高考英語語法精講精練精析-主謂一致

1、專題十二主 謂 一 致謂語受主語支配，須和主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這被稱為主謂一致。但是如果主語不是單一的，或主語名詞的數(shù)比較特殊時，其主謂一致一般要根據(jù)語法一致遵循三條原則：語法一致原則，意義一致原則和鄰近一致原則。一、語法一致原則一般來說，語法形式是單數(shù)的主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；語法形式是復(fù)數(shù)的主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The number of errors was surprising. 錯誤之多是驚人的。They often play football on the playground. 他們經(jīng)常在操場上踢足球。 二、意義一致原則主、謂語的一致不是根據(jù)其外部語法形態(tài)來決定，而是

2、取決于主語所表達(dá)的內(nèi)在含義。主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但在意義上卻為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞應(yīng)采用復(fù)數(shù)形式；主語形式雖為復(fù)數(shù)，但在意義上視為單數(shù)，謂語動詞應(yīng)采用單數(shù)形式。The crowd were fighting for their lives. 這些人正為生存而戰(zhàn)斗。Three years in a strange land seems like a long time. 在異鄉(xiāng)生活的三年，仿佛是很長的時間。(一)謂語動詞為單數(shù)的情況 1由and 連接的并列成分指的是同一概念，兼具身份或匹配出現(xiàn)。The worker and writer is from Wuhan. 那個工人兼作家來自武漢。比較：The

3、 worker and the writer are from Beijing. 那位工人和那位作家來自北京。Bread and butter is a daily food in the West. 黃油面包是西方的日常飲食。2every.and (every).，each.and (each)., no.and (no)., many a.and (many a).連接兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語。 Every desk and every chair is made of wood. 桌子和椅子都是木頭做的。Many a student has been to Shanghai. 許多學(xué)生到過上海

4、。3one / every one / each / either / the numberof 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語。 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每個男孩和女孩都有一個座位。 Every man and every woman is at work. 每個男人和女人都在工作。 4clothing, furniture, traffic, jewellery, baggage, equipment, luggage 等無生命的集合名詞作主語。 Clothing is badly needed in this flooded area. 洪水災(zāi)區(qū)急需

5、衣物。5以“s”結(jié)尾的詞，但表示學(xué)科、國家、機(jī)構(gòu)、書籍、報刊等名稱作主語。6表示時間、距離、金錢、等復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，表達(dá)一個整體概念時。 Twenty years has passed since he left his hometown. 他離開家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)二十年了。7由any， some， no和one, thing, body等所構(gòu)成的不定代詞作主語。 8非謂語動詞、名詞性從句作主語。 Collecting stamps is what he likes. 他很喜歡集郵。9單數(shù)名詞、抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞作主語。(二)謂語動詞為復(fù)數(shù)的情況 1由and 連接的兩個并列成分表示兩個不同的概念。 Bo

6、th bread and butter are sold out. 面包和黃油都已賣完了。2people, police, cattle 等有生命的集體名詞作主語。 The police are looking for the missing child. 警察正在尋找失蹤的孩子。3goods, stairs, arms 等名詞作主語。 4由山脈、群島、瀑布、運(yùn)動會等“s”結(jié)尾的專有名詞作主語。 The Olympic Games are held once every four years. 奧運(yùn)會每四年舉辦一次。5a number of / quantities of / a group

7、of 名詞作主語。(三)謂語動詞單、復(fù)數(shù)視情況而定1class, family, army, team, club, population, enemy, party, crowd, crew, audience, public, government等集體名詞作主語。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體用單數(shù)，指各個成員用復(fù)數(shù)。His family is a great one. / His family are music lovers. 他有個大家庭。/ 他的家人都喜歡音樂。2means (方法), works (工廠), pains (辛苦), series (系列), species (物種)等詞，根據(jù)主語表達(dá)

8、的概念而定。Not every means is useful. / Not all means are useful. 并非每種方法都有效。/并非所有的方法都有效。3all, none, some, any 等不定代詞作主語，根據(jù)其指代的內(nèi)容而定。All are present. / All the food tastes good. 所有人都在場。/這些東西嘗起來都很好。4“half / most / enough / part / the rest / the last / lots / plenty /分?jǐn)?shù)/ 百分?jǐn)?shù) of 名詞”作主語， 謂語動詞要和of之后的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致。H

9、alf of the students have finished their composition. / Half of the apple is bad. 一半學(xué)生完成了作文。/這蘋果一半都壞了。三、就近原則 謂語動詞根據(jù)和它最鄰近的名詞或代詞或其他詞的數(shù)的形式來決定其自身的數(shù)的形式。1由or, either.or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等連接的并列主語，謂語動詞常和靠近的作主語的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一致。 Not only he but also I am invited. 我和他都受邀請了。Neither the children nor the

