筆記2-翻譯基本技巧(課堂版)

1、科技英語翻譯基本技巧 ( 一 )詞義引申詞義引申是指改變原文字面意義的翻譯方法。詞義引申時，往往可以從詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯、詞義具體化、詞義抽象化和詞的搭配四個方面來考慮。1. 引申轉(zhuǎn)譯詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯翻譯時，遇到一些無法直譯或不宜直譯的詞或詞組，應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，引申轉(zhuǎn)譯。Like any precision machine, the lathe requires careful treatment.跟任何精密機床一樣，車床也需要精心維護。( 不譯 " 待遇 ")Solar energy seems to offer more hope than any other source of

2、 energy. 太陽能似乎比其它能源更有前途。( 不譯 “提供更多希望”)2. 詞義具體化翻譯時，根據(jù)漢語的表達習(xí)慣，把原文中某些詞義較籠統(tǒng)的詞引申為詞義較具體的詞，以動詞 cut(切割) 為例：The purpose of a driller is to cut holes. 鉆床的功能是鉆孔。A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.普通車床是單刃刀具來車螺紋的。3. 詞義抽象化把原文中詞義較具體的詞引申為詞義較抽象的詞，或把詞義較形象的詞引申為詞義較一般的詞。The major contrib

3、utors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components.跟任何精密機床一樣，車床也需要精心維護。( 不譯 " 待遇 ")太陽能似乎比其它能源更有前途。( 不譯 “提供更多希望”)2. 詞義具體化鉆床的功能是鉆孔。普通車床是單刃刀具來車螺紋的。元件技術(shù)中起主要作用的是半導(dǎo)體元件。( 不譯 " 主要元件技術(shù)中起主要作用的是半導(dǎo)體元件。( 不譯 " 主要貢獻者 ")跟任何精密機床一樣，車床也需要精心維護。( 不譯 " 待遇 ")太陽能似乎比其它能源

4、更有前途。( 不譯 “提供更多希望”)2. 詞義具體化鉆床的功能是鉆孔。普通車床是單刃刀具來車螺紋的。元件技術(shù)中起主要作用的是半導(dǎo)體元件。( 不譯 " 主要There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.我們要完全掌握集成電路，還必須經(jīng)過三個階段。( 不譯 “畢業(yè)于”)4. 詞的搭配遇到動詞、形容詞與名詞搭配時，應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語的搭配習(xí)慣，而不應(yīng)受原文字面意義的束縛。The iron ore used to make steel comes

5、 from open-pit and underground.煉鋼用的鐵礦石來自露天開采的礦山和地下礦井。 ( 不譯 " 制造鋼 ")An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.絕緣體對電流通過有很大阻力。( 不譯 " 高阻力 ")科技英語翻譯基本技巧 (二)詞量增減英譯漢時往往需要在譯文中增加一些原文中無其形而有其意的詞，或減去原文中某些 在譯文中屬于多余的詞。這種改變原文詞量的譯法就叫詞量增減，這是翻譯常用的

6、技巧。一、詞量增加1. 在抽象名詞后增加名詞Were there no electric pressure in a conductor, the electron flow would not take place in it.導(dǎo)體內(nèi)如果沒有電壓，便不會產(chǎn)生電子流動現(xiàn)象。( 增加“現(xiàn)象”)Metallurgy treats of the deriving of metals and their properties.冶金學(xué)研究金屬的提煉方法及其特性。( 增加 “方法”)2. 在形容詞前加名詞Piston engines are used for relatively slow planes

7、flying at 20,000 feet or less.     活塞式發(fā)動機用于速度較慢，高度在兩萬英尺以下的飛機。（增加“速度”）In most cases small lathes are as complete as large lathes，only smaller and lighter.小車床的結(jié)構(gòu)與大車床的一樣完備，只是體積小些，重量輕些。（增加“體積”、“重量”）3增加起語氣連貫作用的詞有時在譯文中增加一些起連貫作用的詞，主要是連詞、副詞和代詞，可以使    句子語氣連貫，行文流暢，從而達到一定的修辭目

8、的。Manganese is a hard，brittle，grey-white metal。錳是一種灰白的、又硬、又脆的金屬。（試比較：錳是一種硬的、脆的、灰白色的金屬。）4增加概括詞當(dāng)句中有幾個并列成分時，有時可在并列成分之后增加表示數(shù)量意義的概括詞，可以起到一定的修辭作用。Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.請注意，“速率”和“速度”這兩個詞需要解釋一下。（增加“兩個”）The carriage of a lathe may be fed in the longitudinal and cross

