(完整版)2019年考研英語二—語法講義

1、定語從句（上）一、定語從句的概念 什么是定語從句？例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.用來修飾前面的名詞或者代詞的具有完整的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子就叫著定語從句。 有兩 個(gè)必備的基本元素。一個(gè)是先行詞；一個(gè)是關(guān)系詞。1.名詞或代詞做先行詞。例： He laughs best who laughs last.2. 短語做先行詞。 Many of life 's problems which were solved by asking family members,

2、 friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.3. 用句子做先行詞。 The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.I am a student which

3、you all know.當(dāng)先行詞與關(guān)系詞被割裂時(shí)是如何表現(xiàn)的。如： Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might - surprise! - fall off.找先行詞的方法。反證法。把它帶進(jìn)去。哪一個(gè)是通順的，哪一個(gè)就是先行詞。1. 翻譯定語從句。2. 結(jié)合先行詞的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和位置特征在關(guān)系詞之前尋找與定語從句的意思的有邏 輯關(guān)系相符合的詞。定語從句（下）二、定語從句里面的關(guān)系代詞的用法。1.常用的關(guān)系代詞： which, that, who,

4、 whom 。 Whom 現(xiàn)在用的很少。前面有介詞 只能用 which ，不能用 that 。2. 關(guān)系代詞在考試中的特殊情況。What :1） 它是子母同體。相當(dāng)于一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞以及一個(gè)先行詞。What 前面不應(yīng)該在出現(xiàn)先行詞。如果前面已經(jīng)偶一個(gè)關(guān)系詞，就不能用what來引導(dǎo)。例如：You can haveeverything what you like. what=all that, 所以這兒不能用 what.All-is a continuous supplying of the basic necessities of lifeA. what is the needB. the thin

5、gs needC. for our needsD. that is need2) what單獨(dú)使用，后面不加名詞。例如： She is not what she used to be.3) what后面加名詞例如： What money I have has been given to you.1997 年考題： he knows about it is out of date and in accurateA. What littleB. So muchC. How muchD. So littleas1. like2. 作為3. whe n4. 弓I導(dǎo)定語從句。即可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可

6、以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句一般式固定用法。如as-as, such-asas引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句例如：I was a boy which you know. which 可以用 as 替換。As is so ofte n poin ted out kno wledge is a two edge weap on which can be used equally for good or evil.as引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句考試中往往考固定搭配。例如： Such a student as works hard were be sure to succeed.tha n作為關(guān)系代詞可以

7、引導(dǎo)定語從句More families con sist of one pare nt households or two work ing pare nts;con seque ntly, childre n are likely to have less supervisi on at home was com mon in the traditional family structure .A.thanB.that C.which D.as特點(diǎn)：1) than 作為關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)詞在從句中一般必須做主語或者作賓語。2) than 前面的主句必須要有比較級3) 比較級所修飾的名詞就是 tha

8、n 指代的對象三、關(guān)系副詞When 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。1)先行詞必須是表示時(shí)間的名詞。Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers 'misfortunes.2) 如何區(qū)分 when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句和狀語從句。用句子表示狀語就是狀語從句。例 如： When I go to school, I will work hard.從兩方面區(qū)分：When 引導(dǎo)的定語從句前一定有表示時(shí)間的名詞； When 引導(dǎo)

9、的狀語語從句前沒有 有表示時(shí)間的名詞。從翻譯的角度看如果是引導(dǎo)的定語從句可以不翻譯。 如果是狀語從句就必須翻譯成 當(dāng)時(shí)候。When=on whichWherewhere=in whichwhere 引導(dǎo)的從句先行詞必須是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。例如：I was born in Beijing where the Olympic games will be held.先行詞表示地點(diǎn) ,不一定用 where 來引導(dǎo)。例如：I have never been to Beijing ,but it 'sthe place _.A. where I 'dlike to visitB. in wh

10、ich I 'd like to visitC. I most want to visitD. thar I want to visit it most名詞從句講五個(gè)問題：一、名詞從句的本質(zhì)。1. 概念：就是把一個(gè)完整的句子當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞來使用。那么從句就具備了名詞所具備的 所有性質(zhì)。主語、賓語、表語、同位語。2. 引導(dǎo)名詞從句常用的連詞。有三類：1 )that; 2)whether,if; 3)when,where ,how等連接副詞或 what,who,whose 等連接代詞。That 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句不能做任何句子成分。 what 一定在從句中充當(dāng)主語或者賓 語。 Which 和 w

11、hose 后面必須接名詞。例如：Concerns were raised _witness might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.A. what B.when C.which D.that3) 多重的名詞從句現(xiàn)象。例如：I realized that what I said was not exactly what meant to say.考題： Prof. Lee's book will show you can be used in other cont

