筆記2-翻譯基本技巧(課堂版)

1、科技英語(yǔ)翻譯基本技巧 ( 一 )詞義引申詞義引申是指改變?cè)淖置嬉饬x的翻譯方法。詞義引申時(shí)，往往可以從詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯、詞義具體化、詞義抽象化和詞的搭配四個(gè)方面來(lái)考慮。1. 引申轉(zhuǎn)譯詞義轉(zhuǎn)譯翻譯時(shí)，遇到一些無(wú)法直譯或不宜直譯的詞或詞組，應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系，引申轉(zhuǎn)譯。Like any precision machine, the lathe requires careful treatment.跟任何精密機(jī)床一樣，車(chē)床也需要精心維護(hù)。( 不譯 " 待遇 ")Solar energy seems to offer more hope than any other source of

2、 energy. 太陽(yáng)能似乎比其它能源更有前途。( 不譯 “提供更多希望”)2. 詞義具體化翻譯時(shí)，根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，把原文中某些詞義較籠統(tǒng)的詞引申為詞義較具體的詞，以動(dòng)詞 cut(切割) 為例：The purpose of a driller is to cut holes. 鉆床的功能是鉆孔。A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.普通車(chē)床是單刃刀具來(lái)車(chē)螺紋的。3. 詞義抽象化把原文中詞義較具體的詞引申為詞義較抽象的詞，或把詞義較形象的詞引申為詞義較一般的詞。The major contrib

3、utors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components.跟任何精密機(jī)床一樣，車(chē)床也需要精心維護(hù)。( 不譯 " 待遇 ")太陽(yáng)能似乎比其它能源更有前途。( 不譯 “提供更多希望”)2. 詞義具體化鉆床的功能是鉆孔。普通車(chē)床是單刃刀具來(lái)車(chē)螺紋的。元件技術(shù)中起主要作用的是半導(dǎo)體元件。( 不譯 " 主要元件技術(shù)中起主要作用的是半導(dǎo)體元件。( 不譯 " 主要貢獻(xiàn)者 ")跟任何精密機(jī)床一樣，車(chē)床也需要精心維護(hù)。( 不譯 " 待遇 ")太陽(yáng)能似乎比其它能源

4、更有前途。( 不譯 “提供更多希望”)2. 詞義具體化鉆床的功能是鉆孔。普通車(chē)床是單刃刀具來(lái)車(chē)螺紋的。元件技術(shù)中起主要作用的是半導(dǎo)體元件。( 不譯 " 主要There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.我們要完全掌握集成電路，還必須經(jīng)過(guò)三個(gè)階段。( 不譯 “畢業(yè)于”)4. 詞的搭配遇到動(dòng)詞、形容詞與名詞搭配時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的搭配習(xí)慣，而不應(yīng)受原文字面意義的束縛。The iron ore used to make steel comes

5、 from open-pit and underground.煉鋼用的鐵礦石來(lái)自露天開(kāi)采的礦山和地下礦井。 ( 不譯 " 制造鋼 ")An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.絕緣體對(duì)電流通過(guò)有很大阻力。( 不譯 " 高阻力 ")科技英語(yǔ)翻譯基本技巧 (二)詞量增減英譯漢時(shí)往往需要在譯文中增加一些原文中無(wú)其形而有其意的詞，或減去原文中某些 在譯文中屬于多余的詞。這種改變?cè)脑~量的譯法就叫詞量增減，這是翻譯常用的

6、技巧。一、詞量增加1. 在抽象名詞后增加名詞Were there no electric pressure in a conductor, the electron flow would not take place in it.導(dǎo)體內(nèi)如果沒(méi)有電壓，便不會(huì)產(chǎn)生電子流動(dòng)現(xiàn)象。( 增加“現(xiàn)象”)Metallurgy treats of the deriving of metals and their properties.冶金學(xué)研究金屬的提煉方法及其特性。( 增加 “方法”)2. 在形容詞前加名詞Piston engines are used for relatively slow planes

7、flying at 20,000 feet or less.     活塞式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)用于速度較慢，高度在兩萬(wàn)英尺以下的飛機(jī)。（增加“速度”）In most cases small lathes are as complete as large lathes，only smaller and lighter.小車(chē)床的結(jié)構(gòu)與大車(chē)床的一樣完備，只是體積小些，重量輕些。（增加“體積”、“重量”）3增加起語(yǔ)氣連貫作用的詞有時(shí)在譯文中增加一些起連貫作用的詞，主要是連詞、副詞和代詞，可以使    句子語(yǔ)氣連貫，行文流暢，從而達(dá)到一定的修辭目

