影響大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)自主學(xué)習(xí)的因素分析畢業(yè)論文

1、. . . . 本 科 畢 業(yè) 論 文（設(shè) 計(jì)）題目（中文）：影響大學(xué)生英語(yǔ)自主學(xué)習(xí)的因素分析（英文）：Analysis of Factors Influencing College Student On Autonomous English Learning 學(xué) 院 醫(yī)藥化工學(xué)院 年級(jí)專業(yè) 12化工 學(xué)生 丁水芳 學(xué) 號(hào) 1232210028 指導(dǎo)教師 完 成 日 期2008 年4 月Analysis of Factors Influencing College Student On Autonomous English LearningWritten byZhang DongyeSuper

2、visedbyProfessorWang HuiminA ThesisSubmitted to TaiZhouUniversityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Artsin English EducationForeign LanguagesCollege,ShanghaiNormalUniversityApril 2008AcknowledgementsThis thesis is dedicated to all the teachers who have taught me

3、 a lot, especially to my supervisor, who has helped to work out the outline, giving me enlightening advice throughout the whole process of the present thesis. To her, I owe a profound debt of gratitude. The work would not have been possible without the help of my roommates and friends, who gave me a

4、 lot of encouragement when I was at a loss. We discussed a lot and moved forward.I am particularly indebted to my father and mother, who encouraged me to persist and gave me the best they could offer. Without all the support, I could not have completed this tough work.AbstractColour terms are abunda

5、nt in both English and Chinese，such as red, yellow, and blue. In this thesis, I have attempted to make a comparison between the sense of red in English and that in Chinese by studying the examples collected from all the materials available. The thesis is divided into three parts. In Chapter One, I r

6、elate colour terms with cognition and culture in English and Chinese. In Chapter Two, I list a lot of examples related to red in English and Chinese and analyse them from three aspects in terms of their sense: exact equivalence, partial equivalence, no equivalence. In Chapter Three, I find out the f

7、actors that cause these semantic similarities and differences of red from the perspective of cognition and culture. Through a comparative study of the sense of red in English and Chinese, I shed light on the three kinds of equivalent relationship of red terms in English and Chinese. The three kinds

8、of equivalent relationship indicate that there exist similarity and difference in red terms between English and Chinese. Both similarity and difference are attributed to cognitive basis and cultural influence. If people know them well, they can achieve better cross-culture communication. Key words:

9、the sense of red; semantic equivalence; similarity; difference; cognition; culture摘要 在這個(gè)科技日益發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì)，自主學(xué)習(xí)能力變得越來(lái)越重要。近30年來(lái)，語(yǔ)音教育界對(duì)自主學(xué)習(xí)也越來(lái)越重視。本文分為三個(gè)部分。在第一章中，我談到了顏色詞與認(rèn)知和文化的關(guān)系。在第二章中，我列舉了中英文里有關(guān)紅色詞語(yǔ)的許多例子， 并且結(jié)合三種語(yǔ)義對(duì)等關(guān)系對(duì)它們進(jìn)行了分析：英漢語(yǔ)義的完全對(duì)應(yīng)，部分對(duì)應(yīng)和不完全對(duì)應(yīng)。在第三章中，我從認(rèn)知以與文化的角度，闡釋了導(dǎo)致這些紅色詞語(yǔ)在中英文里語(yǔ)義相似和不同的原因。通過對(duì)中英文中紅色詞義的對(duì)比研究，我揭

10、示出紅色詞語(yǔ)在中英文里的三種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。這三種對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系表明在英漢兩種語(yǔ)言里，紅色詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義確實(shí)存在著相似性和差異性，而這些相似性和差異性都源于認(rèn)知的基礎(chǔ)和文化的影響。關(guān)鍵詞： 紅色語(yǔ)義；語(yǔ)義對(duì)應(yīng)；相似；差異；認(rèn)知；文化ContentsAcknowledgements .iAbstract . ii摘要.iii1. Introduction.12. The general view of colour terms in English and Chinese .22.1 Colour terms with cognition in English and Chinese.22.2 Colour t

