大學(xué)英語語法及練習(xí)

1、大學(xué)英語語法及練習(xí) 第一講 虛擬語氣I. 考點分析：分四級語法復(fù)習(xí)虛擬語氣是動詞的特殊形式，用來表達(dá)說話人的意愿、建議、請求、意圖、驚奇、設(shè)想等未能或不可能成為事實的情況，以及在說話人看來實現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。虛擬語氣是非常重要的語法考點?？疾闅v屆四級試題，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)與虛擬語氣有關(guān)的考題每次至少2題，有時甚至3-4題。虛擬語氣的考查要點有：1. 虛擬語氣的形式：分清虛擬時間和主從句的動詞形式十分重要，因此我們把所有虛擬語氣的不同類型列表歸納并進(jìn)行對比，以便于同學(xué)們記憶掌握。動詞形式類型虛擬時間從句動詞主句動詞if條件句現(xiàn)在過去式would/should/might/could+動詞原形過去ha

2、d+過去分詞would/should/might/could+have +過去分詞將來should/were to/過去式would/should/might/could+動詞原形wish引導(dǎo)的賓從現(xiàn)在過去式過去had+過去分詞/could have done將來would/could/might+動詞原形as if/though方式狀語從句同wish 其它動詞引導(dǎo)的賓從(should)+動詞原形主語從句(should)+動詞原形表語從句(should)+動詞原形同位語從句(should)+動詞原形if only 同if條件句lest, for fear that, in case shoul

3、d+動詞原形would rather/sooner that現(xiàn)在/將來過去式過去had+過去分詞It is high/about time that 過去式2. 要注意從句中第一/三人稱的過去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.3. if條件句中如謂語動詞是were, had, should, could時，可以省略if, 把它們前置。 例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send m

4、e abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（萬一黑死病再次出現(xiàn)，我們該怎么辦？）4. 錯綜時間的條件句是難點，如99年1月第60題: If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldnt be smiling now.（從句用過去完成時，主句用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film

5、 last night.(從句虛擬現(xiàn)在，主句虛擬過去)；If we hadnt got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(從句虛擬過去，主句虛擬將來)；If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(從句虛擬過去，主句虛擬現(xiàn)在)5. 虛擬句的另一難點是省略if條件句的含蓄條件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I h

6、ave been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.)6. 注意介詞短語 without, but for, in the absence等表示虛擬條件。例如：Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.沒有電就不會

7、有現(xiàn)代工業(yè)。 But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.沒有你們的幫助，我們的實驗時不可能成功的。7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+賓語”或“But that+從句”表示假設(shè)條件。例如：Were it not for their assistance, we couldnt have got over the difficulties. Had it not been for the reservoir, wed never have been ab

8、le to beat the drought. But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it. 8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引導(dǎo)的條件從句中，根據(jù)語意，可以用虛擬語氣，有可以用陳述語氣。9.常見的引導(dǎo)賓語從句須用虛擬語氣的動詞有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, order, pre

9、fer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提議，動議)等；例如：The United Nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. （聯(lián)合國敦促他撤軍。）10常見的引導(dǎo)同位語從句或表語從句須用虛擬語氣的名詞有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, re

10、quest, requirement等；例如：The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位語從句) 邀請他的建議被否決了。Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表語從句)他們的要求是工資增加20%。11用在主語從句中時其結(jié)構(gòu)通常為“It is/was + 形容詞或過去分詞+主語從句（用虛擬語氣）”，例如：It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要參加討論。It was o

11、rdered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根據(jù)命令，那些藥品必須空運到這兒。常見的這類形容詞、分詞還有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合適的）, compulsory（強制的）, crucial(緊要關(guān)頭的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合適的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必須履行的)， p

12、referable（更好的）, proper（合適的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（緊迫的）, vital（至關(guān)重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）, suggested（建議的）, desired（希望的）等。II. 歷屆四級試題中的虛擬語氣：1. That tree looked as if it _ for a long time. (93/1/52) A) hasnt watered B) didnt waterC) hadnt been watered D) wasnt watered 2. Its necessary _ the dict

13、ionary immediately. (93/1/68) A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return 3. We desire that the tour leader _ us immediately of any change in plans. (93/6/48) A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed 4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only