8、的。Manganese is a hard，brittle，grey-white metal。錳是一種灰白的、又硬、又脆的金屬。（試比較：錳是一種硬的、脆的、灰白色的金屬。）4增加概括詞當(dāng)句中有幾個(gè)并列成分時(shí)，有時(shí)可在并列成分之后增加表示數(shù)量意義的概括詞，可以起到一定的修辭作用。Note that the words “velocity” and “speed” require explanation.請(qǐng)注意，“速率”和“速度”這兩個(gè)詞需要解釋一下。（增加“兩個(gè)”）The carriage of a lathe may be fed in the longitudinal and cross

9、directions.車(chē)床的刀架可以縱橫兩個(gè)方向進(jìn)給。（增加“兩個(gè)”）二、詞量減少為了更好地表達(dá)原意，翻譯時(shí)往往可以省略原文中某些詞，以使譯文更嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、更精煉、更明確。所減去的詞，在英語(yǔ)中是必不可少的，但譯成漢語(yǔ)則是多余的。因?yàn)檫@些詞在英語(yǔ)中多半是為了語(yǔ)法上的需要而存在。比如英語(yǔ)的冠詞使用很廣，但漢語(yǔ)卻根本沒(méi)有冠詞，所以一般可以不譯。又如介詞、連接詞和代詞在英語(yǔ)中也用得很多，但漢語(yǔ)借助語(yǔ)序表達(dá)邏輯關(guān)系，這幾類(lèi)詞就用得不多，所以有時(shí)也可以不譯。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，在英譯漢中詞量減少的情況要比詞量增加的情況更為普遍。1. 省略冠詞Practically every river has an upper，a m

10、iddle，and a lower part。實(shí)際上河流都是由上游、中游和下游組成。As the crankshaft turns to the left and upward，the connecting rod pushes the piston upward.當(dāng)曲軸向左上方轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，連桿把活塞推向上方。（省略四個(gè)定冠詞）2. 省略代詞By the word “alloy” we mean “ mixture of metals”.用“合金”這個(gè)詞來(lái)表示“金屬的混合物”。（省略人稱(chēng)代詞we）Hardened steel is difficult to machine，but having b

11、een  annealed, it can be easily machined.淬火鋼很難加工，但經(jīng)過(guò)退火后很便容易加工。（省略人稱(chēng)代詞it）3. 省略介詞In winter，it is much colder in the North than it is in the South。冬天，北方的天氣比南方冷得多。4. 省略連接詞If there were no heat-treatment，metals could not be made so hard沒(méi)有熱處理，金屬就不會(huì)變得如此硬。（省略連接詞if）The density of a body can be found pro

12、viding its mass and volume are known.已知物體的質(zhì)量和體積就可以求出其密度。（省略連接詞providing）5. 省略動(dòng)詞Automatic lathes perform basically similar functions but appear in a variety of forms外形各異的自動(dòng)車(chē)床基本功能是類(lèi)似的。(省略動(dòng)詞perform and appear) Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.不銹鋼硬度大、強(qiáng)度高。（省略動(dòng)詞posses）6. 省略名詞Heated

13、 to a temperature of about 500 and then quenched，aluminum will develop a great tensile strength. 加熱到500左右再淬火，鋁能產(chǎn)生很大的抗拉強(qiáng)度。（不譯“溫度500左右”）Automatic lathes, particularly vertical machines, without tailstock are commonly called chucking machines or chuckers.無(wú)尾架的自動(dòng)車(chē)床，尤其是立式自動(dòng)車(chē)床，通常稱(chēng)為卡盤(pán)車(chē)床。Exercise 1一、翻譯下列各句，注

14、意劃線部分詞義引申的譯法：1. Such particles are far too tiny to be seen with the strongest microscope. 2. The running of such automated establishments remains only a matter of reading various meters mounted on panels.3. If iron is kept moist, running is rapid, which might lead us to think that water was the infl

15、uence causing the corrosion.4. The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting.5. The increase in pressure with depth makes it difficult for a man to go very deep far below the water surface.二：翻譯下列各句，注意詞量增減的譯法：1The force acting upon the ends p()must be equated to the longit