10、 teacher knows anything about it. 學(xué)生和老師都對此一無所知。但注意“with / along with / together with / including / but / except / like / among / as well as / no more than / besides / rather than 名詞”置于主語后，謂語和前面的名詞在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一致。The teacher with a number of students is in the classroom. 學(xué)生們和一位老師在教室呢。2在由there或here引起的句子及倒裝句

11、中。There is a pen and two books on the desk. 桌子上有一支筆和兩本書。There are two books, some paper and a pen on the desk. 桌子上有兩本書，一些紙和一支鋼筆。四、其他注意事項肯定與否定一致：下列形容詞、副詞、代詞從肯定句變成否定句時須作相應(yīng)的變化。We've had some (money). We haven't had any (money)I was talking to someone. I wasn't talking to anyone.They sometim

12、es visit us. They rarely (never, seldom) visit us.He has arrived already. He hasn't arrived yet.Li is coming too. Li isn't coming either.Both of us are going. Neither of us are going.He likes both of them. He doesn't like either of them.so / neither助動詞名詞/代詞結(jié)構(gòu)中須用倒裝語序。My wife likes classic

13、al music very much and so do I.She doesn't like jazz and neither do I.分析近五年來的高考題可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，高考對主謂一致的考查幾乎每年都有所涉及，但題量不大，其因為是這項語法用法比較固定、單純，要理清主謂一致的“三大原則”，記住這些用法就能很好地把這項語法學(xué)會；當(dāng)然高考命題多以特殊點(diǎn)為切入點(diǎn)，要注意三大原則里邊的一些變化。尤其注意：主語從句作主語時謂語的確定；主語as well as, with, together with, along with, rather than, but, except, besides等詞時

14、的主謂一致；定語從句中謂語動詞的數(shù)與定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞的數(shù)保持一致。高考真題探究（20062011年）【2011安徽卷）27】The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which _ saved for other purposes.A. is B. are C. was D. were 【答案】D【考點(diǎn)】考查主謂一致和時態(tài)。【解析】定語從句中先行詞是the raw materials，故定語從句應(yīng)與先行詞數(shù)的一致，用復(fù)數(shù)，上文時態(tài)為過去式，故選D。句意為：工廠用了這種原材料的65%，剩余部分節(jié)省出來作他

15、用?！?011湖南卷)26】One third of the country _covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people. A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is【答案】A【考點(diǎn)】考查主謂一致?！窘馕觥空麄€國家為整體，三分之一的部分當(dāng)然也應(yīng)用單數(shù)；而the majority of citizens主要指人，是可數(shù)名詞，此時的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，表示“大多數(shù)，大部分”。10全國Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only

16、 one of the women who _ evening dress.A.wear B.wears C.has worn D.have worn答案B考點(diǎn)考查主謂一致和時態(tài)。解析首先the only one of .為先行詞時, 定語從句修飾的是one, 即one是主語, 而非后面的復(fù)數(shù)women, 根據(jù)主謂一致的原則, 謂語動詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù), 排除A, D。另外, 從 “is”可以看出句子是要表示一種習(xí)慣, 因此要用一般現(xiàn)在時, 排除C, 故選A10湖南Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some

17、 teenagers.A. is B. are C. has D. have答案C考點(diǎn)主謂一致解析根據(jù)動名詞短語作主語, 句子的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式, 由此排除B、D兩項, 根據(jù)主語與caused的主動關(guān)系, 排除A項10四川Such poets as Shakespeare widely read, of whose works, however, some difficult to understand. A. are；are B. is；is C. are；is D. is：are答案A考點(diǎn)考查主謂一致。解析主句中的主語應(yīng)為poets, 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù), 其后的非限制性定語從句的主語應(yīng)為s

18、ome of whose works, 謂語動詞也應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)。故選A。09山東The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been 答案C考點(diǎn)本題考查主謂一致和時態(tài)。解析主語是 the number故謂語動詞用單數(shù), 又因時間狀語是since 1997所以用完成時態(tài)。09四川The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading S

19、kills that _ newly published in America. A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was 答案B考點(diǎn)考查主謂一致。解析A together with B作主語時謂語動詞與A的單復(fù)數(shù)保持一致；第二空為定語從句that指代Reading Skills, 由于Reading Skills是書名所以謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 09湖南Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.A. are B. is C. h