12、exts.A that you have observedB that how you have observedC how that you have observedD how what you have observed二、名詞從句中的主語從句主語從句有如下幾種表示方式：1.用 which, that 放在句首引導(dǎo)主語從句。例如：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.3.用 it is +ved+that 例如：It is believed that you are good boy.3. 用 whethe

13、r 引導(dǎo)主語從句。例如：Whether the eyes are the windows of the soul is debatable.三、賓語從句需要掌握的幾點(diǎn)：及物動(dòng)詞后面的賓語從句。2005年例句：Do you remember all those years whe n scie ntists argued that smok ing would kill us?四、表語從句就是一句話做另一個(gè)句子的表語。就是把從句放在系動(dòng)詞的后面。1997年例句：A report consistently brought back by visits to the US is how friend

14、ly, cautious and hopeful most America ns were to them.五、同位語從句就是用來補(bǔ)充說明同位語的名詞成分的句子。結(jié)構(gòu)是：名詞 +that+從句。同位語從句與賓語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：引導(dǎo)賓語從句和定語從句的的that, which可以省略，而引導(dǎo)同位語從句的 that不能省略。定語從句中的that必須在從句中扮演 主語或者賓語。同位語從句的 that不扮演任何成分。例如：There is a popular say ing that family in stability causes social in stability.that 不做句子

15、成分。狀語從句（上）第三講 狀語從句（上）一、狀語從句的本質(zhì)。就是用一個(gè)句子來作另外一個(gè)句子的狀語。狀語從句的分類：時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語、目的狀語、條件狀語、讓步狀語、比較狀語、方式狀語。2005年例句Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,_ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.A. whe n B. since C. for D. whereas難點(diǎn)：1.When?？嫉木湫停篐ard

16、ly when; when it comes that; when it comes to ;1991年例句:to speak when the audience interrupted him.A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner hardly had he begunC. Not until he begin D. Scarcely had he begin1998 年例句：Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true i

17、t comes to classroom tests.A. before B. as C since D. when2. 地點(diǎn)狀語從句Where 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語一般總是放在主句的后面。例如：A driver should slower down where there are schools.3. 原因狀語從句Si nee從起；因?yàn)?比較特殊的連詞： in that 因?yàn)榈囊馑?。例句?The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling.Now that 因?yàn)?；given that 4. 目的狀語從句les

18、t唯恐，害怕；for fear當(dāng)心，害怕引導(dǎo)的是虛擬語氣。謂語是 should +動(dòng)詞原 形。 should 常省略。5. 結(jié)果狀語從句 有兩種引導(dǎo)法 so -that; so that; such - that; such that 2001 年例句： Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much timelistening and being talked to it has all but lost the will and the skill to speak foritself.A. as B. which

19、C. that D. what把so-that; so that; such that; such that中的so或such放在句首形成倒裝句。例 如：So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine it'sspeed.to the exte nt (that)表示結(jié)果to some extent 表示在之內(nèi)。在某種程度上6. 條件狀語從句 用uni ess ; if引導(dǎo)難點(diǎn)：only if ; if onlyonly if是“只有”的意思；if only是“只要”意思。2000年例句：He can c

20、on ti nue to support himself and his family _ he produces a surplus.A. only if B. much asCong before D. ever since要記?。?supposing (that);provided (that);on condition that 例如： He will surely finished job on timehe has left to do it in his own way.A. i n thatB.i n case C.as far as D.so long as狀語從句（下）7.

21、 讓步狀語從句 although; though; eve n if; eve n though1997 年例句： _ its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly beco ming a n ati on of part timers and temporary workers.A. Eve n though thatB. Now thatC. If onlyD. Provided2004年例句：All committing a criminal established.these con diti ons tend to

22、in crease the probability of a child act, adirect causal relati on ship has not yet bee nA. providedB. sinceC. althoughD. suppos ing表示讓步轉(zhuǎn)折的介詞：in spite of;despite 例如：_what he achieved in11medic ine he rema ined modest.A. DespiteB. AlthoughC. If D. WhereasHowever; n evertheless; non etheless1998 年例句：

23、This view; _,is gen erally thought to be wrong.A. howeverB. mea nwhileC. thereforeD. more overWhile當(dāng)時(shí)候；然而，但是重點(diǎn)：與 as 有關(guān)的讓步狀語從句由 as 引導(dǎo)的倒裝句adj.,adv.，分詞，名詞，短語 +as+主語+謂語。例如： Child as he is, he can remember a lot of things.as或so+adj+as+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)例如： As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study

24、 tonight.8. 比較狀語從句重點(diǎn)講倍數(shù)為題1. 倍數(shù)+比較級 A is three times bigger than B.2. 倍數(shù) +as-as 結(jié)構(gòu)。A is three times as big as B.3. 倍數(shù)+名詞結(jié)構(gòu) A is Three times the size of B.No more than 特點(diǎn)：1. No more than=not any more than2. 從功能上看往往表示兩個(gè)事物之間的類比關(guān)系。3. 從意義上看是和一樣。Not so much as結(jié)構(gòu)上有兩種 1.Not A so much as B.2.not so much as B.