16、udinal stress times the area over which the stress acts.2 Referring to Fig 2-38, We designate the inside radius of the cylinder by b, the outside radius by p, the internal pressure p, the external pressure by Po.3. Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically i

17、n the environmental conditions.4. The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.5 Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.科技英語(yǔ)翻譯基本技巧 (三)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換英漢語(yǔ)屬于不同的語(yǔ)系，英語(yǔ)屬于印歐語(yǔ)系，漢語(yǔ)屬于漢藏語(yǔ)系。不同語(yǔ)系的語(yǔ)言，無(wú)論在詞匯方面或在語(yǔ)法方面都有很大的不同。就詞類(lèi)

18、來(lái)說(shuō)，同一意思在不同語(yǔ)言中可以用不同詞類(lèi)來(lái)表達(dá)。例如：1It is possible to convert energy from one form into another.       可以把能從一種形式變?yōu)榱硪环N形式。    2Nylon is nearly twice as strong as natural silk。       尼龍的強(qiáng)度幾乎是天然絲的兩倍。原文中的possible和strong都是形容詞，但在譯文中則分別是動(dòng)詞“可

19、以”和名詞“強(qiáng)度”。由此可見(jiàn)，翻譯時(shí)可以適當(dāng)?shù)馗淖円幌略哪承┰~的詞類(lèi)，以適應(yīng)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，或達(dá)到一定的修辭目的。這種改變?cè)脑~類(lèi)的譯法就叫詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換?，F(xiàn)將英譯漢中詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換的若干規(guī)律分述如下：一、譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞英譯漢時(shí)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換的現(xiàn)象是很普遍的，而且形式多樣，但最常見(jiàn)的是把英語(yǔ)某些詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。由于漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用的靈活性和廣泛性，一個(gè)漢語(yǔ)的句子往往可以同時(shí)使用好幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞，而英語(yǔ)的句子一般只用一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，而其它動(dòng)詞就得變成非謂語(yǔ)形式。例如：    There are several types of mechanisms used for controlling

20、 the speed of a drilling machine.     有幾種機(jī)構(gòu)可以用來(lái)控制鉆床的轉(zhuǎn)速。    譯文中同時(shí)使用四個(gè)動(dòng)詞：“有”，“可以”，“用”，“控制”，而原文只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞be，其他動(dòng)詞分別變成分詞used和動(dòng)名詞controlling。 根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用的靈活性和廣泛性這一特點(diǎn)， 漢譯時(shí)除動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式外， 還可以把名詞、形容詞和介詞譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。1. 名詞譯成動(dòng)詞1）Were there no friction，transmission of motion would be impossible. &#

21、160;      沒(méi)有摩擦就不能傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)。 （試比較：如果沒(méi)有摩擦，運(yùn)動(dòng)的傳遞是不可能的。）2）It is man who plays the leading role in the application of electronic computers.        在使用電子計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)，起主要作用的是人。      （試比較：在電子計(jì)算機(jī)的使用方面，起主要作用的是人。）3）In spite of the growth of oth

22、er kinds of transport, railroads continue to be, as they used to be over years, the backbone of the transportation industry.        盡管其他各種交通工具都發(fā)展了，鐵路仍然是運(yùn)輸業(yè)的骨干，正如它多年來(lái)一直是運(yùn)輸業(yè)的骨干一樣。2. 形容詞譯成動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)中有些形容詞含有動(dòng)詞意義，尤其是以-ble結(jié)尾的詞。當(dāng)這類(lèi)詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往相當(dāng)于漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，所以漢譯時(shí)不一定譯成系表結(jié)構(gòu)“是的”，可將形容詞譯成動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞be省略不

23、譯。1) It is possible to cut all thread forms and sizes on a 1athe. 可以在車(chē)床上車(chē)削各種形狀和尺寸的螺紋。（試比較：在車(chē)床上車(chē)削各種形狀和尺寸的螺紋是可能的。） 2) The robot is capable of learning to perform an industrial task and then of being left to perform it tirelessly。機(jī)器人能學(xué)會(huì)做工，并能不停地工作。3) Steel is widely used in engineering，for its propertie

24、s are most suitable for construction purposes。鋼廣泛地用于工程中，因?yàn)殇摰男阅芊浅＿m合于建筑使用。4) It is often necessary to make a shaft to fit a hole，or to bore a hole to fit a shaft。常常需要把軸制成與孔相配合，或把孔鏜成與軸相配合。5) Heat is a from of energy into which other forms are convertible。熱是能的一種形式，其他一切能的形式都能改變?yōu)闊崮堋?) Copper and gold were

