英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖

1、精品語(yǔ)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖一.名詞I.名詞的種類:專有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)可數(shù)名詞/、可數(shù)名詞構(gòu)名稱個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II.名詞的數(shù):1.規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下:規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以 s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加esclass-classes,box-boxes, watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-t

2、hieves,knife-knives,wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以車仔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，力4stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以車仔音字母加一般力口-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes

3、, tomato-tomatoes-o結(jié)尾的名詞不少外來(lái)詞加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos, auto-autos,kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母力40結(jié)尾的名詞力sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加struth-truths,mouth-mouths, month-months,path-paths,2.不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下:規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞

4、中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-womenfoot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6復(fù)數(shù)

5、形式表示特別含義customs（海關(guān)），times（時(shí)代），spirits（ 情緒）， drinks（飲料），sands（沙灘），papers（文件報(bào)紙）, 100ks（外表），brains（頭腦智力），greens（青菜）7表示“某國(guó)人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞義為復(fù)數(shù)sons-in-law,lo

6、okers-on,passers-by,story-tellers, boy friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后F分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servantsIII.名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加構(gòu)成，二是 由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。1. s所有格的構(gòu)成:單數(shù)名詞在末尾加'sthe boy s father, Jack 's book, her son-in-law s ph

7、oto,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers ' room, the twins ' mother,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加'sthe children s toys, women s rights,以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加's或者Dickens' novels, Charles 's job, the Smiths ' house表示各自的所宿關(guān)系時(shí)，各名詞末尾均須加'sJapaH s and America s problems, Jang s and Mary s bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加'sJa

8、pan and Americas problems, Jane and Mary's father表示“某人家M M店鋪M ,所有格后名the doctor 's, the barber 's, the tailor's, my uncle s詞省略2. 's所有格的用法:1表示時(shí)間today's newspaper, five weeks ' holiday2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earth 's atmosphere, the tree s branches3表小國(guó)家城巾等地方的名詞the country 's plan

9、, the world s population, China 's industry4表示工作群體the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a mile's journey, five dollars ' worth of apples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the life s time, the play s plot7某些固定詞組a bird s eye view, a stone 's throw, at one s wit 's end（不知所措）3. of所

10、有格的用法：用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed二.冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an）,定冠詞（the）,和零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：1類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表小 每 , 相

11、當(dāng)丁,every, oneWe study eight hours a day.4表不 相同 相當(dāng)于 the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out名人后類似性質(zhì)的人或事That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upona time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于 quite, rather, many, half,

12、what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠詞的用法:1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于樂(lè)器前面play the violin, pla

13、y the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表 十類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海,山川群島的名the United States, the Communist Party of詞前China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，AT世紀(jì)的某個(gè)

14、年代in the 1990 s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠詞的用法:1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前后 this, my, whose, some, no, each,I want this book, not that one. / Whose purseevery等限制is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一

15、日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學(xué)科，諦言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husbandandwife, knife andfork, day andnight8表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.三.代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類:1人稱

16、代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問(wèn)代詞who, who

17、m, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII.不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn):1. one, some 與 any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones som喀用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。O

18、ne should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I don t have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，someft示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine. P

19、lease correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each 和 every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè) 以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a d

20、ictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和 no：no等于not any,作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂 語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4.

21、other 和 another:1) other 泛指 “另外的， 別的” 常與其他詞連用， 如： the other day, every other week, someotherreason, no other way,the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè),復(fù)數(shù)為the others 。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形

22、式是others ,泛指“別的人或事”如：I don't like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和 both, neither 和 eitherall表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)t用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither 和 none.All of the b

23、ooks are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.四.形容詞和副詞I.形容詞：1.形容詞的位置：1）形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置:1修飾 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobodyabsent, everything possible

24、2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形谷訶可置于有最局級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the onlysolution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可 以后置the only person awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對(duì)的形容記!可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置a man difficult to get on with2）多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序:代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠

25、詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小形狀新舊溫度顏色國(guó)籍材料質(zhì)地名allbothsuchthe a this another yoursecondnextonefourbeautiful goodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone詞3)復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成:1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過(guò)去分詞snow

26、-covered4副詞+ 現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+ 過(guò)去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII.副詞副詞的分類:1時(shí)間副詞soon, now, early, finally,once, recently5頻度副詞always, often,frequently,seldom, never2地點(diǎn)副詞here, nearby, outside,upwards, above6疑問(wèn)副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, reall

27、y7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether,however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost,nearly,very,fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII.形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞 后加-er和-est ,多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more和most1 .同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I amnot so good a player as you are.2 .可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much

28、,many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal 。3 . 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用 the more- the more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4 .用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。 如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5 .表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:Our school is three times larger than yours./Ou

29、r school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6 .表示“最高程度”的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect 。五.介詞I.介詞分類:1簡(jiǎn)單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond,during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout,

30、upon, within, without3短語(yǔ)介詞according to, becauseof, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering（就而論），including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII.常用介詞區(qū)別:1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間

31、的since, fromsince指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始3表示時(shí)間的in, afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in, on,toin表小在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示 “在一 上” 的on, inon只表小在某物的表面上，in表小占去某物一部分6表示“穿過(guò)”的through,acrossthrough表小從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與in有關(guān)，across表小在表面上通過(guò)，與on啟美7表示“關(guān)于”的about, onabout指涉及至ij, oni#專門論述8betw