14、 I _ your advice. (93/6/70) A) follow B) had followed C)would follow D) have followed 5.The manager of the hotel requests that their guests_ after 11:00 p.m. (94/1/65) A) not to play loud music B) shouldnt play loud music C) dont play loud music D) couldnt play music6._for my illness I would have le

15、nt him a helping hand. (95/1/47) A) Not being for B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been7.To be frank, Id rather you_ in the case. (95/1/61) A) will not be involved B) not involved C) not to be involved D) were not involved 8.It is recommended that the project _until all the preparat

16、ions have been made. (95/6/44) A) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 9.I wish I _longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. (95/6/45) A) could have slept B) slept C) not be started D) have slept 10.Jean doesnt want to work right away beca

17、use she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.(96/1/44) A) has to get B) were to get C) had got D) could have got 11. It is politely requested by the total management that radio _ after 11 oclock at (96/1/28) A) were not played B) not to play C) not be

18、 played D) did not play 12. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96/6/42) A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left 13. Its already 5 oclock now. Dont you think its about time _? (96/6/43) A) we were going home B)we go home C) we went home D) we can go home

19、14. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner (97/1/34) A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive 15. Had he worked harder, he _ the exams. (97/6/42) A) must have got through B) would have got through C) would get through

20、D) could get through 16. I dont think it advisable that Tim _ to the job since he has no experience.(97/6/55) A) is assigned B) will be assigned C) be assigned D) has been assigned 17. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself. (98/1/38) A) injure B) had injured C) injured D) wou

21、ld injure 18. You dont have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you_on business first. (98/1/59) A) would go B) will go C) went D) have gone 19. Id rather you_make any comment on the issue for the time being. (98/6/48) A) dont B) wouldnt C) didnt D) shouldnt 20. We were all for your proposal that

22、the discussion _. (98/6/68) A) be put off B) was put off C) should put off D) is to put off 21. “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,” Edgar said to his boss angrily. (99/1/57) A) realized B) have realized C) realize D) should realize 22.

23、 If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now. (99/1/60) A) wouldnt be smiling B) couldnt have smiled C) wont smile D) didnt smile 23. Frankly speaking, Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being. (99/1/66) A) didnt do B) havent done C) dont do D) have done 24. I

24、f the whole operation _ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (99/6/43) A) was not planned B) has not been C) were not planned D) had not been planned 25. As Commander-in-Chief on the armed forces, I have directed that all measures _for our defense. (99/6/62) A) be taken B

25、) would be taken C) to be taken D) had been taken 26. Wouldnt you rather your child _ to bed early? (00/1/49) A) went B) goes C) go D) would go 27. Mikes uncle insists _ in this hotel. (00/1/52) A) that he not stay B) staying not C) that he would not stay D) not to stay 28. Sometimes I wish I_ in a

26、different time and a different place. (00/1/58) A) were living B) would live C) would have lived D) be living 29. It is essential that these application forms _ back as early as possible. (00/1/64) A) must be sent B) will be sent C) be sent D) are sent 30. The suggestion that the mayor _ the prizes

27、was accepted by everyone. (00/6/32) A) would present B) present C) presents D) ought to present 31. The manager would rather his daughter _ in the same office. (00/6/48) A) had not worked B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work 32. It is important that the hotel receptionist _ that guests ar

28、e registered correctly. (01/1/41)A) make sure B) has made sure C) made sure D) must make sure 33.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _ all practical value by the time they were finished. (01/6/53 ) A) had lost B) would lose C) would have lost D) should have lost 34. Ja

29、ck wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was in university. (01/6/50)A) had studied B) study C) studied D) had been studying 35. The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet. (02/1/57) A) be B) was C) is D)

30、 were 36. Many a delegate was in favor of his proposal that a special committee _ to investigate the incident. (02/1/58) A) was set up B) were set up C) set up D) be set up 37. Things might have been much worse if the mother _ on right to keep the baby. （02/1/59） A) had insisted B) has been insistin

31、g C) insisted D) would insist III. 答案及詳解:1. C) 題意：那棵樹看上去好象很久沒澆水了。解析：as if 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句，主句用過去時，從句用過去完成時, 故選C。2. C) 題意：他立刻歸還字典是很有必要的。 解析：“it is/was + 形容詞+主語從句”中的虛擬語氣的動詞形式用省略should的動詞形式, 故選C。3. A) 題意：我們希望旅游團(tuán)的領(lǐng)隊能立刻通知計劃的一些改變。 解析：desire引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中動詞應(yīng)用虛擬形式should +動詞原形或省略should，故選A。4. B) 題意：瞧瞧我這糟糕的處境！要是我聽從你的建議就好了