9、directions.車床的刀架可以縱橫兩個方向進給。（增加“兩個”）二、詞量減少為了更好地表達原意，翻譯時往往可以省略原文中某些詞，以使譯文更嚴謹、更精煉、更明確。所減去的詞，在英語中是必不可少的，但譯成漢語則是多余的。因為這些詞在英語中多半是為了語法上的需要而存在。比如英語的冠詞使用很廣，但漢語卻根本沒有冠詞，所以一般可以不譯。又如介詞、連接詞和代詞在英語中也用得很多，但漢語借助語序表達邏輯關(guān)系，這幾類詞就用得不多，所以有時也可以不譯?？偟膩碚f，在英譯漢中詞量減少的情況要比詞量增加的情況更為普遍。1. 省略冠詞Practically every river has an upper，a m

10、iddle，and a lower part。實際上河流都是由上游、中游和下游組成。As the crankshaft turns to the left and upward，the connecting rod pushes the piston upward.當(dāng)曲軸向左上方轉(zhuǎn)動時，連桿把活塞推向上方。（省略四個定冠詞）2. 省略代詞By the word “alloy” we mean “ mixture of metals”.用“合金”這個詞來表示“金屬的混合物”。（省略人稱代詞we）Hardened steel is difficult to machine，but having b

11、een  annealed, it can be easily machined.淬火鋼很難加工，但經(jīng)過退火后很便容易加工。（省略人稱代詞it）3. 省略介詞In winter，it is much colder in the North than it is in the South。冬天，北方的天氣比南方冷得多。4. 省略連接詞If there were no heat-treatment，metals could not be made so hard沒有熱處理，金屬就不會變得如此硬。（省略連接詞if）The density of a body can be found pro

12、viding its mass and volume are known.已知物體的質(zhì)量和體積就可以求出其密度。（省略連接詞providing）5. 省略動詞Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in a variety of forms外形各異的自動車床基本功能是類似的。(省略動詞perform and appear) Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.不銹鋼硬度大、強度高。（省略動詞posses）6. 省略名詞Heated

13、 to a temperature of about 500 and then quenched，aluminum will develop a great tensile strength. 加熱到500左右再淬火，鋁能產(chǎn)生很大的抗拉強度。（不譯“溫度500左右”）Automatic lathes, particularly vertical machines, without tailstock are commonly called chucking machines or chuckers.無尾架的自動車床，尤其是立式自動車床，通常稱為卡盤車床。Exercise 1一、翻譯下列各句，注

14、意劃線部分詞義引申的譯法：1. Such particles are far too tiny to be seen with the strongest microscope. 2. The running of such automated establishments remains only a matter of reading various meters mounted on panels.3. If iron is kept moist, running is rapid, which might lead us to think that water was the infl

15、uence causing the corrosion.4. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting.5. The increase in pressure with depth makes it difficult for a man to go very deep far below the water surface.二：翻譯下列各句，注意詞量增減的譯法：1The force acting upon the ends p()must be equated to the longit

16、udinal stress times the area over which the stress acts.2 Referring to Fig 2-38, We designate the inside radius of the cylinder by b, the outside radius by p, the internal pressure p, the external pressure by Po.3. Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically i

17、n the environmental conditions.4. The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.5 Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.科技英語翻譯基本技巧 (三)詞類轉(zhuǎn)換英漢語屬于不同的語系，英語屬于印歐語系，漢語屬于漢藏語系。不同語系的語言，無論在詞匯方面或在語法方面都有很大的不同。就詞類

18、來說，同一意思在不同語言中可以用不同詞類來表達。例如：1It is possible to convert energy from one form into another.       可以把能從一種形式變?yōu)榱硪环N形式。    2Nylon is nearly twice as strong as natural silk。       尼龍的強度幾乎是天然絲的兩倍。原文中的possible和strong都是形容詞，但在譯文中則分別是動詞“可

19、以”和名詞“強度”。由此可見，翻譯時可以適當(dāng)?shù)馗淖円幌略哪承┰~的詞類，以適應(yīng)漢語的表達習(xí)慣，或達到一定的修辭目的。這種改變原文詞類的譯法就叫詞類轉(zhuǎn)換?，F(xiàn)將英譯漢中詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的若干規(guī)律分述如下：一、譯成漢語動詞英譯漢時詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的現(xiàn)象是很普遍的，而且形式多樣，但最常見的是把英語某些詞類轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的動詞。由于漢語動詞使用的靈活性和廣泛性，一個漢語的句子往往可以同時使用好幾個動詞，而英語的句子一般只用一個謂語動詞，而其它動詞就得變成非謂語形式。例如：    There are several types of mechanisms used for controlling