25、 available long before man has discovered the way of getting metal from compound.在人們找到從化合物中提取金屬的方法很久以前就使用銅和金了。3. 介詞譯成動(dòng)詞英語(yǔ)介詞用得相當(dāng)廣泛，在句中表示詞與詞之間的關(guān)系。當(dāng)這種關(guān)系具有動(dòng)作意義時(shí)，往往可以將其譯成漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。     1) Heat is produced when work is done against friction。        當(dāng)克服摩擦而

26、作功時(shí)，有熱產(chǎn)生。     2) Usually the working parts of the machines are made from carbon steels。        機(jī)器的工作部件通常是用碳素鋼制造的。     3) The printed circuit is pressed in some metal。        印刷電路是用某種金屬壓上的。&#

27、160;    4) The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.        通常用E這個(gè)字母表示電動(dòng)勢(shì)。     5) The volume of a gas becomes smaller when the pressure upon it is increased。        當(dāng)作用在氣體上的壓力增大時(shí)，氣體的

28、體積就縮小。4. 副詞譯成動(dòng)詞The two bodies are so far apart that the attractive force between them is negligible.這兩個(gè)物體相距如此之遠(yuǎn)，它們之間的吸引力可以忽略不計(jì)。二、譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞1. 動(dòng)詞譯成名詞有些英語(yǔ)句子，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的概念很難用漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)表達(dá)，這時(shí)可譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞。Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to bum up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions.美國(guó)的絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設(shè)

29、計(jì)，將在完成使命后在大氣層中燒毀。The earth on which we live is shaped like a ball。我們居住的地球，形狀象一個(gè)大球。2. 形容詞譯成名詞科技英語(yǔ)往往習(xí)慣用表示特征的形容詞及其比較級(jí)，來(lái)說(shuō)明物質(zhì)的特性怎樣，但漢語(yǔ)卻習(xí)慣用名詞。因此，漢譯時(shí)通?？梢栽谶@類(lèi)形容詞之后加“度”、“性”等詞，譯成名詞。The more carbon the steel contains，the harder and stronger it is。       鋼含碳量越高，強(qiáng)度和硬度就越大。（試比較：鋼含碳越多，它

30、就越硬和越強(qiáng)。）The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.刀具必須有足夠的強(qiáng)度、硬度、韌性和耐磨性。3. 副詞譯成名詞Gold is an important metal but it is not essentially changed by mans treatment of it.雖然黃金是一種重要的金屬，但是人類(lèi)的加工并沒(méi)有改變它的性質(zhì)。三、譯成漢語(yǔ)形容詞1 名詞譯成形容詞英語(yǔ)中有些作表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的抽象名詞，以及某些由形容詞派生的名詞，往往可以譯成漢語(yǔ)的形容詞。In certain cases fri

31、ction is an absolute necessity。       在一定場(chǎng)合下摩擦是絕對(duì)必要的。The electrical conductivity has great importance in selecting electrical materials. 在選擇電氣材料時(shí)，電導(dǎo)率很重要。2. 副詞譯成形容詞當(dāng)英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或形容詞譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞時(shí)，原來(lái)修飾該動(dòng)詞或形容詞的副詞往往就隨著譯成漢語(yǔ)形容詞。The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its accurat

32、e and rapid computations。電子計(jì)算機(jī)的主要特點(diǎn)是計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確而迅速。（動(dòng)詞characterize譯成名詞，副詞chiefly隨之譯成形容詞）This communication system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.這種通信系統(tǒng)的主要特點(diǎn)是操作簡(jiǎn)單，容易維修。四、譯成漢語(yǔ)副詞The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous

33、 rise in labor productivity.使用電子計(jì)算機(jī)可以大大地提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。The influence that this genius has had on science continues at the l00th anniversary of his birth.這位天才在誕生一百周年時(shí)還在影響科學(xué)的發(fā)展?？萍加⒄Z(yǔ)翻譯基本技巧 (四)成分轉(zhuǎn)換成分轉(zhuǎn)換是指詞類(lèi)不變而成分改變的譯法。通過(guò)改變?cè)闹心承┚渥映煞郑赃_(dá)到譯文邏輯正確，通順流暢，重點(diǎn)突出等目的。一、轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)1. 賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ) ( 動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ) )Water has a density of 62.4

