仁愛(ài)版初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全1

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖一.名詞I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名.地名.人名，可數(shù)名詞/、口數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù)：1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加 -s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列 表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thie

2、ves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves, wife-wives的詞加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以車有音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻?詞以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys以車仔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一M加-eshero-heroe

3、s, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes6不少外來(lái)詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英

4、語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下:業(yè)則|例詞1攻變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geess mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li,6“數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs（海關(guān)），forces（車隊(duì)），times（時(shí)代），spihts（情 緒），drinks（飲料），sands（沙灘），papers（文作報(bào)紙）, manners（禮貌）,100ks（外表）,brains（頭腦智力） greens（青菜）,ruins（

5、廢墟）7表 不“某國(guó) 人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名 司將主體名詞義為復(fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變 為復(fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)?/p>

6、復(fù)數(shù)women singers, men servantsIII.名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名 詞詞尾加構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者 多表小無(wú)生命的東西。1.'航有格的構(gòu)成：3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式4 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)yuan, jin, ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, compasses, contents笆分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也 1以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）people, police, cattle, staffaudience, class, f

7、amily, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team public, enemy, party單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boy ' s father, Jack ' s book, hin- son' s photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞般在末尾加the teachers ' room, the twins ' mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe children ' s toys, women ' s rights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加或者Dic

8、kens ' novels, Charles ' s job, the Smithsuse表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末尾均 須加SJapan' sand America ' problems, Jane' sand Mary' bikes卡示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加s表示“某人家M M店鋪M ,所有格后名詞省略Japan and America ' s problems, Jane and Marythe doctor ' s, the barber ' s, the tailor's fathers, m

9、yuncle2 .'師有格的用法:1表示時(shí)間today ' s newspaper, five weeks ' holiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth ' s atmosphere, the tree' s branches3表小國(guó)家城巾等地方的名 詞the country ' s plan, the world' s population, China '4表示工作群體the ship ' s crew, majorityview, the team ' s victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a mile

10、' s journey, five dollars' worth of apples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的 名詞the life ' s time, the play' s plot7某些固定詞組a bird ' s eye view, a stone' s throw, at one 不矢口廝神)'s industrs end(3 . of所有格的用法：用于無(wú)生命的東西： the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of t

11、he first-yearstudents用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed二.冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an）,定冠詞（the）,和零冠詞。I .不定冠詞的用法：1類人或事，相當(dāng)于 a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表小 每 相當(dāng)丁, every, oneWe study eight hours a day.4表不 相同 相當(dāng)于 the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人

12、或與某 名人啟類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so（as, too, how）+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as

13、you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法:1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人 或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于樂(lè)器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表 十類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示"家人”或失婦”the Greens, the W

14、angs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的 名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，AT世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990' s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間 的詞組前He

15、patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法:12專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名 等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air名詞tWT this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日二餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4 1表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made Presid

16、ent of America.56學(xué)科，諦言，球類，棋類名詞前 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前He likes playing football/chess. by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.三.代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類:1人稱 代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you

17、, them2物主 代詞形容詞 性一my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞 Jthis, that, these, those, such, some5疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, whic

18、h, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII .不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn):1. one, some與 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I

19、don t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示失約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程

20、度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each 和every:each 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of

21、us has strong and weak points.3. none 和no：no等于not any,作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和 another:1) other 泛指 “另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every ot

22、herweek, some other reason, no other way,the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為 the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another 指 “又一個(gè)， 另一個(gè) ”無(wú)所指， 復(fù)數(shù)形式是others， 泛指 “別的人或事”如：I don t like this shirt, please show me anote

23、hr (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall 表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both 和 all 加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither 和 none.All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are writte

24、n in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四形容詞和副詞I. 形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1）形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置:1修飾 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形谷血J引置于有最局級(jí) 或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available,