11、erms with culture in English and Chinese33. Semantic equivalence of red in English and Chinese.53.1 Exact equivalence.53.2 Partial equivalence.63.3 No equivalence.84. Reasons for the semantic similarities and differences of red in English and Chinese.114.1 Reasons for the semantic similarities of re

12、d in English and Chinese.114.2 Reasons for the semantic differences of red in English and Chinese134.2.1 Difference in aesthetic habit.144.2.2 Difference in historical background.155. Conclusion .17Bibliography.181. IntroductionAccording to Geoffrey Leech (1981: 9), “There are seven types of meaning

13、s: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning.” And he combined connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning into “associative meaning”. So besides the lite

14、ral meaning, colour words have affluent associative meanings. Different nations endow them with different cultural connotations. The comparative study of the sense of red in both English and Chinese will be a bridge for both English and Chinese learners to understand the similarities and disparities

15、;otherwise, these disparities can cause ambiguity and lead to misunderstanding. “Obviously, connotations are apt to vary from age to age and from society to society” (Ibid: 12). Compared with conceptual meaning, associative meaning is unstable because associations vary considerably according to cult

16、ure, historical period, and the experience of individuals. So it is quite necessary to make a comparison between associative meaning of red in English and that in Chinese. There have been a lot of studies about the meanings of different colours, the way to translate some phrases with colour terms, a

17、nd the relationship betweencolour and culture. Many of them focus on several colours, and some focusing on one colour term only list lots of examples withoutcomparing them in different languages, so its meaningful to make a comparison between the sense of red in English and that in Chinese. If we kn

18、ow the similarities and differences in the sense between these two languages, we can learn the second language better, thus achieving the cross-culture communication. The thesis is about to analyze some examples of red terms in both English and Chinese, try to find the similarities and dissimilariti

19、es between them in terms of semantics, and find out the factors that cause these semantic similarities and dissimilaritiesfrom the perspective of cognition and culture.2.The general view of colour terms in English and ChineseColours are closely related to peoples life. Colour is an important field f

20、rom which people can recognize the world. Let us see the following example: (1)菩薩蠻·大柏地赤橙黃綠青藍(lán)紫，誰(shuí)持彩練當(dāng)空舞？ 雨后復(fù)斜陽(yáng)，關(guān)山陣陣蒼。Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.Who is dancing, waving this coloured ribbon against the sky?The sun returns slanting after the rain.And hill and pass grow a deeper

21、 blue.(包惠南 2003: 128)In Example(1), Chairman Mao uses seven colour terms to describe the colours of a rainbow in the sky after a summer storm. They are identical with the seven colours that are used to describe the rainbow in English Encyclopedia.Without colours, there will be no colourful life. Nat

22、ure provides us with many beauties, such as the rising sun, the white moonlight, the blue sea, and the green wheat wave. They are all that we should cherish. 2.1 Colour terms with cognition in English and ChineseLanguage has two meanings. One is its conceptual meaning while the other is its associat

23、ive meaning. When we use colour terms to describe the colour of a certain subject, their conceptual meaning is applied. When we associate colour terms with abstract concepts, their associative meaning is applied. “Theory of Semantic Feature-cancellation” (王寅 2001: 308) makes it possible for us to us

24、e words which are supposed to describe concrete things to express abstract concepts. Cognitive semantics views meanings as a mental phenomenon which isbased on body experience. They are the result of interaction between human being and the real world. The process of the forming of meanings is the pr

25、ocess of conceptualization. And the process of conceptualization is a cognitive one which is based on body experience. (Ibid: 181) The cognitive process is a very complex one. The cognition of colours is a visual cognitive process. All the visual information is carried to the cortex over the major v

26、isual pathway. The discussion of colour terms will take one on a journey from the eye to the cortex. Ones brain serves as a colour processor. The cognition of colours also involves ones subjectivity. Thus, one colour reflects not only objective feature but subjective feature as well. The subjective

27、feature is usually formed through synesthesia, which means whether the colour makes you feel warm or feel cold. As Geoffrey Leech (1981: 235-26)put it, “The relative uniformity of colour semantics in different languages has much to do with the uniformity of the human apparatus of visual perception.”