32、。 解析：if only引導(dǎo)的句子如果與過去事實相反，動詞就用過去完成時，即had + 過去分詞，故選B。5. B) 題意：酒店老板要求客人晚上11點之后不得播放嘈鬧的音樂。解析：request引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的虛擬語氣用should +動詞原形，should可以省略，故選B。6. B) 題意：要不是我病了的話，我會幫他一把的。 解析：“had not been for +賓語”表示假設(shè)條件，相當(dāng)于“if it had not been for”，意思是“要不是，如果不是”，故選B。7. D) 題意：說實話，我寧愿你不要卷入這起案件中。 解析：would rather +that從句的虛擬語氣用

33、過去式，故選D。8. C) 題意：據(jù)建議這項工程在所有的準(zhǔn)備工作就緒之前不應(yīng)動工。 解析：“it is + 過去分詞+ that從句”的虛擬語氣形式用should+動詞原形或省略should的動詞原型，故選C。9. A) 題意：我原希望我今早上能多睡會，但我不得不起床來上課。 解析：由“but I had to ”可知wish后的賓語從句是對過去的假設(shè)，故選A。10. B) 題意：簡不想現(xiàn)在就工作，因為她認(rèn)為如果有了一份工作，她就不能常常與朋友們相見。 解析：if引導(dǎo)的與將來情況相反的假設(shè)的虛擬語氣可用should或者were to + 動詞原形的形式，故選B。11. C) 題意：所有管理人員

34、很有禮貌地請求晚上11點之后不要再播放收音機了。 解析：“it is + 過去分詞+ that從句”的虛擬語氣形式用should+動詞原形或省略should的動詞原型，故選C。12. C) 題意：要使她能立刻動身，她會在星期日到達(dá)那兒的。 解析：if引導(dǎo)的與將來情況相反的假設(shè)的虛擬語氣可用should或者were to + 動詞原形的形式，故選C。13. C) 題意：現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)5點了，難道你不認(rèn)為我們該回家了嗎？ 解析：it is (about) time + that從句中的虛擬語氣用過去式，故選C。14. D) 題意：要使他們能在后天我們出發(fā)之前趕到，我們會舉行一場盛大的晚會。 解析：if引

35、導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中如果動詞是had, should或were的話，可以省略if，把這些動詞前置；又由the day after tomorrow（后天）可以判斷假設(shè)的是將來情況，因此選項D是正確答案。15. B) 題意：如果他學(xué)習(xí)努力一些的話，他會通過考試的。 解析：if引導(dǎo)的條件句的虛擬語氣表示與過去情況相反時，從句用had + 過去分詞的形式，主句用would +have +過去分詞的形式，所以B是正確答案。16. C) 題意：我認(rèn)為分配蒂姆做這份工作是不合理的，因為他沒有經(jīng)驗。 解析：含有advisable作賓補的賓語從句也須用虛擬語氣，形式同它作表語的虛擬語氣，因此，省略了should的

36、選項C 是答案。17. A) 題意：這名瘋男子被關(guān)進(jìn)鋪了軟墊的囚室，以免他傷害自己。解析：lest引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的虛擬語氣用should +動詞原形，should可以省略。18. C) 題意：你無須這么匆忙。我寧愿你先出差去。解析：would rather后的虛擬語氣用過去式，故選C.19. C) 題意：我寧愿你暫時對此問題不做任何評價。 解析：would rather后的虛擬語氣用過去式，故選C。20. A) 題意：我們都贊成你的提議，即推遲討論。 解析：proposal引出的同位語從句的虛擬語氣用should + 動詞原形或者省略should,該句應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，故選A。21. A) 題意：

