【英語(yǔ)】高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解(科普環(huán)保)常見(jiàn)題型及答題技巧及練習(xí)題(含答案)

1、【英語(yǔ)】高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解（科普環(huán)保）常見(jiàn)題型及答題技巧及練習(xí)題（含答案）一、高中英語(yǔ)閱讀理解科普環(huán)保類1 .薜薜閱讀理解Wolves strike fear into the hearts of many species, humans included. Our fear of them has brought them to the edge of dying out, as we have cruelly killed them as competitors and trouble-makers. But researchers are discovering that the very

2、 fear they put into prey （被捕食 者）species is exactly what helps make ecosystems （生態(tài)） healthy.Yellowstone National Park is a typical example of just how wolves can help repair an ecosystem. An October 2018 study analyzed 40 years of research on large animals inside the park."Yellowstone has benefi

3、ted from the reintroduction of wolves in ways that we did not anticipate, especially the complexity of biological interactions （互動(dòng)）in the park," explainedMark Boyce, a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences." We were really surprised at that and we'd never have seen these r

4、esponses if the park hadn't adopted ecological-process management allowing natural ecological processes to take place with least human intervention."After the wolves were re-introduced at Yellowstone, willow and cottonwood trees increased in number. The population of bears and bison also ro

5、se and what was once a ruling deer-wolf interaction is now more diverse.To learn more about just how wolves are beneficial, a short documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolves influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healt

6、hy. In this documentary, biologist Aaron Wirsing explored why wolves and other top predators（捕食者） were needed for diverse ecosystems todevelop. Using a simple video camera, Wirsing is gaining a unique view point on predator-prey relationships and changing the way we think about wolves.The research i

7、s one more piece of evidence for why protecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but for hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem. The fear they bring along may be the very angle that helps save them from dying out.（1） What does the underlined word "a

8、nticipate" in paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Expect.B. Understand.C. Notice.D. Accept.（2） For what purpose was a documentary made?A. To introduce how wolves behave in the wild.B. To show how wolves benefit from ecosystems.C. To record how Aaron Wirsing observed wolves.D. To study what good wolves

9、 can do to ecosystems.（3） What is the significance of the research?A. It proves wolves feed on hundreds of species.B. It helps prove the importance of protecting wolves.C. It shows the complex relationships between species.D. It provides evidence that wolves are endangered animals.（4） What is the ma

10、in idea of the passage?A. The fear of wolves is beneficial to ecosystems.B. The fear of wolves put them in danger of disappearing.C. Yellowstone National Park owes its healthy ecosystems to wolves.D. The introduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park is a success.【答案】（ 1 ） A（ 2） D（ 3） B（ 4） A 【

11、解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，研究表明人類以及其他動(dòng)物對(duì)狼的恐懼對(duì)維持健康、平衡的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是有益的，其中黃石公園灰狼的引進(jìn)就是一個(gè)典型的例子。（ 1）考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第三段中的"We were really surprised at that" 可知，黃石公園在意想不到的方面從重新引入狼中獲益。故選A。（ 2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第五段中的“ To learn more about just how wol ves are beneficial, ashort documentary from Quest explains how the presence of wolv

12、es influences the behavior of deer, which eventually makes entire ecosystems more biologically diverse and healthy. 可知，拍 攝紀(jì)錄片的目的是了解狼是如何對(duì)生態(tài)有益的。故選D。（ 3）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的“ The rseearch is one more piece of evidence for whyprotecting these top predators is important not just for wolves as a species, but f

13、or hundreds of species at every level of an ecosystem. 可知，這項(xiàng)研究再次證明了為什么保護(hù)這些食肉動(dòng)物”不僅對(duì)狼這個(gè)物種很重要，而且對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的各個(gè)層面的物種都很重要。故這項(xiàng)研究的意義在于它有助于證明保護(hù)狼的重要性。故選B。（ 4）考查主旨大意。本文主要講述了人類以及其他動(dòng)物對(duì)狼的恐懼對(duì)維持健康、平衡的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是有益的，因?yàn)槭巢輨?dòng)物不會(huì)過(guò)度繁殖，從而保護(hù)了植物的生長(zhǎng)。故選A?！军c(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推 理，概括和歸

