招教英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)資料(共13頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上（英美文學(xué)系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)講義）第一部分 殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)/colonialism系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)： 一、American culture British culture 繼承 Puritanism 清教(17-18C) depict 描繪美景 endless land treasures 被財(cái)富吸引 Negroes American Indians. 二、Tudor Dynasty (1485-1603) 1590年 against Spain / Roman Catholic church (議會(huì)) parliament 清教徒組成的 17C break down (資產(chǎn)階級(jí)與

2、君王制) dissolve 到 Charles “monopoly”壟斷 grant Civil war （1642-1649） Oliver Cromwell: cloak Puritanism 清教的口號(hào)：節(jié)欲 Mary Barton 憲章運(yùn)動(dòng) 魯濱遜 colonization 三、1688 Glorious Revolution 貴族與資產(chǎn)階級(jí)達(dá)成妥協(xié) Industrial Revolution Enclosure Movement (15C-18C) 圈地運(yùn)動(dòng) Enlightenment 1、Roman Catholic church 天主教 2、Church of England =

3、 英國(guó)國(guó)教 = Anglican 為了擺脫天主教，國(guó)主自創(chuàng)的，又名protestant, 新教廷 Conform (1662) “Acts of uniformity”統(tǒng)一法案 3、Puritan = Nonconformist = 是新教的一個(gè)分支，清教徒不同意“統(tǒng)一法案”，又叫持不同政見者。 更極端，不要繁瑣程序，individualism. 書上內(nèi)容： 一、時(shí)期綜述（關(guān)于清教的應(yīng)該都是重點(diǎn)） 1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：A、narratives 日記 B、journals 游記 2、清教徒在美國(guó)的寫作內(nèi)容：their voyage to the new land adapting them

4、selves to unfamiliar climates and crops about dealing with Indians guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的想法：Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.凈化信仰和行為方式wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to th

5、eology.重建教堂，提供簡(jiǎn)單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing Gods will and is not to be accepted.認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對(duì)他們的生活有異議就是反對(duì)上帝。Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反對(duì)對(duì)快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分荒

6、唐的地步。religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.強(qiáng)調(diào)上帝嚴(yán)厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton and Roger Williams 他們的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy. Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、Williams的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Tolerati

7、on did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行為

8、上的德，信仰上的誠(chéng)，并沒有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩序和教會(huì)體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。 6、英國(guó)最早移民到美國(guó)的詩(shī)人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民時(shí)期最好的清教徒詩(shī)人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor. 學(xué)習(xí)指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 關(guān)于美國(guó)清教徒的描繪 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the Church sho

9、uld be restored to the “purity” of the first-century Church as established by Jesus Christ Himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine

10、 of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they

11、 meant to prove that were Gods chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor, rose to the level of rea

12、l poetry. 4、The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards Italian, and Portuguese.第二部分 理性和革命時(shí)期文學(xué)/reasoning and revolution課堂筆記： Economically Background: Colony state 1770s uprising(爭(zhēng)端) in North American agains t Britain 2. Politically1776-1783 war of Independence USA Repres

13、entatives Prose essay： Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography Thomas Paine: Common Sense Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence Philip Freneau: poet journalist 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)美國(guó)的影響 : oppose coliral order and religious obscurantism. Secular education and literature Franklin 書上內(nèi)容：一、時(shí)期綜述 1、美國(guó)的性質(zhì)：The war for Ind

14、ependence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic the United States of America.聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主共和國(guó)美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)。 二、代表作家： 1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗蘭克林 代表作：“Poor Richards Almanac”窮人理查德的年鑒 annual collection of proverbs 流行諺語(yǔ)集 It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely becau

15、se of Franklins shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation. 機(jī)智、幽默、風(fēng)趣成為最暢銷的書籍，弗蘭克林的成名作。 Found the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas. 建立了一個(gè)秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)等時(shí)事方面的問題。 established Americas first circulating library, founded the college University of