37、“你非常自私。到了你該意識到你并不是世界上最重要的人物?！卑５录託鈶嵉貙习逭f。 解析：it is high time + that從句中的虛擬語氣用過去式，故選A。22. A) 題意：如果你掉落時我沒有站在梯子下接住你，那你現(xiàn)在就不會在這兒微笑了。 解析：本句是錯綜時間的虛擬句，從句虛擬的是過去的情況，用過去完成時，主句虛擬的現(xiàn)在的情況，用過去將來時，又由于now這個表示進(jìn)行時的時間副詞，所以選項A) wouldnt be smiling是正確答案。23. A) 題意：坦白地講，我寧愿你暫時對此什么也沒做。 解析：would rather后的虛擬語氣用過去式，故選A。24. D) 題意：如果

38、整個操作沒有提前計劃的，那大量的時間和財力就會被浪費掉。 解析：if引導(dǎo)的與過去情況相反的假設(shè)，從句用過去完成時(had + 過去分詞)，主句用過去將來完成時（would + have + 過去分詞），故選項D是正確答案。25. A) 題意：做為武裝部隊的總司令，我已經(jīng)命令采取一切措施有利于我們的措施。 解析：direct后的賓語從句的虛擬語氣用should +動詞原形，should可以省略，故選A) be taken。26. A) 題意：難道你不原意你的孩子早點上床睡覺？ 解析：would rather后的虛擬語氣用過去式，故選A。27. A) 題意：邁克的叔叔堅持讓他呆在這家旅店。 解析：

39、insist后的賓語從句的虛擬語氣用should +動詞原形，should可以省略，故選A) that he not stay。28. A) 題意：有時候我希望自己生活在一個不同的時代和不同的地方。 解析：wish引導(dǎo)一個與現(xiàn)在情況相反的賓語從句時，動詞用過去時，并且用were代替 was，所以A) were living是正確答案。29. C) 題意：這些申請表盡可能早地送回來是很必要的。 解析：“it is essential + that從句 ”的虛擬語氣用should +動詞原形，should可以省略。所以選項C是正確答案。30. B) 題意：由市長頒發(fā)獎品的建議得到了所有人的認(rèn)可。

40、解析：suggestion引出的同位語從句的虛擬語氣用should + 動詞原形或者省略should,故選B。31. D) 題意：經(jīng)理寧愿其女兒不在同一個辦公室工作。 解析：would rather后的虛擬語氣用過去式，故選D。32. A) 題意：酒店招待確保客人登記無誤是很重要的。 解析：“it is important + that從句 ”的虛擬語氣用should +動詞原形，should可以省略。所以選項A是正確答案。33. C) 題意：如果涉及到的上百萬的計算用人工完成，那么等算完時早已失去其實用價值。 解析：if引導(dǎo)的虛擬從句與過去事實相反，從句用“had +過去分詞”形式，if省略

41、，had提前，并以插入語的方式置于句中，主句用“would + have +過去分詞”形式，所以選項C為正確答案。34. A) 題意：杰克常希望他上大學(xué)時學(xué)的是商業(yè)而不是歷史。 解析：wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的虛擬語氣如表示對過去情況的假設(shè)，動詞形式用過去完成式（had +過去分詞）或could + have +過去分詞的形式，所以選項A)had studied是正確答案。35. C) 題意：這篇文章建議，當(dāng)一個人處于不尋常的壓力下時，他應(yīng)該尤其注意自己的飲食平衡。 解析：suggest引出的賓語從句的虛擬語氣用should +動詞原形或省略should的形式，但本句的考查點卻不是賓語從句的主句

42、（he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet）,而是賓語從句中一個由when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，不需用虛擬語氣，因此選項C) is是正確答案。36. D) 題意：許多代表都贊成他的提議即設(shè)立一個專門委員會來調(diào)查此事故。 解析：proposal引出的同位語從句的虛擬語氣用should + 動詞原形或者省略should,該句是被動語態(tài)，故選D。37. A) 題意：如果那位母親堅持不放棄撫養(yǎng)嬰兒的權(quán)利，那事情可能還要糟糕的多。 解析：if引導(dǎo)的與過去情況相反的假設(shè)，從句用had + 過去分詞的形式，主句用would/cou

43、ld+ have + 過去分詞，故選項A是正確答案。第二講 非謂語動詞I考點分析非謂語動詞包括現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式和動名詞。非謂語動詞既是四級考試的重點也是四級考試的的難點。因為非謂語動詞的用法很復(fù)雜，它既含有時態(tài)語態(tài)的變化、又有否定形式。例如：He seemed to have waited there for a long time. (不定式的完成時態(tài))He seemed to be waiting for someone. (不定式的正在進(jìn)行時)He seemed to have not known the place very well. (不定式的完成時態(tài)的否定形式)He s