14、納，從而選出正確答案。2 犇犇 Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.Escaping predators （食肉動(dòng)物）, digestion and other animal activities including those ofhumans require oxygen. But that essential ingredient is no longer so easy for marine life to obtain, s

15、everal new studies reveal.In the past decade ocean oxygen levels have taken a dive an alarming trend that is linked to climate change, says Andreas Oschlies, an oceanographer at the Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research in Germany, whose team tracks ocean oxygen levels worldwide. "We were surpris

16、ed by the intensity of the changes we saw, how rapidly oxygen is going down in the ocean and how large the effects on marine ecosystems are," he says. It is no surprise to scientists that warming oceans are losing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in so

17、me tropical （熱帶的） regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years,some recent studies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an average loss of 2 percent globally.A warming ocean loses oxygen for two reasons: First, the warmer a liquid becomes, the less

18、 gas it can hold. That is why carbonated drinks go flat faster when left in the sun. Second, as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water above colder, more salty sea waters. This process creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because a

19、ll oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth.Ocean animals large and small, however, respond to even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to

20、 new predators or force them into food-scarce regions. Climate change already poses serious problems for marine life, such as ocean acidification, but deoxygenation is the most pressing issue facing sea animals today, Oschlies says. After all, he says, "they all have to breathe."Aside from

21、 food web problems, animals face various other physiological challenges as their bodies adjust to lower oxygen levels. Chinese shrimp (蝦)move their tails less vigorously to preserve energy in lower oxygen environments. Some creatures, such as jellyfishes, are more tolerant of low oxygen than others

22、are. But all animals will feel the impact of deoxygenation because they all have evolved their oxygen capacity for a reason, says Oschlies. "Any drop in oxygen is going to damage survivability and performance," he says.(1) According to the first two paragraphs, what worries scientists the

23、most?A. The worsening deoxygenation in the warming ocean.B. The survival of predators and various marine animals.C. The alarmingly changeable oxygen levels in the ocean.D. The lack of attention to the warming of tropical oceans.(2) Which of the following is a reason for the oxygen loss in the ocean?

24、A. Polar ice melting consumes much oxygen in the ocean.B. Global warming reduces the amount of oxygen in the air.C. The surface polar ice water prevents oxygen going down.D. Salty water holds less gas in the increasingly warmer ocean.(3) What can be inferred from the passage?A. Ocean deoxygenation c

25、hanges some animals' natural territories.B. Ocean acidification is more serious a problem than deoxygenation.C. Not all ocean animals are bothered by the decreasing oxygen levels.D. Some animals reduce their movements in order to absorb more oxygen.(4) Which of the following is the best title of

26、 the passage?A. The Oxygen Levels of Marine LifeB. Ocean Warming Affects Food WebC. The Survivability of Ocean AnimalsD. The Ocean Is Running Out of Breath【答案】(1) AC(3) A(4) D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，介紹了海洋氧含量下降是一個(gè)與氣候變化有關(guān)的令 人擔(dān)憂的趨勢(shì)。同時(shí)介紹了海洋氧含量下降的原因以及對(duì)海洋生物的影響和對(duì)其生存的威 脅。（ 1）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"It is no surprise t

27、o scientists that warming oceans arelosing oxygen, but the scale of the drop calls for urgent attention. Oxygen levels in some tropical （熱帶的） regions have dropped by an astonishing 40 percent in the last 50 years, some recentstudies reveal. Levels have dropped less significantly elsewhere, with an a

28、verage loss of 2 percent globally."可知，對(duì)于科學(xué)家來(lái)說(shuō)，變暖的海洋正在失去氧氣并不奇怪，但這種下降的規(guī)模 需要緊急關(guān)注。一些最近的研究表明，在過(guò)去的50 年里，一些熱帶地區(qū)的氧氣含量下降了驚人的40%。其他地區(qū)的降幅較小，全球平均降幅為2%。所以根據(jù)前兩段，科學(xué)家最擔(dān)心的是變暖的海洋中日益惡化的脫氧現(xiàn)象。故選A。（ 2）考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的" as polar sea ice melts, it forms a layer of water abovecolder, more salty sea waters. This proc