20、 the speed of a drilling machine.     有幾種機構(gòu)可以用來控制鉆床的轉(zhuǎn)速。    譯文中同時使用四個動詞：“有”，“可以”，“用”，“控制”，而原文只有一個謂語動詞be，其他動詞分別變成分詞used和動名詞controlling。 根據(jù)漢語動詞使用的靈活性和廣泛性這一特點， 漢譯時除動詞非謂語形式外， 還可以把名詞、形容詞和介詞譯成漢語動詞。1. 名詞譯成動詞1）Were there no friction，transmission of motion would be impossible. &#

21、160;      沒有摩擦就不能傳遞運動。 （試比較：如果沒有摩擦，運動的傳遞是不可能的。）2）It is man who plays the leading role in the application of electronic computers.        在使用電子計算機時，起主要作用的是人。      （試比較：在電子計算機的使用方面，起主要作用的是人。）3）In spite of the growth of oth

22、er kinds of transport, railroads continue to be, as they used to be over years, the backbone of the transportation industry.        盡管其他各種交通工具都發(fā)展了，鐵路仍然是運輸業(yè)的骨干，正如它多年來一直是運輸業(yè)的骨干一樣。2. 形容詞譯成動詞英語中有些形容詞含有動詞意義，尤其是以-ble結(jié)尾的詞。當(dāng)這類詞作表語時，往往相當(dāng)于漢語動詞，所以漢譯時不一定譯成系表結(jié)構(gòu)“是的”，可將形容詞譯成動詞，動詞be省略不

23、譯。1) It is possible to cut all thread forms and sizes on a 1athe. 可以在車床上車削各種形狀和尺寸的螺紋。（試比較：在車床上車削各種形狀和尺寸的螺紋是可能的。） 2) The robot is capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly。機器人能學(xué)會做工，并能不停地工作。3) Steel is widely used in engineering，for its propertie

24、s are most suitable for construction purposes。鋼廣泛地用于工程中，因為鋼的性能非常適合于建筑使用。4) It is often necessary to make a shaft to fit a hole，or to bore a hole to fit a shaft。常常需要把軸制成與孔相配合，或把孔鏜成與軸相配合。5) Heat is a from of energy into which other forms are convertible。熱是能的一種形式，其他一切能的形式都能改變?yōu)闊崮堋?) Copper and gold were

25、 available long before man has discovered the way of getting metal from compound.在人們找到從化合物中提取金屬的方法很久以前就使用銅和金了。3. 介詞譯成動詞英語介詞用得相當(dāng)廣泛，在句中表示詞與詞之間的關(guān)系。當(dāng)這種關(guān)系具有動作意義時，往往可以將其譯成漢語的動詞。     1) Heat is produced when work is done against friction。        當(dāng)克服摩擦而

26、作功時，有熱產(chǎn)生。     2) Usually the working parts of the machines are made from carbon steels。        機器的工作部件通常是用碳素鋼制造的。     3) The printed circuit is pressed in some metal。        印刷電路是用某種金屬壓上的。&#

27、160;    4) The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.        通常用E這個字母表示電動勢。     5) The volume of a gas becomes smaller when the pressure upon it is increased。        當(dāng)作用在氣體上的壓力增大時，氣體的

28、體積就縮小。4. 副詞譯成動詞The two bodies are so far apart that the attractive force between them is negligible.這兩個物體相距如此之遠，它們之間的吸引力可以忽略不計。二、譯成漢語名詞1. 動詞譯成名詞有些英語句子，其謂語動詞的概念很難用漢語動詞來表達，這時可譯成漢語名詞。Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to bum up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.美國的絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設(shè)

29、計，將在完成使命后在大氣層中燒毀。The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball。我們居住的地球，形狀象一個大球。2. 形容詞譯成名詞科技英語往往習(xí)慣用表示特征的形容詞及其比較級，來說明物質(zhì)的特性怎樣，但漢語卻習(xí)慣用名詞。因此，漢譯時通?？梢栽谶@類形容詞之后加“度”、“性”等詞，譯成名詞。The more carbon the steel contains，the harder and stronger it is。       鋼含碳量越高，強度和硬度就越大。（試比較：鋼含碳越多，它