25、 the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可 以后置the only person awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對(duì)的形容記!可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序:代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞 前的 形容 詞冠詞指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有 格序數(shù) 詞基數(shù) 詞質(zhì)態(tài) 性狀大小形狀新舊 溫度顏色國(guó)籍料地 一材質(zhì)名 詞

26、all both suchahethis anotheryoursecond nextone fourbeautiful good poorlarge shortsquarenew coolblack yellowChinese Londonsilk stone3）復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成:1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7 1名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分 詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過(guò)去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthr

27、ee-egged5副詞+過(guò)去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII.副詞副詞的分類:1時(shí)間副Hsoon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副 詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點(diǎn)副 同here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問(wèn)副 詞how, where, when, why3方式副 同hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副 詞how, when, where, why, whet

28、her, however, meanwhile4程度副 同almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副 詞when, where, why111 .形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成 一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est,多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most。112 級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用asas以及 not so(as) as如：I am not so good aplayer as you are.113 以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far,

29、 a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。114 示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the more - the more句型。如：The harder youwork, the more progress you will make.115 比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。 如： I have never spent a more worrying day.116 示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as

30、large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.117 示 最高程度 的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如： favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五.介詞I.介詞分類：1簡(jiǎn)單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短語(yǔ)介

31、詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介 詞considering（就而論），including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的 介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII.常用介詞區(qū)別:1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子肩關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的 since,since指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一

32、段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，fromfrom指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始3表示時(shí)間的表atern指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后 或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in, on, ton表小在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境 范圍之外5表小在上”的on, non只表小在某物的表面上，in表小占去某物一部分6表示“穿過(guò)”的through, acrossthrough 表小從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與 in啟美，across表小在表 面上通過(guò)，與on啟美7表示 關(guān)于”的 about, onabout指涉及到，on指專門(mén)論述8between 與 among 的 區(qū)別between表小在兩者之|

33、可，among用于二者或二者以上 的中間9besides 與 except 的區(qū)別besides指除了 一還有再加上"，except指除了，減去 什么”，不放在句首10表示用”的in, withwith 表不具體的工具，in 表小材料，方式，力法，度 量，單位，語(yǔ)百，聲首.11as與like的區(qū)別as總為 作為，以一地位或身份 ，like為 象一一樣， 指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別n通常表小位直（靜態(tài)）,into 表小動(dòng)向，/、表小目的 地或位置六.動(dòng)詞I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1 .動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下:現(xiàn)在對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)ask

34、/ asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成進(jìn) 行have/has been askinghadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeen askingshould/wouldhavebeen asking2 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)

35、作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是 對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加巳經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.（ 已經(jīng)看過(guò)， 且 了解這本書(shū)的內(nèi)容）2 ） 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加過(guò)“，了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the novel last month.（只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住 ）I lived in Beiji

36、ng for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié) 果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則 多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book.我讀過(guò)那本書(shū)了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書(shū)。4 . 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：你來(lái)時(shí)用法例句1will/shall+ 動(dòng)詞原形表小將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)件或行在的

37、狀 態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+動(dòng)詞 原形含有 打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做杲事， 或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事It ' s going to clear up.We re going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進(jìn)行 時(shí)表小將來(lái)go, come, start, move, leave arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表小按計(jì) 劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe?4be about to + 動(dòng) 同原形表示安

38、排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā) 生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀 語(yǔ)I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to +動(dòng)詞原形表小按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)We re to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示 將來(lái)時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好 的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將 來(lái)The meeting starts at five o' clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):常用被動(dòng)

39、活態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ) 態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在 時(shí)am/is/are asked6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過(guò)去 時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been asked3一般將來(lái) 時(shí)shall/will be asked8過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been asked4過(guò)去將來(lái) 時(shí)should/would be asked9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/would have been asked5現(xiàn) 在進(jìn)行 am/is/are being asked 10 含有W態(tài)動(dòng) can/must/may be asked時(shí)詞的-主息 i被動(dòng)語(yǔ)會(huì)的否止式是仕第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)

40、詞后加not,短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu) begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞義為被動(dòng)態(tài)。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語(yǔ)有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)4一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如:t is believed that It is generally consider

