【縣公開課課件】高考英語閱讀理解之主旨大意題公開課

1、1.了解教學(xué)背景：高考閱讀題分析；了解教學(xué)背景：高考閱讀題分析；2.主旨題型分類：主旨題型分類：1）文章主旨；）文章主旨；2）文章標(biāo)題；）文章標(biāo)題； 3）段落主旨；）段落主旨；3.通過做練習(xí)，了解各種解題技巧；通過做練習(xí)，了解各種解題技巧；4. 在做閱讀練習(xí)題中能靈活運(yùn)用各技巧。在做閱讀練習(xí)題中能靈活運(yùn)用各技巧。 這幾年這幾年高考中所有的試題都是在語篇高考中所有的試題都是在語篇中考查，聽力，閱讀，寫作，完型填中考查，聽力，閱讀，寫作，完型填空，語法填空，無一例外全都突出語空，語法填空，無一例外全都突出語篇的重要性，所以在備考中必須高度篇的重要性，所以在備考中必須高度重視重視語篇能力語篇能力得閱

2、讀者得英語！得閱讀者得英語！III.語篇能力語篇能力How to grasp the main idea of a passage1主旨大意題型特點(diǎn)與命題方式 題型特點(diǎn) 主旨大意題主要是測試考生對一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對某一語段或某一語篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。這類題目考查的范圍是基本論點(diǎn)、文章標(biāo)題、主題或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方法，對文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題。閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類閱讀中主旨大意題的題型分類主旨題主旨題標(biāo)題類標(biāo)題類文章主旨文章主旨段落主旨段落主旨

3、1. 標(biāo)題類試題常見的題干形式標(biāo)題類試題常見的題干形式 (1) The best title for this passage is . (2) The suitable headline for this passage may be (3) The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is . (4) Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?(體現(xiàn)概括性體現(xiàn)概括性, 避免遠(yuǎn)離主題避免遠(yuǎn)離主題)2. 文章主旨類試題常見的題干形式文章主旨類試題常見的

4、題干形式 (1) What is the passage mainly about? (2) The passage talks about . (3) The passage tells us that . (4) This passage mainly deals with . (5) Whats the main idea / topic of the passage?(體現(xiàn)全面性體現(xiàn)全面性, 避免以偏概全避免以偏概全)3. 段落主旨類試題常見的題干形式段落主旨類試題常見的題干形式 (1) The main idea of the second paragraph probably is

5、 that . (2) What is the last paragraph chiefly concerned with? (3) Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph one? (4) Whats the main idea discussed in the first paragraph?(體現(xiàn)針對性體現(xiàn)針對性, 避免張冠李戴避免張冠李戴)2分類解讀下面結(jié)合試題，談?wù)剺?biāo)題類和大意類主旨大意題的解題技巧。(1)標(biāo)題類標(biāo)題是段落中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式。 文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語

6、；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太??；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語言表意的程度及色彩。練習(xí)1 In the animal kingdom，weakness can bring about aggression in other animal. This sometimes happens with humans also. But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people. I see it every day when people hold doors for me，po

7、ur cream into my coffee，or help me to put on my coat. And I have discovered that it makes them happy. From my wheelchair experience，I see the best in people，but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily. Last month，when I was driving home on a busy highw

8、ay，I began to feel unwell and drove more slowly than usual. People behind me began to get impatient I put on the car flashlights and drove on at a really low speed. No more angry shouts and no more horns! When I put on my flashlights，.But instead of getting impatient and angry，they waited，knowing th

9、e driver in front of them was in some way weak. Sometimes situations call for us to act strong and brave even when we dont feel that way. But those are few and far between. More often，it would be better if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scar

10、ed.(2011廣東卷) 30Which of the following is the best title for the passage? AA Wheelchair Experience BWeakness and Kindness CWeakness and Strength DA Driving Experience【解析】B由第一段中的But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people可知正確答案為B 歸納總結(jié)：文章標(biāo)題的選擇或擬定：第一，要在閱讀原文的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)考慮這句話或短語與文章主題是否有

11、密切的聯(lián)系；第二，再看它對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何；第三，要注意題目是過大還是過??；第四，要避免下列三種錯誤：一是概括不夠(多表現(xiàn)為部分代替整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太小)；二是過度概括(多表現(xiàn)為人為擴(kuò)大范圍)；三是以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象概括的大意。 2)主旨大意類做此類題目時，首先要搞清是問某一段還是全做此類題目時，首先要搞清是問某一段還是全文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，文的大意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，進(jìn)行綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中的蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，標(biāo)題中的蘊(yùn)含的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。另外，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個

12、主題展開的，因此，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。 解題解題技巧技巧技巧一：尋找主題句，確技巧一：尋找主題句，確定文章主題定文章主題技巧二技巧二: 抓住文章段落大抓住文章段落大意，概括中心思想意，概括中心思想技巧三技巧三: 找高頻詞找高頻詞技巧一：尋找主題句，確定文章主題技巧一：尋找主題句，確定文章主題新聞報道新聞報道導(dǎo)語提攜全文導(dǎo)語提攜全文議論文議論文 總總-分分-總總