30、就越硬和越強。）The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.刀具必須有足夠的強度、硬度、韌性和耐磨性。3. 副詞譯成名詞Gold is an important metal but it is not essentially changed by mans treatment of it.雖然黃金是一種重要的金屬，但是人類的加工并沒有改變它的性質(zhì)。三、譯成漢語形容詞1 名詞譯成形容詞英語中有些作表語或賓語的抽象名詞，以及某些由形容詞派生的名詞，往往可以譯成漢語的形容詞。In certain cases fri

31、ction is an absolute necessity。       在一定場合下摩擦是絕對必要的。The electrical conductivity has great importance in selecting electrical materials. 在選擇電氣材料時，電導(dǎo)率很重要。2. 副詞譯成形容詞當(dāng)英語動詞或形容詞譯成漢語名詞時，原來修飾該動詞或形容詞的副詞往往就隨著譯成漢語形容詞。The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurat

32、e and rapid computations。電子計算機的主要特點是計算準確而迅速。（動詞characterize譯成名詞，副詞chiefly隨之譯成形容詞）This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.這種通信系統(tǒng)的主要特點是操作簡單，容易維修。四、譯成漢語副詞The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous

33、 rise in labor productivity.使用電子計算機可以大大地提高勞動生產(chǎn)率。The influence that this genius has had on science continues at the l00th anniversary of his birth.這位天才在誕生一百周年時還在影響科學(xué)的發(fā)展?？萍加⒄Z翻譯基本技巧 (四)成分轉(zhuǎn)換成分轉(zhuǎn)換是指詞類不變而成分改變的譯法。通過改變原文中某些句子成分，以達到譯文邏輯正確，通順流暢，重點突出等目的。一、轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語1. 賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語 ( 動詞賓語和介詞賓語 )Water has a density of 62.4

34、pounds per cubic foot.水的密度是每立方英尺 62.4 磅。Aluminum is very light in weight, being only one third as heavy as iron.鋁的重量很輕，只有鐵的三分之一。The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.全世界都使用同樣的數(shù)學(xué)記號和符號。2. 表語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語Rubber is a better dielectric but a poorer insulator than air.橡膠的介電性比空氣好，

35、但絕緣性比空氣差。3. 謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.氣體和固體的區(qū)別，在于前者比后者有更大的壓縮性。4. 狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語Sodium is very active chemically.鈉的化學(xué)反應(yīng)性很強。二、轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語1. 主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語The prevention of certain types of cancer is distinctly within the realm of possibility.某些癌癥顯然可以預(yù)防

36、。2. 表語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語A1so present in solids are numbers of free electrons.固體中也存在著大量的自由電子。3. 定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語A semiconductor has a poor conductivity at room temperature, but it may become a good conductor at high temperature.在室溫下，半導(dǎo)體導(dǎo)電率差，但在高溫下，它可能成為良導(dǎo)體。4. 狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語The wide application of electronic computers affects trem

37、endous1y the development of science and technology.電子計算機的廣泛應(yīng)用，對科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的影響極大。5. 賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語The 1ower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.河流下游的情況千變?nèi)f化。三、轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語1. 主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語Electronic circuits work a thousand times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain.電子電路的工作比人類大腦中的神經(jīng)細胞要快一千倍。2. 狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語In Br

38、itain the first stand-by gas-turbine electricity generator was in operation in Manchester in 1952.英國的第一臺輔助燃氣輪機發(fā)電機，于 1952 年在曼徹斯特開始運轉(zhuǎn)。（世界上第一臺輔助燃氣輪機發(fā)電機，于 1952 年在英國曼徹斯特開始運轉(zhuǎn)。）3. 賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語By 1914Einstein had gained world fame.1914 年，愛因斯坦已成了世界著名的科學(xué)家。四、轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語1. 定語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語It was an amazing piece of scientific clai

39、rvoyance（洞察力，千里眼）, comparable perhaps to Charles Babbages anticipation of the principle of the computer.這個理論在科學(xué)上充滿了遠見卓識，也許可以跟巴貝奇的計算機原理相提并論。2. 謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語After more experiments, Galileo succeeded in making a much better telescope.又做了一些實驗之后，伽利略成功地制造了一架好得多的望遠鏡。3. 主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語The result of his revolutionary desi

40、gn is that the engine is much smaller, works more smoothly and has fewer moving parts.由于他在設(shè)計上的革新，發(fā)動機變得小多了，工作得更平穩(wěn)了，活動部件也少了。4. 賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語He spent the First World War in the Russian Army Signal Corps. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，他在俄國通信兵部隊服役。五、轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語1. 主語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy b