34、pounds per cubic foot.水的密度是每立方英尺 62.4 磅。Aluminum is very light in weight, being only one third as heavy as iron.鋁的重量很輕，只有鐵的三分之一。The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.全世界都使用同樣的數(shù)學(xué)記號(hào)和符號(hào)。2. 表語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)Rubber is a better dielectric but a poorer insulator than air.橡膠的介電性比空氣好，

35、但絕緣性比空氣差。3. 謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.氣體和固體的區(qū)別，在于前者比后者有更大的壓縮性。4. 狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成主語(yǔ)Sodium is very active chemically.鈉的化學(xué)反應(yīng)性很強(qiáng)。二、轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)1. 主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)The prevention of certain types of cancer is distinctly within the realm of possibility.某些癌癥顯然可以預(yù)防

36、。2. 表語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)A1so present in solids are numbers of free electrons.固體中也存在著大量的自由電子。3. 定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)A semiconductor has a poor conductivity at room temperature, but it may become a good conductor at high temperature.在室溫下，半導(dǎo)體導(dǎo)電率差，但在高溫下，它可能成為良導(dǎo)體。4. 狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)The wide application of electronic computers affects trem

37、endous1y the development of science and technology.電子計(jì)算機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用，對(duì)科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展的影響極大。5. 賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成謂語(yǔ)The 1ower stretches of rivers show considerable variety.河流下游的情況千變?nèi)f化。三、轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)1. 主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)Electronic circuits work a thousand times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain.電子電路的工作比人類(lèi)大腦中的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞要快一千倍。2. 狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)In Br

38、itain the first stand-by gas-turbine electricity generator was in operation in Manchester in 1952.英國(guó)的第一臺(tái)輔助燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)，于 1952 年在曼徹斯特開(kāi)始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。（世界上第一臺(tái)輔助燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)發(fā)電機(jī)，于 1952 年在英國(guó)曼徹斯特開(kāi)始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。）3. 賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成定語(yǔ)By 1914Einstein had gained world fame.1914 年，愛(ài)因斯坦已成了世界著名的科學(xué)家。四、轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)1. 定語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)It was an amazing piece of scientific clai

39、rvoyance（洞察力，千里眼）, comparable perhaps to Charles Babbages anticipation of the principle of the computer.這個(gè)理論在科學(xué)上充滿了遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)卓識(shí)，也許可以跟巴貝奇的計(jì)算機(jī)原理相提并論。2. 謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)After more experiments, Galileo succeeded in making a much better telescope.又做了一些實(shí)驗(yàn)之后，伽利略成功地制造了一架好得多的望遠(yuǎn)鏡。3. 主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)The result of his revolutionary desi

40、gn is that the engine is much smaller, works more smoothly and has fewer moving parts.由于他在設(shè)計(jì)上的革新，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)變得小多了，工作得更平穩(wěn)了，活動(dòng)部件也少了。4. 賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成狀語(yǔ)He spent the First World War in the Russian Army Signal Corps. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，他在俄國(guó)通信兵部隊(duì)服役。五、轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ)1. 主語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ)The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy b

41、y means of a generator.利用發(fā)電機(jī)可以把機(jī)械能重新轉(zhuǎn)變成電能。2. 狀語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ)Television has been successfully sent by laser, too.用激光發(fā)射電視也獲得了成功。3. 謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成賓語(yǔ)The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of man. 太陽(yáng)對(duì)人的身體和精神都有極大的影響。六、轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語(yǔ)1. 主話轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語(yǔ)A great contribution of Edison was the carbon microphone. 炭精傳聲器是愛(ài)迪生的一大貢獻(xiàn)。2. 賓

42、語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)譯成表語(yǔ)I had considerable difficulty getting patent protection. 我要獲得專(zhuān)利保護(hù)是相當(dāng)困難的。由此看來(lái)，句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)譯顯得變化萬(wàn)千，異彩紛呈，難于窮究。幾乎所有的句子成分都可互相轉(zhuǎn)譯。進(jìn)行成分轉(zhuǎn)譯的目的是為了使譯文通順、合乎漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣和更好地跟上下 文呼應(yīng)。Exercise 2一、利用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換法翻譯下列各句1. There are different element in nature.2. Wood is not as dense as water and therefore it floats.3. Cotton and line

43、n burn quickly and easily, and smell like burning paper.二、利用成分轉(zhuǎn)換法翻譯下列各句1 Nowadays, a typical radio transmitter has a power of 100 kilowatts so that it can broadcast information over a large area of influence.2 Bell's telephone was a great attraction at the Centennial Exposition held in Philadelp