44、eemed to have been told about it. (不定式的被動語態(tài))一、非謂語動詞不同形式的基本用法。1. 現(xiàn)在分詞可以用作狀語、定語和表語。例如：The film is exciting. (表語)The exciting film attracted the children very much. (定語)Having finishing the homework, children went to the playground to play basketball. (狀語)The problem being discussed is what they are co

45、ncerned with. (定語)2. 過去分詞的用法與現(xiàn)在分詞大體相當(dāng)，可以用作狀語、定語和表語。只是表示的意義有所不同。例如：Children are excited at the film. (表語)The excited children sang and danced to the midnight. (定語)Excited at the news, children went to the playground to play basketball. (狀語)This was the problem discussed at the meeting yesterday. (定語)

46、3. 不定式有兩種形式：帶to的不定式和不帶to的不定式, 不定式有進(jìn)行體、完成體和被動語態(tài)。不定式在句中可以作主語、賓語、補語、定語和狀語等。It is of Importance to have good friends. (邏輯主語)To see is to believe. (主語)I expect him to come back soon. (賓語補語)I dont know how to get there. (賓語)We need someone to help us. (定語)To get there earlier, we started at 6 oclock. (狀語)

47、The room seemed to have been cleaned. (表語)4. 動名詞在句中可以作主語、賓語、補語。I dont liking talking with her. (賓語)Smoking is dangerous for health. (主語)Her hobby is collecting coins. (表語)二、 四級考試中的非謂語動詞考點1. 非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)The two buildings being repaired now are the students dormitories. (正在進(jìn)行時表示動作正在發(fā)生，被動語態(tài)表示被動)The two

48、buildings repaired during the summer vacations are the students dormitories. (過去分詞作定語，表示動作完成)The two buildings to be repaired are the students dormitories. (不定式表示動做未發(fā)生，將要發(fā)生)2. 非謂語動詞的否定形式和物主代詞的用法Not knowing what to do next, he asked me for help. (分詞作狀語的否定形式)I regret not telling her the news earlier.

49、(動名詞作賓語的否定形式)I dont mind your being late. (動名詞作賓語的物主形式)I persuade him not to stay there too long. (不定式作補語的否定形式)3. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞表示現(xiàn)在和主動的意思；過去分詞含有被動和完成的意思。例如；Originally cultivated In India, the banana brought to the Americas by the Portuguese who found It In Africa.句中主語the banana和cultivate的關(guān)系應(yīng)屬被動關(guān)系

50、，用過去分詞Originally cultivated。The lost child was found hiding in the cave.句中hiding in the cave與其主語the child是主動關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞。4. 不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別：不定式和動名詞都可以作賓語，但在英語中不同的動詞要求后邊的賓語形式不同。有些動詞要求動名詞所賓語，有些動詞要求不定式所賓語，還有些動詞既可以用動名詞又可以用不定式作賓語，但所表達(dá)的意思卻不同。所以大家要記住這些特殊的動詞。要求不定式所賓語的動詞有：expect, urge, Intend, persuade, prefer, cause

51、, encourage, tell, ask, make, let, , 要求動名詞所賓語的動詞有：mind, quit, resent, mention, appreciate, postpone, consider, enjoy, deserve, delay, avoid, escape, deny, resist, admit, fancy, give up, cannot but, need, want，feel like下列動詞既可以用動名詞又可以用不定式作賓語：remember, forget, regret, mean, like, hate, love, stoprememb

52、er, forget, regret后接不定式表示動作尚未發(fā)生；接動名詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。like, hate, love 后接不定式表示具體的或一次性的動作；接動名詞表示習(xí)慣性或抽象性的動作。stop 后接不定式表示停下現(xiàn)在動作去做另一件事；接動名詞表示停下現(xiàn)在所進(jìn)行的動作。mean 后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接動名詞表示意思是什么。5. 幾種特殊的句型1） It is no good (use)+ doing sth.It is no use arguing with her about the matter.2） There Is no _ doing sth.There is no telling when to start.3） But + (to)do: 介詞前動詞若是實義動詞do， 省略to; 介詞前動詞若不是實義動詞do， 則