有體和態(tài)的變化（以 write 為例） （一般式）（一般式） to write / to be written （進行體）（進行體） to be writing （完成體）（完成體） to have written /

4、to have been written （完成進行）（完成進行） to have been writingu語法功能（grammatical functions） S 主語 O賓語 Attr定語 P 表語 Oc 賓補 Adv 狀語l不定式作主語 Teaching is to learn.To teach is learning. It is to learn to teach.To teach is to learn. 但是，用不定式作主語的句子中還有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is to的句型。另外，這樣的句子，不能用動名詞作表語。例如：It seemed selfish of him

5、 not to give them anything. Its very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.Its so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。往往用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式放至句子的后面 例如：l 不定式作賓語，大致上有三種情況。 I want you to speak to Tom.I want you to speak to Tom.我想我想讓你讓你和

6、和湯湯姆姆談話談話。 I want to speak to Tom.I want to speak to Tom. 我想和我想和湯湯姆姆談話談話。ask choose help like/love need want ask choose help like/love need want wish wish 有些有些動詞動詞除了可以用不定式作除了可以用不定式作賓語賓語，還還用不定式作用不定式作補補語語，即，即 動詞動詞+ +賓語賓語+ +不定式的不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：。例如： He offered to help me. He offered to help me. 他表示愿意他表示愿意幫幫

7、助我。助我。The driver failed to see the other car in time. The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機司機沒沒能及能及時時看看見見另一另一輛車輛車。agree decide demand determine pretend manage agree decide demand determine pretend manage plan refuse expect intend hope fail learn mean plan refuse expect intend hope fail

8、learn mean有些不及物動詞用不定式作賓語，結(jié)構(gòu)為：動詞+不定式。例如：有些動詞或動詞詞組可以用 動詞+疑問詞+不定式 的結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語。例如His dream is to be a doctor. His dream is to be a doctor. 他的他的夢夢想是成想是成為為一名一名醫(yī)醫(yī)生。生。My work is to clean the room every day. My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工我的工作是每天作是每天清掃清掃房房間間。不定式可放在不定式可放在bebe動詞動詞后面，形成表后面，形成表語語。例如：。例如：l

9、不定式作表語 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders There are so many kinds of tape-recorders that I cant decide which to buy. that I cant decide which to buy. Please show us how to do that. Please show us how to do that. 請請演示演示給給我我們們?nèi)绾稳プ?。如何去做。decide know consider forget learn decide know consider forg

10、et learn remember show wonder explainremember show wonder explain telltelll不定式作定語 目的狀語 常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do（僅僅為了）, in order to， so as to do,so（such） as to（如此以便）。l不定式作狀語 There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上（他回家時）兩手空空。 I have a lot of work to do.我有許多事要做。不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后，往往表示未發(fā)生的動作。例如

11、：例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. You will do well to speak more carefully. (4)表示條件She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。Im glad to see you. 見到你很高興。作結(jié)果狀語，可以表示沒有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果，不定式要放在句子后面。I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見了。He searched the room only to find nothing.表原因I come here only

12、to say good-bye to you. lv.-ingl （一般式） repairing （被動式）being repaired （完成式）having repaired （完成被動）having been repairedlv.-ing 也有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化，如表所示（以及物動詞 repair為例），不及物動詞沒有語態(tài)的變化。l是非限定動詞的一種形式，由動詞原形 + ing 構(gòu)成。它既有動詞的特征，又有名詞的特征。 語法功能（grammatical functions）lSubject 主語主語lObject 賓語賓語lAttribute 定語定語lPredicative 表語表語l

13、Object complement 賓補賓補lAdverbial 狀語狀語 基本意義： 主動的關(guān)系 正在發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)的狀態(tài) 1）作主語。 appreciate consider imagine enjoy appreciate consider imagine enjoy escape finish escape finish avoid suggest mind miss practice avoid suggest mind miss practice keep facekeep face包括單個的分詞和分詞短語包括單個的分詞和分詞短語/ /分句兩種形分句兩種形式，語法上都相當(dāng)于單數(shù)名

14、詞。例如式，語法上都相當(dāng)于單數(shù)名詞。例如：Fighting broke out between the South out between the South and the North.and the North.Beating a child does more harm than good. does more harm than good.Your falling into the river was the climax of was the climax of our play.our play.2）作賓語a. 有些動詞可以用動名詞作賓語。例如： b. 有些結(jié)構(gòu)后面可以用動名詞作賓

15、語或其他成分。例如： preferto be used to lead to devote preferto be used to lead to devote oneself tooneself toWould you mind turning downturning down your radio a little, please?The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caughtbeing caught. . 這松鼠幸運得很，剛逃避了被逮住的厄運。 3）作表語(主語補語）, 有些v.-ing作定語，與所修飾的名詞關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜。例