16、Pennsylvania. 建立了美國(guó)第一個(gè)可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)。 first applied the terms “positive” and “negative” to electrical charges. 在電子運(yùn)動(dòng)中，首次使用了電流中的“正電”和“負(fù)電”的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。 As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in associ

17、ation with England. He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. 作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國(guó)改變政策，使美國(guó)可以和英國(guó)一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國(guó)支持美國(guó)的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic. 作為作家具有非凡的才能，表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)潔明了，幽默，諷刺天才。

18、 “Autobiography” 自傳 18世紀(jì)美國(guó)唯一流傳至今的自傳 2、Thomas Paine 托馬斯.佩因 “Great Commoner of Mankind” 最平凡的人 famous pamphlet “Common Sense” 著名的政治小冊(cè)子常識(shí)，it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 擁護(hù)“獨(dú)立宣言”，使分裂活動(dòng)發(fā)展成最后危機(jī)。 “American Crisis”美國(guó)危機(jī), signed “Common S

19、ense”.署名為“常識(shí)”。（P31，第一段看一下） 3、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯.杰弗遜 drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了獨(dú)立宣言。 與清教不一樣，主張追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.人人生而平等，他們都從他們的“造物主”

20、那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利，其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。 4、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞諾 poet and political journalist 詩(shī)人和政治方面的新聞?dòng)浾摺?perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period.可能是革命戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后期最杰出的作家。 has been called the “Father of American Poetry” 美國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父 學(xué)習(xí)指南： 1、Theology dominated the Puritan phase of Ameri

21、can writing. Politics was the next great subject to command the attention of the best minds. 2、Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit. 第三部分 浪漫主義文學(xué)/Romanticism課堂筆記 End of 18C out break of Civil War Political： Democracy and Equality Parties scramble for power E

22、conomic：industrialism technology sharp entrant frontier westward 西進(jìn) utility and perfection Cultural： buoyant spirit、education、magazine simplicity簡(jiǎn)單 Independence： 17世紀(jì) Puritanism Religion 18世紀(jì) Political Pamphlet Literary characteristics: 1、Foreign influence (old world / romantic / tradition from Euro

23、pe) Sir Walter Scott border tale American Indian Romance Byrons oriental romance Gothic tradition ( “graveyard” poet ) solitude and gloom孤獨(dú)與憂愁 哥特傳統(tǒng) Edgar Allen Pot imagination (figures): Prophet and seers 2、feature (cultural nationalism) native / Indian language content environment : wilderness of v

24、irgin forest / civilization of the primitive當(dāng)?shù)氐脑嘉拿?“Natty Bumppo”典型人物，來自于Cooper。 3、American Puritanism: Puritans tend to moralize their works than European ones. Thinking: ideals of individualism (Regan the Eden) 4、transcendentalism: 超驗(yàn)主義。 書上內(nèi)容： 一、文學(xué)特征： 1、environment：shaped by their New World envir

25、onment美洲大陸新環(huán)境 array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮 2、美國(guó)文學(xué)特點(diǎn):pluralistic多元化，manifestations表現(xiàn)形式: Varied多樣, Individualistic個(gè)人主義,Conflicting矛盾 3、romanticism的特點(diǎn)：frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism a

26、nd intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.浪漫主義之間大部分是相通的，都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和直覺感受，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會(huì)是腐敗之源。 4、transcendentalism超驗(yàn)主義： as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It ex

27、alted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)。 they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化復(fù)興，反對(duì)美國(guó)社會(huì)的拜金主義。 they believed in the transcendence of “Oversoul,” an all-pervading pow

28、er for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源。 it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and youll become spiritually whole again.” The natural impli

29、cation of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual. This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in American literature. 代表人物：Emerson愛默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善 Thoreau 梭 羅，b