13、（論點(diǎn)論據(jù)結(jié)論）（論點(diǎn)論據(jù)結(jié)論）說明文說明文主題句主題句（首中尾）（首中尾）記敘文記敘文記敘文六要素記敘文六要素識別文體 通常情況下主題句在文中的位置：說明文議論文記敘文在開頭在結(jié)尾在中間中心貫穿全文(較常見)(較少見)(較常見) 如何尋找主題句如何尋找主題句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat o

14、ne or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主題句在段首）主題句在段首 一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細(xì)節(jié)。在論說文，科技文

15、獻(xiàn)和新聞報道中多采用這種格式。 Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2 2）主題句也會出現(xiàn)在段尾主題句也

16、會出現(xiàn)在段尾。作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù)作者先擺出事實(shí)依據(jù), , 層層推理論證層層推理論證, , 最后自然得出結(jié)論最后自然得出結(jié)論, , 即段落的主題。本即段落的主題。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn), ,它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。 Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the mod

17、ern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3 3）在短文中間在短文中間當(dāng)主題句被安排在段中間時, 通常前面只提出問題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展.練習(xí)2Smoking cig

18、arettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy

19、for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?議論文議論文總總-分分-總總55What is the main idea ?A. cigarette smoking can cause cancerB. smoking can cause the most serious and terrible disease (illness) C. smoking also ca

20、n cause other health problemsD. smoking is harmful. D4）無主題句，即主題句隱含在全文中，沒有明確的主題句，必須根據(jù)文中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行全面考慮、綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時過于寬泛，要恰如其分。練習(xí)3 Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin an

21、d graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A. Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another univ

22、ersity.B. Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C. Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D. Tom received an excellent education.detaildetaildetail技巧二技巧二: 從段落中從段落中歸納要點(diǎn)歸納要點(diǎn)抓大意，理清線索抓大意，理清線索. 尋找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中尋找整篇文

23、章的中心思想是建立在尋找具體段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章心的基礎(chǔ)上的。各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。的中心思想。 練習(xí)4 There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power. First, the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power station. Although the power stations themselves are str

24、ongly built, the containers used for the transport of the materials are not. Normally, only two methods of transport are in use, namely road or rail. Unfortunately, both of these may have an effect on the general public, since they are sure to pass near, or even through, heavily populated areas. Sec

25、ond, there is the problem of waste. All nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioactive for thousands of years. It is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive, and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have invented. For example

26、, they may be buried under the ground, or dropped into deserted mines, or sunk in the sea. However, these methods do not solve the problem, since an earthquake could easily break the containers. Third, there may occur the danger of a leak (泄漏) or an explosion at the power station. As with the other

27、two dangers, this is not very likely, so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear program. However, it can happen. Separately, these three types of dangers are not a great cause for worry. Taken together, though, the probability of disaster is extremely high. ()What is the passage abou

28、t? AUses of nuclear power. BDangers from nuclear power. CPublic anger at nuclear power. DAccidents caused by nuclear power.B第一段“There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power.”為文章的主題句。接著從三個方面論述主題：First.，Second.，Third.，段首第一句分別為各段的主題句，層次分明，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，最后一段進(jìn)一步歸納全文大意：Dangers fr

29、om nuclear power。故答案為B。 注意：在這個過程中，考生不能只依據(jù)只言片語或光看文章的某些段落，而應(yīng)觀察全文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排；理解文章濃墨重筆寫的“重心”；考慮文章的組織材料及支持性細(xì)節(jié)是服務(wù)于什么的；分析故事的發(fā)展結(jié)局都是圍繞什么內(nèi)容來表達(dá)的；最后用簡明扼要的文字將文章的中心思想表達(dá)出來。 技巧三技巧三: 從段落中從段落中尋找高頻率詞尋找高頻率詞 任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出許多文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞高頻詞，也叫做，也叫做主題詞主題詞 練習(xí)

30、5A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city.As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below

31、 the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remov

32、e the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is ma

33、de up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system,

34、 just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the le

35、vel of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. 75. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D. the design of two tunnels 遵循遵循 四字原則四字原則:用精煉的語言概括出文章的中心思想用精煉的語言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的內(nèi)涵和外延要注意文章的

36、內(nèi)涵和外延, 把作者的觀點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確地把作者的觀點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來表達(dá)出來. 要排除掉那些片面的選項(xiàng)要排除掉那些片面的選項(xiàng), 選取包含文章的主要選取包含文章的主要內(nèi)容及作者觀點(diǎn)的選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容及作者觀點(diǎn)的選項(xiàng), 范圍不宜過大或過小范圍不宜過大或過小.所選擇的標(biāo)題要新穎所選擇的標(biāo)題要新穎,對讀者有吸引力對讀者有吸引力, 能激發(fā)讀能激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣者的閱讀興趣.1.Do some reading exercises2.完成對應(yīng)的練習(xí)完成對應(yīng)的練習(xí)Good luck &Successs ahead!Your criticism will be appreciated! 練習(xí)練習(xí)6 “Have a nic

37、e day！” may be a pleasant gesture or a meaningless expression. When my friend Maxie says have a nice day with a smile，I know she sincerely cares about what happens to me. Although the use of the expression is an insincere，meaningless social custom at times，there is nothing wrong with the sentence ex

38、cept that its a little uninteresting. The salesgirl，the waitress，the teacher，and all the countless others who speak it without thinking may not really care about my day. But in a strange and comfortable way. Its nice to know they care enough to pretend they care when their really dont care all that much. While the expression may no