25、與其說 A,不如說 B。例如：It wasn 'so much that I disliked herthat I just wasn tinterested inthe whole business.A. ratherB. so C. than D. as并列句一、并列句并列句的結(jié)構(gòu)要從后面往前找。例如 :I like apples from Japan and bananas.and 可以連接兩個(gè)并列的詞語、短語、句子成分、從句以及句子1. 有 and 就肯定有并列。有并列就一定要弄清楚并列的成分。2. and 有并列。但并列在考研中有幾十種情況。要根據(jù)每一種不同的并列進(jìn)行不 同的

26、處理。3. 有 and 的并列就要從 and 的后面往前找，而不是從前面往后找。 二、定語后置She is a beautiful girl.一個(gè)形容詞定語就相當(dāng)于一個(gè) of 引導(dǎo)的名詞作后置定語。 上句可寫成 She is a girl of beauty.插入語插入語能夠從句子中拿出來而不影響整個(gè)句子主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的部分就是插入語。 插入語與 同謂語的區(qū)別：插入語往往是插在主謂之間。 例如：1am an ugly man.可換成I am a man who is ugly.還可換成 I ，who is a man , am ugly.1. 從命題角度來看插入語的兩個(gè)逗號就相當(dāng)于兩個(gè)括號。表示對插

27、入語前 面的解釋和說明。2. 從長難句的處理角度來看。插入語扮演的角色就是可以作為整體提出來 放到一邊最后處理，就是直接把插入語翻譯后放在括號里。分詞現(xiàn)象主要有四種考法。（略）插入語語法應(yīng)用上考研中不一定專門考語法。主要是應(yīng)用語法知識進(jìn)行閱讀、完型、寫作等等。關(guān)鍵 就是運(yùn)用語法處理長難句。例如： She ,who is her mother 's daughter ,is a girl of beauty which is envied by lily who is of ugliness which we all know.剝洋蔥似的分析句子的方法和步驟：1. 以句號為單元判斷這個(gè)句

28、子中有幾個(gè)洋蔥。1）看句號句子中有沒有 and和or。還要看它們連接的是不是句子。如果是詞和短 語那么and前后就不是獨(dú)立的洋蔥。只有當(dāng)兩個(gè)句子并列的時(shí)候才是連個(gè)洋蔥。例 女口： I like apples and bananas. 其中的 apples and bananas 是賓語并歹V。再如：lam 22 and Jim is 23.這時(shí)就是兩個(gè)洋蔥。2） 看句號里有沒有but.有but也不一定就是兩個(gè)洋蔥。例如： But I am a boy.3）看句號里有沒有特殊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。冒號“：”從命題的角度看如果問題出在冒號的前面，答案一般出現(xiàn)在冒號的 后面。如果問題出在冒號的后面，答案大多數(shù)

29、情況下出現(xiàn)在冒號的前面。從長難句解讀角度看冒號前后是獨(dú)立的。破折號“一”考研英語中破折號“一”等于冒號“：”功能是一樣的。分號“；”分號前后獨(dú)立各自成為一個(gè)洋蔥。2. 對每一個(gè)洋蔥分別剝皮。每一個(gè)洋蔥的第一層皮就是這個(gè)句子的核心內(nèi)容。此后從第二層開始，每一層皮就表示一個(gè)語法現(xiàn)象。3. 把每一層皮分別翻譯成中文。4. 在剝皮處設(shè)問。用設(shè)問的方式把每一層皮連接在一起。這就是化整為零，再 從零到整。語法應(yīng)用下綜合運(yùn)用以前所獎(jiǎng)的語法知識。繼續(xù)講解利用剝洋蔥的方法在考研的長難句中的應(yīng)用。1994年真題第一篇文章。Passage IThe American economic system is organ

30、ized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private bus in essme n , strivi ng to make profits , produce these goods and s

31、ervices in competiti on with other bus in essme n; and the profit motive , operat ing un der competitive pressures , largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the America n eoono mic system it is the dema nd of in dividual con sumers , coupled with the desire of bus in e

32、ssme n to maximize profits and the desire of in dividuals to maximize their in comes, that together determ ine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer dema nds can be expressed and resp on ded

33、 to by producers. In the America n economy, this mecha nism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in resp onse to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand , the price will be bid

34、up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price

35、 is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system .The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private progeny) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not