30、eheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“潔白無瑕” 5、Literary forms文學(xué)形式：Novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.長(zhǎng)篇小說、短篇故事和詩(shī)歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國(guó)主要的文學(xué)形式。 6、Imaginative literature想象類文學(xué) 7、the wilderness came to function almost a

31、s a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時(shí)代的道德準(zhǔn)則。 8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃離社會(huì)，回到自然成為了美國(guó)文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。 9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in Americas language. In 1828 Noah

32、Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國(guó)本土的語(yǔ)言，具有美國(guó)特征的本土方言開始在詩(shī)歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。 10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New Englan

33、d.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England Transcendentalism, 從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗(yàn)主義。 二、代表作家： 1、Washington Irving華盛頓.歐文 the first great belletrist 第一個(gè)純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個(gè)主要contribution the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美國(guó)第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家 “Sketch Book”見聞札記, the first modern short storie

34、s and the first great American juvenile literature.現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國(guó)第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。 Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識(shí)融入了這種體裁。 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服記 manner 形式 > matter 內(nèi)容 ； avoid moral

35、ization教化 to entertain娛樂 / amuse消遣 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫(kù)珀 contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga 開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。 “Leatherstocking Tales”皮襪子故事集，包括“The Deerslayer”殺鹿者、“The Last of the Mohicans”最后的莫希干人、“The Pa

36、thfinder”探路人、“The Pioneers”拓荒者、“The Prairie”大草原, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被認(rèn)為是迄今為止美國(guó)最接近史詩(shī)的作品。 the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小說的中心人物，納蒂.班波 (筆記上添的) the Critic 評(píng)論家認(rèn)為，他揭示了矛盾 the direction was morally right the other practically / inevitable Leatherstock

37、ing: insist on old forest freedom 皮襪子：保存了這些原始森林的面貌 Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order 3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡倫.布萊恩特 poet 詩(shī)人 as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious att

38、ention.當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國(guó)散文時(shí)代的到來時(shí)，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實(shí)了美國(guó)的詩(shī)歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。 He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一個(gè)獲得美國(guó)主要詩(shī)人稱號(hào)的作家。 “To a Waterfowl”致水鳥the most perfect brief poem in the language. 用美國(guó)英語(yǔ)寫作的最完美的短詩(shī)。 4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿倫.坡 show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 編輯、詩(shī)

39、人、文學(xué)評(píng)論家。 Grahams Magazine 格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場(chǎng)所） “The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂謝府崩潰記、“The Raven”烏鴉the title poem of a collection, “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述異集first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小說集。 often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅長(zhǎng)描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。 （筆記上添的） integrate 統(tǒng)一性 one sitting

40、 brevity 簡(jiǎn)潔 readability 可讀性 totality of impression 開門見山，加強(qiáng)印象 compression 濃縮 finality 要求結(jié)局 5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛默生 be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是把超驗(yàn)主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。 Emerson believed above all in individualism個(gè)人主義, independence of mind思想獨(dú)立, and self-reliance自強(qiáng).

41、作品：“Nature”論自然、“Essays”隨筆錄、 “The American Scholar”美國(guó)學(xué)者, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我們知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)立宣言。 his most important works are “Representative Men ”代表and “English Traits”英國(guó)人、“Poems”詩(shī)集 摘自論自然：Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite spa

42、ce, -all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的約束沒有了。 6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅 Emersons truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emersons theories 愛默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。 “In Walden”沃爾登成名作?！癈ivil Disobedience”平民反抗essay 隨筆。非暴力不合作 教義：I would not have anyone adopt my mode

43、 of living, each should find out his own way, not his neighbors or his parents. 我不希望人們接受我的生活模式，每一個(gè)都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。 7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑 background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a person.曾經(jīng)有個(gè)做法官的祖輩害人。 “The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角閣房，是霍桑著名神秘小說中的一個(gè)房屋名稱。 he