41、y means of a generator.利用發(fā)電機可以把機械能重新轉(zhuǎn)變成電能。2. 狀語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語Television has been successfully sent by laser, too.用激光發(fā)射電視也獲得了成功。3. 謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of man. 太陽對人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。六、轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語1. 主話轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語A great contribution of Edison was the carbon microphone. 炭精傳聲器是愛迪生的一大貢獻。2. 賓

42、語轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語I had considerable difficulty getting patent protection. 我要獲得專利保護是相當(dāng)困難的。由此看來，句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯顯得變化萬千，異彩紛呈，難于窮究。幾乎所有的句子成分都可互相轉(zhuǎn)譯。進行成分轉(zhuǎn)譯的目的是為了使譯文通順、合乎漢語習(xí)慣和更好地跟上下 文呼應(yīng)。Exercise 2一、利用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法翻譯下列各句1. There are different element in nature.2. Wood is not as dense as water and therefore it floats.3. Cotton and line

43、n burn quickly and easily, and smell like burning paper.二、利用成分轉(zhuǎn)換法翻譯下列各句1 Nowadays, a typical radio transmitter has a power of 100 kilowatts so that it can broadcast information over a large area of influence.2 Bell's telephone was a great attraction at the Centennial Exposition held in Philadelp

44、hia that year to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.3. A transistor radio is a less complicated structure than a TV.4. In any machine the work accomplished never exceeds the amount of work expended in working the machine.5. Power means the speed, or rate of doing work

45、.6. We have to oil the moving parts of machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced.7. The cable are composed of thousands of wires, made of high-tensile steel, which are galvanized（鍍鋅的） to resist corrosion.8. By means of an engine steam is changed into energy of moving machinery, and then,

46、 by the aid of a generator, into electrical energy, which is transmitted over wires and, at some distant point is changed into light, or heat, or energy of moving machines.科技英語翻譯基本技巧 (五)成分分譯英漢兩種語言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有很多地方大不相同，英譯漢時往往需要改變英語的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，以適應(yīng)漢語的表達習(xí)慣。所謂成分分譯就是改變原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的一種譯法。這種譯法的要領(lǐng)是：把原文中較長的句子成分，或不易安排的句子成分分出來另作處理

47、，一般譯成漢語短句或獨立語，分譯得當(dāng)可以使譯文層次分明，簡練明確，合乎漢語規(guī)范。一、主語分譯主語分譯是指翻譯時把原文帶定語的主語分譯成一個小句。分譯的方法通常是把主語的定語移作謂語，從而為主語分譯創(chuàng)造條件。The infinitesimal（極少的） amount of nuclear fuel （核燃料）required makes it possible to build power reactors（動力反應(yīng)堆） in any part of the world.因為所需要的核燃料極少，所以有可能把動力反應(yīng)堆建在世界上任何一個地方。An unusually wide feed range

48、 adapts the machine to the greatest variety of job。由于進給范圍很廣，本機床可用于加工各種不同的工件。（試比較：很寬廣的進給范圍使本機床適合于加工各種不同的工件。）二、謂語分譯In those days, a cart（4輪車輛） that used an engine instead of a horse was thought to be dangerous.那時人們認為，用發(fā)動機驅(qū)動而不用馬拉的車是危險的。It follows that action and reaction always act on different bodies

49、but never act on the same body.由此可見，作用力和反作用力總是作用在不同的物體上，而永遠不作用在同一物體上。三、定語分譯這種譯法主要用來處理某些較長的后置定語。英語的定語與漢語不同，它可以位于名詞之后，因此其長度不受限制，可以廣展得很長。漢語只有前置定語，一般不宜過長，所以對原文中較長的后置定語的翻譯，往往采用分譯的辦法，如定語從句的分譯便是大家所熟悉的。這里只著重介紹介詞短語和分詞短語作定語時的分譯情況。翻譯時，可結(jié)合上述的成分轉(zhuǎn)換或詞類轉(zhuǎn)換等譯法將其分譯成一個分句。The flexibility（柔性） and versatility（通用性） of nume

50、rical control have led to the development of a new type of machine tool called the machining center。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的靈活性和多用性導(dǎo)致一種新型機床的發(fā)展，這種機床叫做加工中心。Semiconductors are a group of materials with their conductivity lying between that of conductors and that of insulators.半導(dǎo)體是一種電工材料，其導(dǎo)電性介于導(dǎo)體和絕緣體之間。四、狀語分譯Petroleum（石油）