32、een 與 among勺區(qū)另 Ubetween表小在兩者之IC, amon曲于二者或二者以上的中間9besides 與 except 的 區(qū)別besides指“除了一還后再加上"，except指“除了，減去什么"，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表不具體的工具，in表小材料，方式，力法，度里，單位，語(yǔ)3, 聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以一地位或身份”，like為“象一樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in通常表小位直（靜態(tài)），into表小動(dòng)向，/、表小目的地或位置六.動(dòng)詞I.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài):1.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種

33、時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下:現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/areaskingwas/were askingshall/willbeaskingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/willhaveaskedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has beenaskinghad been askingshall/willhavebeen askingshould/would have beenaskin

34、g2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別:1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié) 果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn) 在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer.（已經(jīng)看過(guò)， 且了解這本書的內(nèi)容）2 ） 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,漢譯英 時(shí)可加“過(guò)”，“了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the novel last month.（

35、只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3 .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過(guò)去開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”,在含義上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)， 如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng) 詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book. 我讀過(guò)那本書了。I have been reading that book all the morning.我早上一直在讀那本書。4 . 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：將來(lái)時(shí)

36、用法例句1will/shall+ 動(dòng)詞原形表小將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事It s going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表小將來(lái)go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?

37、4be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I was about to leave when the bell rang.Themeetingis about to close.5be to +動(dòng)詞原形表小按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)The meeting starts at five o 'clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II

38、.動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has been asked3一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be asked8過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been asked4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/would be asked9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/would havebeenasked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be asked注息事被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

39、后加not,短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)/、口漏掉其中介副 詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞義為被動(dòng)態(tài)。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語(yǔ)有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如:項(xiàng)It is believed that Itis generally conside

40、red that Itis saidthat It is well knownthat Itmustbe pointed out that Itis supposedthat It is reported that Itmust be admitted that Itis hopedthat 卜回王動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / Theplay wont act.Theclothes washeswell. /

41、 Thebooksells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.卜向詞或短語(yǔ)沒(méi)有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, become,benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have,appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keepup with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等七.情態(tài)

42、動(dòng)詞I.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用）可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定旬或疑問(wèn)句中）can not / cannot/can't doCan- do - ?Yes,can.No,can't.couldcouldn't domay可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求）可能，或許（表推測(cè)）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not doMay do？ Yes,may.No,mustn't/can 't.mightmight not doMight do？Yes,mightNo,-might not.must必須，應(yīng)該（

43、表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)）mustnot/mustn't doMust-do？ Yes,must.No,needH t/don't have to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱義化）don have to doDo have to do ？Yes,do. No,don 1ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtn't to doOught- to do ?Yes, -ought.No,oughtn't.shall將要，會(huì)用于一二人稱征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、

44、威脅等shall not/shan't doShall - do- ?Yes, -shall.No,shan't.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）本該（含后責(zé)備意味）shouldnot/shouldn't doShould do？will意愿，決心請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問(wèn)句中would比較委婉will not/won 't doW川do？Yes, -will.No,woH t.wouldwould not/wouldn'tdodare敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）dare not/daren't doDare- do - ?Yes, - dare.N

45、o,daren't.needrru攵必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）neednot/needn't doNeed。do？Yes, -must.No,needH t.used to過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已/、冉）usednot/usedn't/usen'tto dodidn't use to doUsed- to do ?Yes, -used.No,use(d)n't.Diduse to do ?Yes,did.No, didn't.II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must, may, might, could, can 表示推測(cè)：以must為例。must + d

46、o（be）是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行 的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。1. must ”肯定，一定”語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。He mustbe a manfrom America. / Hemust be talking with his friend. / Hemust have already arrived there.2. may和might “也許”，后者語(yǔ)氣弱，更沒(méi)有把握?？捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň?。He may not be at home. / They might have finished the

47、ir task.3. can和could “可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can't語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒(méi)有發(fā)生）Canhe be in the office now?No, he can't be there, for I sawhim in the library just now.（語(yǔ) 氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中III.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1. c

48、an和be able to:都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功"，而can無(wú)法表達(dá) 此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2. used to和would: used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣 或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為:needn't/daren't do ; Need/dare- do- ?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/

49、dare(dares/dared) to do, don 't(doesn 't/didn 't) need/dare to do八.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成:非謂語(yǔ)形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to doto be doingto havedoneto be doneto have beendone在非謂語(yǔ)前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、兵、止、表和狀語(yǔ)分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghavingdonebeing donehaving beendone具后副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表

50、、賓補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞done動(dòng)名詞doinghavingdonebeing donehaving beendonesb'sdoing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語(yǔ)II.做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較:情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, fi

51、nish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercan't help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to,be engagedn, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself

52、to, be worth,be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多才L般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require （接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表小被動(dòng)忠義，若接式則應(yīng)用祇動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing停止止在做的事意義/、同remember/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）g

53、o on to do （接看做另外一件事）go on doing （按看做同一件事）try to do （設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing （試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do （打算做，企圖做）mean doing （思識(shí)是, 思味著）can't help to do （不能幫忙做）can't help doing （忍不住要做）III.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish,encouragehave, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I heard him call me several times.現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來(lái)，進(jìn) 行式表