44、reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the harshness and the persecutions.對(duì)清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴(yán)，對(duì)不同信仰人的迫害過于殘酷。 “Mosses from an Old Manse”古廈青苔、“The Marble Faun”玉石神像 特點(diǎn)unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of mans mo

45、ral nature. 獨(dú)特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。 his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小說里，通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的一些重大道德問題。 to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol.杰

46、出之處在于他能把一個(gè)故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來講述，他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們的道德參考。 （課堂筆記提及的）“The Scarlet Letter”紅字 女主角honest, calmly face fault 誠(chéng)實(shí)，坦然的面對(duì)罪過。 弗洛伊德人格理論：Id 本我 欲望，只要快樂 Roger 女主角的丈夫 Ego 自我 分辨對(duì)錯(cuò)，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實(shí) Hester 女主角 Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧師 女主角的自我成長(zhǎng)和自我救贖的過程。Ego growth and redeem by her own of process “The Scarlet Letter”a

47、nalysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she ree

48、stablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers change

49、s it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society.

50、Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Ha

51、wthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show ones worst to the outside world. 8、Herman Melville 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾 “Moby Dick”白鯨，a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要講述了一個(gè)為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長(zhǎng)海上故事。

52、The book is steeped in symbolism. 本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。在書中說：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個(gè)宏大的主題。故事人物：Captain Ahab.船長(zhǎng)阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格，was a friendly person；the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of th

53、e universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “gliding great demon of the seas of life.”阿哈比艦長(zhǎng)和各種危險(xiǎn)之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng)，他同那些強(qiáng)大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭(zhēng)，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時(shí)還冷酷無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。 “Moby Dick”：one of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed ex

54、isting in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” He had Ahab topmost in

55、his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick. 9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃茲沃思.朗費(fèi)羅 poet 詩(shī)人 it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”. His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day s

56、omething of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 歐洲詩(shī)人及詩(shī)不能把這部作品估計(jì)過高。他自己的詩(shī)歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料，在書中他講述了詩(shī)的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩(shī)歌，他都一一作了闡述。 殊榮：he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poets corner of Westminster Abbey.朗費(fèi)羅被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的詩(shī)人之

57、角，他也是美國(guó)惟一獲此殊榮的詩(shī)人。 The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 他的詩(shī)歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。 he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his contemporaries. 他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒有受到當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)、宗教和各種政治斗爭(zhēng)

58、的影響。 特點(diǎn)：exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely translated.在引進(jìn)歐洲文化上起巨大推動(dòng)作用，也把美國(guó)民間文化傳播到國(guó)外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評(píng)價(jià)。第四部分 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)/Realism課堂筆記 1、Realism 特征：Mechaniz

59、ation 機(jī)器化                  urbanization 城市化，許多人涌入城市，階級(jí)差異明顯                  induseridization 工業(yè)化        &

60、#160;         federal government  (race種族平等進(jìn)入憲法)標(biāo)志著馬克.吐溫的鍍金時(shí)代開始                  railway system 工業(yè)化的一大標(biāo)志，電力和石油的應(yīng)用發(fā)揮了重大作用。          

61、;          ED.H.Lawrence的作品中突出了對(duì)鐵路的描寫。 2、文化特征：女性發(fā)揮作用明顯，女性的作者和讀者明顯增多。開始關(guān)注中產(chǎn)階級(jí)。Mid class. 現(xiàn)實(shí)主              義 realism，New York replaced Boston as the nations literary center. 紐約成為新的文化中心。 3、Realism：&

62、#160;  Mark Twain     local colorist   本土色彩濃厚                Henry James    psychologist   心理描寫深刻    Naturalism 自然主義        p

63、essimistic  悲觀的      Environment     環(huán)境      Heredity (lower)  底層的繼承 4、Calvinist family    Predestination 預(yù)知的    卡爾文主義       Pessimism    悲觀的     悲觀的，宿命的        tone(詩(shī)歌基調(diào))       tragic&#