51、 was formed at a later time than coal（煤炭） from plants and animals that 1ived in shallow seas.石油是由生長在淺海的動植物形成的，其形成時間比煤晚。The head of a drilling machine is mounted on the column above the table。       鉆床的主軸箱安裝在立柱上，位于工作臺的上方。五、表語分譯He 1ater became a leading advocate of nuclea

52、r disarmament.他后來極力主張禁止使用核武器，成了這方面的主要宣傳鼓動家。這種譯法還常用于“too+形容詞+動詞不定式”的句型中因為作形容詞狀語的不定式短語往往不便合譯。例如：The velocity of light is too great to be measured in simple units. 光速太大，因此不能用普通單位計量?？萍加⒄Z翻譯基本技巧 （六）被動語態(tài)的譯法從本課開始，我們再介紹一些在科技英語翻譯中帶有特殊性的翻譯手法。這些譯法是針對科技英語的某些具體問題而提出的。被動語態(tài)的廣泛使用是科技英語中的一大突出特點。漢語雖然也有被動句，但使用范圍狹窄得多。翻譯英

53、語被動語態(tài)時，既可以譯成漢語的被動句，也可以譯成漢語的主動句，而且譯法是靈活多樣。一、譯成漢語被動句將原文句子的主語仍然譯作主語，在謂語前加 " 被 “ 或省略 " 被 “； 也可在行為主體前加" 被 " 、 " 由 " 、 " 受、"為 " 、 " 所" 等；還可以譯成"是的"結(jié)構(gòu)。The first stage of a rocket is thrown away only minutes after the rocket takes off.火箭的第一級在火箭

54、起飛后僅僅幾分鐘就被扔掉。The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature is he1d constant.如果溫度保持恒定，氣體的體積與壓力成反比。The moon, as we11 as the stars and the sun, is made use of by the mariner to find his latitude and longitude at sea.月球和星星、太陽一樣常被海員用來確定在海上的經(jīng)緯度。Only a small part of the s

55、un energy reaching the earth is used by us.傳到地球的太陽能只有一小部分為我們所利用。Besides voltage, resistance and capacitance, an alternating current is a1so inf1uenced by inductance.除了電壓、電阻和電容以外，交流電還受電感的影響。Many casting defects are caused by expansion properties of sand. 許多鑄造缺陷是由砂子的膨脹性質(zhì)造成的。二、譯成漢語主動句1. 譯成有主語的主動句翻譯時，更換

56、原文的主語或增加泛指性的主語。A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反應(yīng)堆需要一種適宜的燃料。To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. 為了探測月球的表面，人們一次又一次地發(fā)射火箭。2. 譯成無主句翻譯時，把原文的主語譯成動詞的賓語，有時還可以把原文的主語并入謂語一起譯。When work is done against friction, heat is produced. 當(dāng)克服摩擦而作功時，就產(chǎn)生熱。 By using

57、this new process the loss of metal was reduced to 20 per cent. 采用這一新工藝使金屬的損耗降低為原來的 20%. Care should be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.應(yīng)當(dāng)始終注意保護儀器，不使沾染灰塵，不使受潮?？萍加⒄Z翻譯基本技巧 ( 七 )長句翻譯長句是英語的一種常見的語言現(xiàn)象。由于原文句子一長，往往層次就增多，各層之間 的關(guān)系也就復(fù)雜得多。在這種情況下，就需要進行語法分析，弄清句子的層次和各層之間 的關(guān)系，準確而全面地了解

58、句子的內(nèi)容，然后再考慮如何用漢語來進行表達，表達時可采用順敘法，也可采用逆敘法；有時適于采用分譯法，而有時則適于采用合譯法。Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep，electricity is working for us，driving our refrigerators，heating our water，or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 分析： 該句子由一個主句，三個作伴隨狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時間狀語從句組成，共有五層意思： A. 既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進入

59、夢鄉(xiāng)時； B.電仍在為我們工作； C. 幫我們開動電窗體底端冰箱； D. 加熱水； E. 或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達的順序與漢語完全一致，因此，我們可以通過順序法，把該句翻譯成：即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉(xiāng)時，電仍在為我們工作： 幫我們開動電冰箱，把水加熱，或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century，because nowhere in nature is it found free，owing to its always being combined with other elements，most commonly with oxygen，for which it has a strong affinity.分析： 這個句子由一個主句，兩個原因狀語和一個定語從句，“鋁直到19世紀才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句，也是全句的中心內(nèi)容，全句共有四個謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，共有五層意思： A. 鋁直到19世紀才被人發(fā)