44、hia that year to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.3. A transistor radio is a less complicated structure than a TV.4. In any machine the work accomplished never exceeds the amount of work expended in working the machine.5. Power means the speed, or rate of doing work

45、.6. We have to oil the moving parts of machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced.7. The cable are composed of thousands of wires, made of high-tensile steel, which are galvanized（鍍鋅的） to resist corrosion.8. By means of an engine steam is changed into energy of moving machinery, and then,

46、 by the aid of a generator, into electrical energy, which is transmitted over wires and, at some distant point is changed into light, or heat, or energy of moving machines.科技英語(yǔ)翻譯基本技巧 (五)成分分譯英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)有很多地方大不相同，英譯漢時(shí)往往需要改變英語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，以適應(yīng)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。所謂成分分譯就是改變?cè)木渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的一種譯法。這種譯法的要領(lǐng)是：把原文中較長(zhǎng)的句子成分，或不易安排的句子成分分出來(lái)另作處理

47、，一般譯成漢語(yǔ)短句或獨(dú)立語(yǔ)，分譯得當(dāng)可以使譯文層次分明，簡(jiǎn)練明確，合乎漢語(yǔ)規(guī)范。一、主語(yǔ)分譯主語(yǔ)分譯是指翻譯時(shí)把原文帶定語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)分譯成一個(gè)小句。分譯的方法通常是把主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)移作謂語(yǔ)，從而為主語(yǔ)分譯創(chuàng)造條件。The infinitesimal（極少的） amount of nuclear fuel （核燃料）required makes it possible to build power reactors（動(dòng)力反應(yīng)堆） in any part of the world.因?yàn)樗枰暮巳剂蠘O少，所以有可能把動(dòng)力反應(yīng)堆建在世界上任何一個(gè)地方。An unusually wide feed range

48、 adapts the machine to the greatest variety of job。由于進(jìn)給范圍很廣，本機(jī)床可用于加工各種不同的工件。（試比較：很寬廣的進(jìn)給范圍使本機(jī)床適合于加工各種不同的工件。）二、謂語(yǔ)分譯In those days, a cart（4輪車(chē)輛） that used an engine instead of a horse was thought to be dangerous.那時(shí)人們認(rèn)為，用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)而不用馬拉的車(chē)是危險(xiǎn)的。It follows that action and reaction always act on different bodies

49、but never act on the same body.由此可見(jiàn)，作用力和反作用力總是作用在不同的物體上，而永遠(yuǎn)不作用在同一物體上。三、定語(yǔ)分譯這種譯法主要用來(lái)處理某些較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)不同，它可以位于名詞之后，因此其長(zhǎng)度不受限制，可以廣展得很長(zhǎng)。漢語(yǔ)只有前置定語(yǔ)，一般不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng)，所以對(duì)原文中較長(zhǎng)的后置定語(yǔ)的翻譯，往往采用分譯的辦法，如定語(yǔ)從句的分譯便是大家所熟悉的。這里只著重介紹介詞短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的分譯情況。翻譯時(shí)，可結(jié)合上述的成分轉(zhuǎn)換或詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換等譯法將其分譯成一個(gè)分句。The flexibility（柔性） and versatility（通用性） of nume

50、rical control have led to the development of a new type of machine tool called the machining center。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的靈活性和多用性導(dǎo)致一種新型機(jī)床的發(fā)展，這種機(jī)床叫做加工中心。Semiconductors are a group of materials with their conductivity lying between that of conductors and that of insulators.半導(dǎo)體是一種電工材料，其導(dǎo)電性介于導(dǎo)體和絕緣體之間。四、狀語(yǔ)分譯Petroleum（石油）

51、 was formed at a later time than coal（煤炭） from plants and animals that 1ived in shallow seas.石油是由生長(zhǎng)在淺海的動(dòng)植物形成的，其形成時(shí)間比煤晚。The head of a drilling machine is mounted on the column above the table。       鉆床的主軸箱安裝在立柱上，位于工作臺(tái)的上方。五、表語(yǔ)分譯He 1ater became a leading advocate of nuclea