28、 Whatever language a person speaks, he is apt to regard “certain focal colour stimuli” as more important than others. Among many colours, red is the easiest to perceive. 2.2 Colour terms with culture in English and Chinese“Culture is an integral whole which embraces knowledge, beliefs, moralities, l

29、aws, customs and other abilities and habits a man has acquired as a member of society.” (quoted in麗 2006: 17)Language is a part of culture. Language is a mirror, in front of which culture is reflected. The difference of the “inner content of the nation” (解海江and 章黎平 2004: 263) is a fundamental factor

30、 causing different understanding of cultural connotations of colours. People in different cultures may have totally different understanding of the associative meaning which the same colour conveys. Cultural associative meaning is determined by one nations custom, geography, and religion. The same co

31、lour may give rise to different association in ones mind. This is caused by cultural difference. The similarity is the result of cultural commensurability and mutual penetration of culture. In most cultures, red is related to enthusiasm and unrestraint. But there exist great differences in custom, g

32、eography, and religion between different nations. First, colour terms in Chinese embody feudal hierarchical culture. In many dynasties, certain colours were used by certain people. They represent different social status. Second, colour terms embody western religious culture. As the symbol of purity,

33、 white reveals the religious complex of the western people. So a bride in western countries wears a white dress instead of a red one. Third, a nation has a preference for certain colours. We Chinese people consider red as a beautiful colour. A good case in point is that we use 紅顏 to describe a prett

34、y girl. While red is not so popular among the English people, its positive meaning is used less than that in Chinese. 3. Semantic equivalence of red in English and Chinese3.1 Exact equivalenceThe view of the world is “a cultures orientation toward God, humanity, nature, the universe, life, death, si

35、ckness, and other philosophical issues concerning existence” (quoted in麗 2006: 47). How one views the world will affect his perception toward the world-the process by which he attaches meanings to social events he encounters in his environment. It helps people interpret and evaluate what is right an

36、d wrong, what is good and bad, what to do and not to do, and so on. Thats the same in colour perception. Both in China and English-speaking countries, redis usually associated with celebrations and joyful occasions. In China, people usually use red things to create happy atmosphere to a wedding, a b

37、irthday and important festivals. Red is prevalent on a traditional Chinese wedding. People stick red 喜喜 on windows and doors, use red linens. The bride is dressed in red from head to feet: red dresses and red shoes. That not only brings happy ambience to the wedding, but alsomakes people recall thei

38、r happy days after their marriage. When their baby is one-month old, the host family will send red eggs to the relatives, friends and neighbours to celebrate the coming of the new life. Under festive circumstances, the elder send to the young red packets with money enclosed to pray for happiness and

39、 health. Similarly, bosses send to their employees red packets with money enclosed to pray for prosperity. Besides, We have a very famous trademark for a cigarette, that is, 紅雙喜which is a symbol of good fortune.On calendars, we can find that holidays, such as the Spring Festival, are printed in red,

40、 while ordinary days are in black. In English, red is also used for celebrating events. It has the cultural associative meaning of happiness, such as in red letter day. Important days are printed in red on calendars rather than in black for ordinary days. For western people, a red letter day means a

41、 day when a good event happens. In China, we have the custom to roll out a red carpet to extend our warmth to some important guests, that is, to “roll out the red carpet to honor a visiting head of state”, or “to give someone the red carpet treatment”. For example,(2) A mother said, It was a real re

42、d letter day for me when my son came home from three years in the navy. We rolled out the red carpet to welcome him home. (我兒子在海軍服役三年了。他回家的那天，對(duì)我來(lái)說真是一個(gè)大喜的日子。我們把他當(dāng)貴賓一樣來(lái)歡迎。) (宋偉華 2006: 109) From the case, we can find that “to roll out the red carpet” can also be applied to an ordinary person. Besides,