29、ess creates a sort of lid that can keep currents from mixing surface water down to deeper depths. And because all oxygen enters the surface, less mixing means less of it at depth." 可知，當(dāng)極地海冰融化時(shí)，它會(huì)在更冷、更咸的海水上形成一層水。這個(gè)過(guò)程會(huì)形成一種冰蓋，它可以防止水流將地表水混合到海洋更深的深度。因?yàn)樗械难鯕舛歼M(jìn)入了表面，所以較少的與海洋水的混合意味著更深的海洋含氧量更少。所以表面的極地冰水阻

30、止氧氣下沉是海洋缺氧的原因之一。故選C。（ 3）考查推理判斷。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"Ocean animals large and small, however, respondto even slight changes in oxygen by seeking refuge in higher oxygen zones or by adjusting behavior, Oschlies and others in his field have found. These adjustments can expose animals to new predators or force

31、 them into food-scarce regions." 可知，然而，Oschlies 和他所在領(lǐng)域的其他人發(fā)現(xiàn)，無(wú)論大小，海洋動(dòng)物對(duì)氧氣的微小變化都有反應(yīng)，它們?cè)谳^高的含氧區(qū)尋求庇護(hù)，或是調(diào)整行為。這些調(diào)整可能使動(dòng)物暴露在新的掠食者面前，或迫使它們進(jìn)入食物匱乏的地區(qū)。所以海洋中氧含量減少迫使動(dòng)物離開(kāi)自己的棲息地，去氧氣含量較高的地區(qū)尋求庇護(hù)。故判斷出海洋脫氧改變了一些動(dòng)物的自然領(lǐng)地。故選A。（ 4）考查主旨大意。通讀全文可知，短文說(shuō)明了海洋氧含量下降是一個(gè)與氣候變化有關(guān)的令人擔(dān)憂的趨勢(shì)，海洋氧含量下降的原因以及對(duì)海洋生物的影響和對(duì)其生存的威脅。所以短文主要是圍繞著海洋氧含量

32、下降而展開(kāi)的。故短文的最佳標(biāo)題為"海洋快喘不過(guò)氣來(lái)了" 符合題意。故選D。【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，推理判斷和主旨大意三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇環(huán)保類閱讀，要求考生在捕捉細(xì)節(jié)信息的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行分析，推理，概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。3 閱讀理解Experts note that an unhealthy lifestyle can put you at great risk of heart disease and stroke. So doctors urge us to eat healthy foods, get exercise, st

33、op smoking and limit our alcohol intake. But there is something else you can do. And it is free and easy. Smile!Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart. "When we smile, the brain wiring changes. T

34、he chemicals that are released are more positive." He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emotional stress and its sometimes harmful effects on human health. This is not just New Age advice. Several studies support his opinion.When you feel stressed or under pressure, your b

35、ody releases many natural hormones （ 荷爾蒙 ） including adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure. Cortisol is the body's main stress hormone. It increases sugar in the bloodstream. If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you. They are part of what

36、 we call our fight-or-flight response.However, when we are stressed for a long period, these stress hormones are ever-present in our bodies. And that, medical researchers warn, may lead to health problems.Researchers say the connection between stress and heart disease is still unclear. However, they

37、 claim that when people are stressed for long periods of time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead to health problems.Dr. Chockalingam says a smile may be one way to help. He tells his patients to smile 20 times an hour. To some, that might seem like a lot of smiling. Or some might

38、even feel foolish . smiling for seemingly no reason. But a smile does not involve drugs. It is not invasive like a surgical operation. It is free and it has no bad side effects."Once people smile, they are relaxing. This relaxation directly lowers blood pressure, improves sugar levels in the bl

39、ood. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health." And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health.（ 1 ） Which of the following agrees with Dr. Chockalingam's opinion?A.Smile has the same effects as laughter.B.Smile can be used to