41、ed that It is saidthat t is well known that It must be pointed out that It issupposed that t is reported that It must be admitted that It is hopedthat 卜曲主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth readingtwice.The door won ' t shut. / The play won' t act.The clo

42、thes washes well. /The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.卜聞詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：eave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, hav

43、e on, lose heart 等等七.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法，否定式疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答can能力（體力，智力，技 能）允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用）可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于 否定旬或疑問(wèn)句中）can not / cannot /can ' t doCando？ Yes,can. No,can' t.couldcouldn ' t domay可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求）可能，或許（表推測(cè)） 祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not doMay 7。？ Yes,may.No,mustn' t/can ' t.mightmight not doMight do？

44、Yes,might No, might not.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要 求）must not/mustn doMtust do ？ Yes, - must.No,needn' t/don ' t have肯定，想必（肯定句中 表推測(cè)）have to只好，不得不（客觀的 必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱父 化）don' t have to doDo have to do ？Yes,do. No,don' t.ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任， 口語(yǔ)中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn ' t to doOughtto do ？Yes,ought.

45、No, oughtnshall將要，會(huì)用于一三人稱征求對(duì) 力意見(jiàn)用于一二人稱表小許 諾、命令、警告、威脅 等shall not/shan 'Sdhall - do-?Yes, - shall. No, - shan' t.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé) 任）本該（含后責(zé)備意味）should not/shouldn ' t doShould - do - ?will意愿，決心will not/won ' t dW川7。？Yes, - will. No,won' t.would請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問(wèn)句 中would比較委婉would not/wouldn do

46、dare敢（常用于否定句和疑 問(wèn)句中）dare not/daren 'Dare-do-?Yes,dare. No, daren 'needrru攵必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）need not/needn do'Ne ed do ？Yes,must. No, needn'used to過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不 再）usednot/usedn ' t/usen to dodidn ' t use to doUsed - to do ？Yest, - used. No, use(d)nDid - use to do ？Yes, did. No, didn

47、' t.'t.t.t.II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must, may, might, could, can 表示推測(cè)：以must為例。must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。1. must肯定，一定”語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He musthave already arrived there.2. may和might也許”，

48、后者語(yǔ)氣弱，更沒(méi)有把握?？捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň?。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can和could可能"，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can'語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、 否定、疑問(wèn)句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.(推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生)Can he be in the office now? No, he can' t

49、 be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中)III.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1. can和be able to:都可以表示能力。但 be able to可以表達(dá) 某事終于成功”， 而can無(wú)法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2. used to和would: used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而 would 只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：needn'

50、 t/daren 'do ;Need/dare do？做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為： need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don' t(doesn ' t/didnneed/dare to do八.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語(yǔ)形 式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定:司現(xiàn)在 分詞to doto be doing to have done doing having doneto be doneto have been donebeing done having been

51、 done在非謂 語(yǔ)前加 notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞 的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表 和狀語(yǔ)具后副詞和形容詞的作用 在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和 狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去 分詞done，名詞doing having donebeing done having been donesb' s doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、兵、aE和表 語(yǔ)II.做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較:情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做 ,語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, aff

52、ord, determine, promise, happen只接動(dòng)名詞做 賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或 R語(yǔ)mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan' t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to be engaged in, insist on, think of,

53、be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩 者 都 可 以意義基本 相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多才L般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require （接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表小被動(dòng)忠義，若接/、 定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do停止

54、手中事，去做另一件事stop doing停止止在做的事意義/、同remember/forget/regret to do （指動(dòng) 作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing （指動(dòng) 作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do （接著做另外, 件事）go on doing （按看做同一件 事）try to do （設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing （試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do （打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意識(shí)是，意can' t help to do（不能幫忙做）can' t help doing（忍不住要做）III.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí) 問(wèn)概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encouragehave, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將 發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I heard him call me several times.現(xiàn)在分 詞notice, see, watch, he