43、“to paint the town red” means “to celebrate wildly, to enjoy oneself to ones hearts content”. Likewise, in the west,on Christmas Day, Santa Claus comes to dispatch presents to innocent children. He is in red, making the day full of mystery and happiness. Whats more, there exists basic similarity in

44、conceptual meaning of red in English and Chinese such as blood-red (血紅色), orange-red (橘紅色), red wine (紅葡萄酒). 3.2 Partial equivalence But in the process of translating one source language into another target language, the meaning may change, especially when colour terms are involved, although the tra

45、nslator tries his or her best to be faithful. There exists aclose relationship between colour and emotion. This can be well illustrated by the following example: Mr. Brown has been feeling blue lately. The actual information this sentence conveys is that Mr. Brown has been very depressed lately. Onl

46、y when we know its connotations can we understand a colour term correctly; otherwise, we will feel very confused. Like white, red is also associated with certain emotions, anger and embarrassment included. These two kinds of emotion exist both in English and Chinese.Lets see an example.Her face turn

47、ed red when bombarded with such anembarrassing question. We can easily guess the meaning of red and the meaning of this sentence, for there is an Chinese equivalence for it臉紅. There her face turned red because she felt embarrassed and she felt so because of the embarrassing question. In English, we

48、can use either turn red or become red-faced to show ones embarrassment. But we must know that in English there are many expressionsto describe a persons face turning red: to blush, to flush, to redden, to colour up, etc. “Many objects that would be labelled by the red term in one language would not

49、be labelled by the red term in another: accordingly the red term in one language would not be infallibly translated by the red term in another” (Geoffrey Leech 1981: 235). Some things and objects have only one or two ways of expression in one language, while in another language, they can be expresse

50、d in several ways. That is to say, they have more subtle differences in another language. Let us see where these differences are from the examples below. (3) “我有什么心事呢？”盛淑君滿臉飛紅地抵賴。（周立波：山鄉(xiāng)巨變）“What cares have I got?” she blushed as she denied them.(4) 他和甫兩個(gè)雖然已經(jīng)喝了半瓶黑葡萄酒，可是他們臉上一點(diǎn)也不紅（茅盾：子夜）He and Wang Ho-

51、fu had got through half a bottle of port between them, but their faces were not flushed in the least.(5) 周仲偉的臉上立刻通紅了，真像一根“紅頭火柴”。（茅盾：子夜）Chou Chung-weis face reddened like one of his own red-tipped matches.(quoted in宋偉華 2006: 109-10)In Example (3), we can know that to blush is used when someone feels

52、embarrassed, to flush in Example(4) is used in the exciting, happy, or inebriated situation. To redden and to color up in Example (5) are commonly used in most cases. So when we translate these phrases from Chinese to English, we must consider carefully which word to use.Those are all about embarras

53、sment. Then what about anger? In Chinese, we say 氣得臉紅脖子粗. In English, we can use the expression to see red, or to wave a redflag. They are partly equivalent to each other. Also, we cant directly translate the to see red into 見紅，which may cause misunderstanding, because in China, it implies a womans

54、bleeding when she is giving birth to a baby. Neither can to wave a red flag be directly translated into 揮動(dòng)一面紅旗. If it is thus translated, we will have difficulty in understanding the whole meaning ofatext in which it is used. Let us see the following examples: (6) He clenched his fist and went very

55、red.(7) I found he wasred with anger.(8) When he criticized my work, I really saw red.(9) The mere mention of his enemys name is like waving a red flag to him.If we are not familiar with the phrasetobered, we can guess its meaning to some extent because the contexts have already been set here. We ca

56、n know red in both Example (6) and Example (7) implies anger. But what on earth is the meaning ofsawred in Example (8) and waving a red flag in Example (9)? Both of them suggest anger. The former means to become very angry while the latter means to cause quick anger in somebody by doing something of

57、fensive.3.3 No equivalence Besides these two kinds of relationship I have mentioned above in terms of red, there also exists no equivalence between English and Chinese. Let us see some examples.We Chinese say 紅糖，but in English it equals brown sugar. We Chinese say 紅茶，but in English it equals black tea. 紅榜 is translated into honor roll; 紅豆 is translated into l