52、r disarmament.他后來(lái)極力主張禁止使用核武器，成了這方面的主要宣傳鼓動(dòng)家。這種譯法還常用于“too+形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”的句型中因?yàn)樽餍稳菰~狀語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)往往不便合譯。例如：The velocity of light is too great to be measured in simple units. 光速太大，因此不能用普通單位計(jì)量?？萍加⒄Z(yǔ)翻譯基本技巧 （六）被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的譯法從本課開(kāi)始，我們?cè)俳榻B一些在科技英語(yǔ)翻譯中帶有特殊性的翻譯手法。這些譯法是針對(duì)科技英語(yǔ)的某些具體問(wèn)題而提出的。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的廣泛使用是科技英語(yǔ)中的一大突出特點(diǎn)。漢語(yǔ)雖然也有被動(dòng)句，但使用范圍狹窄得多。翻譯英

53、語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，既可以譯成漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)句，也可以譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句，而且譯法是靈活多樣。一、譯成漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句將原文句子的主語(yǔ)仍然譯作主語(yǔ)，在謂語(yǔ)前加 " 被 “ 或省略 " 被 “； 也可在行為主體前加" 被 " 、 " 由 " 、 " 受、"為 " 、 " 所" 等；還可以譯成"是的"結(jié)構(gòu)。The first stage of a rocket is thrown away only minutes after the rocket takes off.火箭的第一級(jí)在火箭

54、起飛后僅僅幾分鐘就被扔掉。The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure if the temperature is he1d constant.如果溫度保持恒定，氣體的體積與壓力成反比。The moon, as we11 as the stars and the sun, is made use of by the mariner to find his latitude and longitude at sea.月球和星星、太陽(yáng)一樣常被海員用來(lái)確定在海上的經(jīng)緯度。Only a small part of the s

55、un energy reaching the earth is used by us.傳到地球的太陽(yáng)能只有一小部分為我們所利用。Besides voltage, resistance and capacitance, an alternating current is a1so inf1uenced by inductance.除了電壓、電阻和電容以外，交流電還受電感的影響。Many casting defects are caused by expansion properties of sand. 許多鑄造缺陷是由砂子的膨脹性質(zhì)造成的。二、譯成漢語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句1. 譯成有主語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)句翻譯時(shí)，更換

56、原文的主語(yǔ)或增加泛指性的主語(yǔ)。A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. 原子反應(yīng)堆需要一種適宜的燃料。To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again. 為了探測(cè)月球的表面，人們一次又一次地發(fā)射火箭。2. 譯成無(wú)主句翻譯時(shí)，把原文的主語(yǔ)譯成動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，有時(shí)還可以把原文的主語(yǔ)并入謂語(yǔ)一起譯。When work is done against friction, heat is produced. 當(dāng)克服摩擦而作功時(shí)，就產(chǎn)生熱。 By using

57、this new process the loss of metal was reduced to 20 per cent. 采用這一新工藝使金屬的損耗降低為原來(lái)的 20%. Care should be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.應(yīng)當(dāng)始終注意保護(hù)儀器，不使沾染灰塵，不使受潮?？萍加⒄Z(yǔ)翻譯基本技巧 ( 七 )長(zhǎng)句翻譯長(zhǎng)句是英語(yǔ)的一種常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象。由于原文句子一長(zhǎng)，往往層次就增多，各層之間 的關(guān)系也就復(fù)雜得多。在這種情況下，就需要進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法分析，弄清句子的層次和各層之間 的關(guān)系，準(zhǔn)確而全面地了解

58、句子的內(nèi)容，然后再考慮如何用漢語(yǔ)來(lái)進(jìn)行表達(dá)，表達(dá)時(shí)可采用順敘法，也可采用逆敘法；有時(shí)適于采用分譯法，而有時(shí)則適于采用合譯法。Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep，electricity is working for us，driving our refrigerators，heating our water，or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 分析： 該句子由一個(gè)主句，三個(gè)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句組成，共有五層意思： A. 既使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入

59、夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí)； B.電仍在為我們工作； C. 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電窗體底端冰箱； D. 加熱水； E. 或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語(yǔ)完全一致，因此，我們可以通過(guò)順序法，把該句翻譯成：即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí)，電仍在為我們工作： 幫我們開(kāi)動(dòng)電冰箱，把水加熱，或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century，because nowhere in nature is it found free，owing to its always being combined with other elements，most commonly with oxygen，for which it has a strong affinity.分析： 這個(gè)句子由一個(gè)主句，兩個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)和一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，“鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句，也是全句的中心內(nèi)容，全句共有四個(gè)謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，共有五層意思： A. 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)