16、如： boiling point = a temperature point at which sth. begins to boil 沸點 English speaking country = the country where people speaking English The boy climbing that treeclimbing that tree is my nephew. 表示所修飾名詞正在做某事 a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 游泳池 a writing desk = a desk used for writing 寫字臺例如

17、：表示所修飾名詞事物的用途。 4）作定語。比較： She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是是 洗刷、清掃和照顧孩子。對主語的內(nèi)容進行說明、解釋。 5) 賓補 ( S + V + O +OC ) The old man fell asleep quickly, holding a book in his hand. (可用 with 介詞短語代換 )Being a hard working

18、 young man, he is praised by all his friends. 邏輯主語即句子主語可在句中表時間、原因、條件、伴隨等意義 6) 狀語I noticed an old man crossing the road. （分詞短語表動作正在發(fā)生 ）I taught him speaking English. （相當(dāng)于名 詞 ）練習(xí)l我習(xí)慣了做做這種工作。lI am used to doing this kind of work.l看到看到前面坐著這么多人，他感到很緊張。l Seeing so many people sitting in front, he felt ver

19、y nervous. l他在四川住過住過許多年，對那里的情況很了解。lHaving lived in Sichuan for many years, he knew there very well.Past participle (v.-ed)語法功能: Attribute 定語 Predicative 表語 Object complement 賓補 Adverbial 狀語基本意義： 及物動詞常帶有被動的意義和完成的意義 不及物動詞僅表完成的意義 lAttribute 定語 單個分詞做前置定語 the spoken word a speaking birdthe spoken word a

20、speaking bird a recorded talk a recording machine a recorded talk a recording machine written language writing paper written language writing paper 不及物動詞很少能單獨做前置定語，僅限于下列示例： a retired worker fallen leaves a retired worker fallen leaves the risen sunthe risen sun Predicative 表語l分詞作表語多是由形容詞化的短語構(gòu)成的，被動和完

21、成的意義并不明顯。如：lbe interested be concerned with be addicted tolbe covered with be drunk lA bent back means a back that is bent.lObject complement 賓補 可以帶分詞作賓補的動詞主要有以下兩類： make, get, have, keep等表“致使”意義的動詞 He is trying to make himself understood. see, hear, feel, find, think等表感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞 We all found her gre

22、atly changed. lAdverbial 狀語 可在句中表時間、原因、條件、伴隨等意義 Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again.(原因) United, we stand; divided, we fall.(條件)-ing分詞和 -ed分詞的特殊用法分詞作插入語 分詞作插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。例如： generally speaking一般說來 talking of （speaking of） 說到 strictly speaking 嚴格的說 judging from 從判斷 all things con

23、sidered 從整體來看例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說，狗比豬跑得快。 獨立主格獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞；獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。名詞或代詞與后面的分詞是主謂關(guān)系。獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。例如：The test finished, we began our holiday. 考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。 Weather

24、permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天氣允許，我們明天去看你。 The meeting gone over, everyone tried to go home earlier. 會議結(jié)束后，每個人都想早點回家。p特殊詞精講I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我試著種果木花卉，但未成功You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。2. try doing/to do try to do努力，企圖做某事， try doing試驗，試著做某事。 1. stop do

25、ing/to do stop doing停止做某事。 stop to do停止中斷做某事后去做另一件事，pThey stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking.我必須戒煙了3. mean doing/to do mean to do 打算、想，mean doing意味著。 I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工資意味著增加購買力

26、。l- The light in the office is still on. - Oh，I forgot_.lA. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it offl 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。V.-ing 形式形式例4 There was nobody，so he had to go alone. There

27、 _ nobody, he had to go alone. If time permits, I will go to see you. _ _, I will go to see you.being例5 _ what to do ,he came to the teacher for help. A. Not knowing B. knowing not C. No knowingATime permitting當(dāng)存在不同主語時，可以用Ving形式的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)。p.-ing分詞、不定式、-ed分詞練習(xí)1. “Do you want to give a talk on that subject

28、?”1. “Do you want to give a talk on that subject?” “I prefer _ .” “I prefer _ .” a. not want b. not wanting c. to not giving d. not a. not want b. not wanting c. to not giving d. not toto2. I intended _ the matter with you, but I had 2. I intended _ the matter with you, but I had something urgent to

29、 do.something urgent to do. a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed a. discuss b. discussing c. having discussed d. to have discussed d. to have discussed3. Dont let me catch you _.3. Dont let me catch you _. a. do that again b. to do that again c. doing that a. do that again b. to do that agai

30、n c. doing that again again d. done that again d. done that again5. Its pay-day, and theyre waiting _.5. Its pay-day, and theyre waiting _.a. for paying b. to be paid c. to be paying d. to a. for paying b. to be paid c. to be paying d. to have paidhave paidd.d.c.b.l6. _ trouble, Im going to forget the whole 6. _ trouble, Im going to forget the whole affair.affair.la. Then rather cause b. Rather causing a. Then rather cause b. Rather causing lc. Rather t