20、ave D. be答案B考點(diǎn)主謂一致的用法。解析Either or. 連接兩個主語, 按就近原則來確定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)。One of your students 謂語應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。09陜西Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, visit Beijing this summer.A. is going to B. are going to C. was going to D. were going to答案A考點(diǎn)考查動詞時態(tài)和主謂一致。解析主語中心詞是Dr. Smith, 表單數(shù), 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；時間狀語是this summer, 表

21、計劃性的將來, 故時態(tài)用一般將來時, 選A。09江西According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer _ a woman. A. than B. such C. so D. as 答案D考點(diǎn)本題考查比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。解析as . as , 注意句中的more than 只是修飾twice。09遼寧Peters jacket looked just the same as Jacks, but it cost his. A. as much twice as B. twice as mu

22、ch as C. much as twice as D. as twice much as 答案B考點(diǎn)考查as-as同級比較前的修飾語位置。解析twice應(yīng)該放在第一個as之前, 選B符合。08陜西Did you go to the show last night?Yeah.Every boy and girl in the areainvited.A.were B.have been C.has been D.was答案D考點(diǎn)本題考查主謂一致。解析主語是every boy and girl, 表示單數(shù)概念, 故謂語動詞用單數(shù), 且詢問昨晚的情況, 有明確的過去時間, 所以應(yīng)選擇was。07江

23、西A survey of the opinions of expertsthat three hours of outdoor exercise a week good for ones health.A.show; are B.shows; is C.show; is D.shows; are答案B考點(diǎn)本題考查主謂一致。解析由a survey可知第一個空用shows, 首先排除A、C兩項；第二個空前的時間three hours of outdoor exercise a week表示抽象概念, 看作單數(shù), 故其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。07湖南We live day by day, but in

24、the great things, the time of days and weeksso small that a day is unimportant.A.is B.are C.has been D.have been答案A考點(diǎn)本題考查主謂一致。解析句意為:幾天和幾周的時間是如此的渺小, 以致于一天根本微不足道。本句用來陳述事實, 用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)；空白處所在句子的主語是the time, 謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。07陜西As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area.A.need repai

25、ringB.needs to repairC.needs repairingD.need to repair答案A考點(diǎn)本題考查主謂一致和非謂語動詞。解析分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)修飾名詞, 謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于名詞, 此處two-thirds修飾buildings, 故謂語動詞取決于名詞復(fù)數(shù)buildings , 排除B、C兩項, need doing=need to be done意為 “需要被做”。07上海A survey of the opinions of experts that three hours of outdoor exercise a week good for ones healt

26、h. A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are答案B考點(diǎn)本題考查主謂一致。解析由a survey可知第一個空用shows, 首先排除A、C兩項；第二個空前的時間three hours of outdoor exercise a week表示抽象概念, 看作單數(shù), 故其謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。07浙江Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _ yet. A. hasnt been decided B. havent

27、decided C. isnt being decided D. arent decided答案A考點(diǎn)本題考查主謂一致及動詞的時態(tài)。解析根據(jù)句意, 此處應(yīng)用被動語態(tài), 不用主動語態(tài), 故排除B；又因為when and where表示單數(shù)意義, 故排除D；再根據(jù)句末的yet可知, 最好用現(xiàn)在完成時, 故選A最佳。07浙江It is reported that the floods have left aboutpeople homeless.A.two thousandB.two-thousandsC.two thousandsD.two thousands of答案A考點(diǎn)本題考查數(shù)詞的用法。解

28、析hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score等指具體數(shù)字時, 不用復(fù)數(shù)形式；指大約數(shù)字時, 常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：one hundred, two thousand, three million, hundreds/thousands/millions/billions/dozens/scores of。06北京She went to the bookstore and bought.A.dozen booksB.dozens booksC.dozen of booksD.dozens of books答案D考點(diǎn)本題考查dozen的用法。解析

29、dozen意為 “一打, 十二個”, 與數(shù)詞連用時要用單數(shù)形式。與of連用時要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。dozens of意為 “若干, 許許多多”。dozen與數(shù)詞或many, several連用時其后不加s；dozen前有基數(shù)詞表示確切數(shù)字時, 其后一般不與of連用。06浙江The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-thirdused regularly.Now we have 60 working all day long.A.is B.are C.was D.were答案D考點(diǎn)本題考查主謂一致及動詞的時態(tài)。解析當(dāng)分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)作主