40、take the place of medicine.C.Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle to health.D.Smile can make our body produce beneficial chemicals.（ 2） What can we know about the mentioned stress hormones?A.They can lower our blood pressure.B.They will surely lead to heart diseases.C.They can benefit us when

41、we are in danger.D.They will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.（ 3） Why does Dr. Chockalingam think smiling is helpful to our health?A.It can make us relax.B.It increases sugar levels.C.It has little bad side effects.D.It can happen for no reason.（ 4） What can be the best title for the text?A.A Th

42、orough Analysis of the Causes of Heart DiseasesB.One Thing You Can Do Right Now to Help Your HeartC.One Thing That Is Closely Connected with Stress HormonesD.The Clear Connection Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases【答案】(1) DC(3) A(4) B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，哥倫比亞的心臟病專家Chockalingam博士建議多保持微笑，他認(rèn)為微笑

43、可能是幫助心臟的一種方式。同時(shí)說(shuō)明了微笑有利于健康的原因和人 們感到壓力時(shí)的身體反應(yīng)等情況。(1)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第二段中的"When we smile, the brain wiring changes. Thechemicals that are released are more positive.當(dāng)我們微笑時(shí)；大腦的線路會(huì)發(fā)生變化。釋放出的化學(xué)物質(zhì)更積極?？芍?Chockalingam博士認(rèn)為微笑能使我們的身體產(chǎn)生有益的化學(xué) 物質(zhì)。故選D。(2)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)第三段中的"Ilyou are truly in danger, these hormones ca

44、n helpyou.如果你真的有危險(xiǎn)，這些荷爾蒙會(huì)幫助你?？芍?dāng)我們處于危險(xiǎn)中時(shí)，壓力荷爾蒙 可以幫助我們。故選Co(3)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)最后一段中的"If we are smiling, we are breaking that link betweenstress and health. And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyone's heart health. 如 果我們微笑，我們就打破了壓力和健康之間的聯(lián)系。而且它可能會(huì)為每個(gè)人的心臟健康提 供一點(diǎn)額外的保護(hù)?？芍?， Chockalin

45、gam博士認(rèn)為微笑可以使我們放松，從而有利于我們 的健康。故選Ao(4)考查主旨大意。根據(jù)第二段中的“Dr.Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist inColumbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart. 哥倫 比亞的心臟病專家Chockalingam博士建議他的病人保持微笑。他說(shuō)，微笑可能是幫助心臟的一種方式。以及結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容主要介紹了微笑能夠讓我們放松進(jìn)而有利于我們的健康， 所以要健康那就要多微笑，所以選Bo【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題

46、考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解和主旨大意兩個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科研類閱讀，考生需 要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，進(jìn)行概括和歸納，從而選出正確答案。4.閱讀理解In 2015, a man named Nigel Richards memorized 386, 000 words in the entire French Scrabble Dictionary in just nine weeks. However, he does not speak French. Richards' impressive feat is a useful example to show how ar

47、tificial intelligence works real AI. Both of Richard and AI take in massive amounts of data to achieve goals with unlimited memory and superman accuracy in a certain field.The potential applications for AI are extremely exciting. Because AI can outperform humans at routine tasks provided the task is

48、 in one field with a lot of datait is technically capable of replacing hundreds of millions of white and blue collar jobs in the next 15 years or so.But not every job will be replaced by AI. In fact four types of jobs are not at risk at all. First, there are creative jobs. AI needs to be given a goa

49、l to optimize. It cannot invent, like scientists, novelists and artists can. Second, the complex, strategic jobs executives, diplomats, economists-go well beyond the AI limitation of single-field and Big Data. Then there are the as-yet- unknown jobs that will be created by AI.Are you worried that th

50、ese three types of jobs won't employ as many people as AI will replace?Not to worry, as the fourth type is much larger: jobs where emotions are needed, such as teachers, nannies and doctors. These jobs require compassion, trust and sympathywhich AI does not have. And even if AI tried to fake it,

51、 nobody would want a robot telling them they have cancer, or a robot to babysit their children.So there will still be jobs in the age of AI. The key then must be retraining the workforce so people can do them. This must be the responsibility not just of the government, which can provide funds, but a

52、lso of corporations and those who benefit most.11) What is the main purpose of paragraph 1?A. To introduce the topic.B. To mention Nigel's feat.C. To stress the importance of good memory.D. To suggest humans go beyond AI in memory.(2) Which of the following best explains "outperform" u

53、nderlined in paragraph 2?A. Be superior toB. Be inferior toC. Be similar toD. Be related to(3) Which of the following jobs is the most likely to be replaced?A. The writer. B. The shop assistant. C. The babysitter. D. The psychologist.(4) Which of the following suggestions can the author give about j

54、ob replacement of AI?A. Limit the application of AI to a certain degree.B. Get more support from the government.C. Apply for the donation from companies.D. Upgrade people's professional skills all the time.【答案】(1) AA(3) B(4) D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文，人工智能有取代人類工作的潛力，但是，并非所有工作都會(huì)被人工智能取代，有四種類型的工作完全沒(méi)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此，在

55、人工智能時(shí)代人類仍然會(huì)有工作，關(guān)鍵必須是對(duì)勞動(dòng)力進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn)，這樣人們才能從事這些工作。(1)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)第一段可知一個(gè)名叫奈杰爾 理查茲(Nigel Richards)的人在短 短九周內(nèi)記住了法國(guó)拼字游戲詞典中的 386,000個(gè)單詞。但是，他不會(huì)說(shuō)法語(yǔ)。其展示 了人工智能是如何工作的。而后文主要與人工智能有關(guān)，由此推斷作者寫第一段的目的是引出人工智能這個(gè)話題。故選A。(2)考查詞義猜測(cè)。根據(jù)第二段中的 "Because AI can outperform humans at routine tasks provided the task is in one field wit

56、h a lot of data 可知 AI 可以在日常任務(wù)中outperform 人類(前提是該任務(wù)在一個(gè)涉及到大量數(shù)據(jù)的領(lǐng)域中；以及aitis technically capable of replacinghundreds of millions of white and blue collar jobs in the next 15 years or so.可知從技術(shù)上講 ，人 工智能具有在未來(lái)大約 15年里取代成千上萬(wàn)的白領(lǐng)和藍(lán)領(lǐng)工作的能力。結(jié)合下文推斷人工智能能夠具有取代人類的工作是因?yàn)锳I在日常任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)超過(guò)了人類，劃線詞的意思是“勝過(guò),超過(guò)"，故選A。(3)考查細(xì)節(jié)理解

57、。根據(jù)第三段中的"First,there are creative jobs. AI needs to be given agoal to optimize. It cannot invent, like scientists, novelists and artists can. 可知四種類型的工作 完全沒(méi)有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。首先，有創(chuàng)造性的工作。人工智能不可能像科學(xué)家，小說(shuō)家和藝術(shù)家那樣進(jìn)行發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。也就是作家和科學(xué)家不會(huì)被取代。排除 A；再根據(jù)第四段中的“as the fourth typeis much larger: jobs where emotions are needed, su

58、ch as teachers, nann ies and doctors. 可知需 要情感白工作，例如老師，保姆和醫(yī)生也不大可能被取代，因此排除C和Do故選Bo(4)考查推理判斷。根據(jù)最后一段中的"Sohere will still be jobs in the age of AI. The keythen must be retraining the workforce so people can do them.可知作者認(rèn)為在“ AI 時(shí)代仍然會(huì)有工作，關(guān)鍵必須是對(duì)勞動(dòng)力進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn)，這樣人們才能從事這些工作。進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)是為了得到 專業(yè)技能，由此推斷作者會(huì)給出一直提升人們的專業(yè)技能的

59、建議，故選Do【點(diǎn)評(píng)】本題考點(diǎn)涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解，詞義猜測(cè)和推理判斷三個(gè)題型的考查，是一篇科技類閱 讀，考生需要準(zhǔn)確掌握細(xì)節(jié)信息，并根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行邏輯推理，從而選出正確答案。5.閱讀理解It has been discovered that after the age of sixteen, the number of our brain cells begins to decrease at a speed of several million a year. They simply die off. In certain types of activity, the human brain is at its highest point in the early twenties, when it has coll