30、語時, 要根據(jù)其后面的名詞來決定其謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。此處one-third應(yīng)是one-third of the notebook computers的省略形式, 因此謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù), 且句子的時態(tài)用了過去時, 所以D項正確。06安徽Most of what has been said about the Smithsalso true of the Johnsons.A.are B.is C.being D.to be答案B考點(diǎn)此題考查主謂一致的用法。解析名詞性從句作主語時謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。另外句中be true of意為 “對也適應(yīng)”。06江蘇A poet and artist comin

31、g to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.A.is B.are C.was D.were答案A考點(diǎn)此題考查主謂一致的用法。解析由時間狀語 “tomorrow afternoon”判斷, 此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來, 故排除C、D兩項。 “a poet and artist”指一位詩人兼畫家, 謂語動詞用單數(shù), 故選A項。06遼寧The father as well as his three children _ skating on the frozen river every Sunday

32、 afternoon in winter. A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going答案C考點(diǎn)此題考查主謂一致的用法。解析從語法講解的角度來看, 主語The father是單數(shù)概念, 盡管后面跟有as well as his three children,謂語動詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。every Sunday afternoon in winter暗示該空表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動作, 因此應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。從命題方式的角度看, 此題學(xué)生易弄混淆主語為his three children而出錯, 在主語后添加his three children容易誤導(dǎo)學(xué)生對主語的判斷。模

33、擬試題探究1(2010浙江慈溪中學(xué)月考)The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as _ its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans. Ahas Bdo Cis Dare【答案與解析】Das后引導(dǎo)的句子主語為“its soil and water of its lakes, rivers and oceans”故須用復(fù)數(shù)，又因as前的句子用的是動詞is，可以推出應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。2(2010河南駐馬店高中摸底考試)Either you or one of your students _

34、to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.Aare Bis Chave Dbe【答案與解析】Beither.or.句型中動詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式采取就近原則。 3(2010湖南瀏陽一中月考)Several department stores, including the one we usually go to, _ sidewalk sales this week.Let's go and have a look.Ais having Bare havingChas Dhave had【答案與解析】Bincluding the one we usua

35、lly go to 是插入語，句子真正的主語為several department stores, 故動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，且對話時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時。4(2010江西九江一中月考)Butter and bread _ their daily food, but the bread and the butter _ up now.Ais; is eatenBare; have been eatenCare; are eatenDis; have been eaten【答案與解析】D句子前半句將butter and bread 看做一個整體，意為“黃油面包”，故第1空用is；后半句由于bread與but

36、ter前均加了定冠詞the，故應(yīng)看做兩個個體，且由后文up now的提示，應(yīng)用一般完成時。5(2010遼寧撫順一中月考)An average of 200 letters a week _ received by the newspaper's offer. Such _ the case with us at present.Aare; is Bhas been; has been Chave been; is Dis; ar【答案與解析】A第1句的主語為an average of 200 letters，故謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；第2句中such指代的是每周平均收到200封信這個事實，

37、故謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。且文中時態(tài)并沒有過去時作為參照，故應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時。6(2010江蘇揚(yáng)州中學(xué)月考)Britain _ many other industrialized countries, _ major changes over the last 100 years. Atogether with; have experienced Bas well as; have experiencedCin common with; has experiencedDinstead of; has experienced【答案與解析】Cin common with“和一樣”，與其后的名詞是插入語

38、，真正的主語為Britain, 故其后的謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。together with與as well as雖意義也符合，但和in common with一樣，也只能作插入語，所以其后的謂語動詞也應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，故排除A、B兩項，D項instead of 與題意不符。7(2010吉林實驗中學(xué)一模)We all feel it is Jack as well as his wife that _ for their son's bad behaviour at school. Aare to blame Bis to be blamed Care to be blamed Dis to

39、blame【答案與解析】Dthat引導(dǎo)主語從句，指代上文中的主語，而前半句的實際為Jack as well as his wife為插入語，故謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式，而blame用法為主動形式表被動含義。8(2010吉林東北師大附中摸底)We'd like a double room, please.I'm sorry, but all but two single rooms with sea view _.Ahave been reservedBhas been reservedCwere reserved Dhas reserved【答案與解析】A答句的主語為all指代roo

40、ms，故謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，且all與reserve之間為動賓關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。 9(2010江西師大附中月考)So far a series of problems _ brought about by this decision.Ahave Bhas Chave been Dhas been【答案與解析】D由于problems前加了a series of，故主語為單數(shù)，謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式，由于bring與the decision之間為動賓關(guān)系。10(2010山西太原五中月考)The sheep farmer used their dog to _ the cattle that _ eating the grass here and there.Adrive up; was Bpick up; wereCround up; was Dround up; were【答案與解析】Ddrive up “使上升”；