英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)完形填空

1、1.論說(shuō)文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)最常見的議論文結(jié)構(gòu)是縱貫式，即：提出問(wèn)題、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題，按照這樣的邏輯順序來(lái)安排層次的，即開頭（引論） 正文（本論） 結(jié)尾（結(jié)論）。論說(shuō)文主要有以下四種篇章結(jié)構(gòu)：并列式并列式：文章圍繞中心論點(diǎn)，從不同的角度，提出幾個(gè)并列的分論點(diǎn)層進(jìn)式：層進(jìn)式：文章個(gè)層次、段落之間環(huán)環(huán)相扣、層層深入，前一部分的論述是后一部分論述的基礎(chǔ)，最后推到出文章的結(jié)論。各層的前后順序有嚴(yán)格的要求，不能隨意改動(dòng)。層進(jìn)式是議論文經(jīng)常使用的一種結(jié)構(gòu)方式對(duì)照式：對(duì)照式：在論證中，把兩種事物（或意思）加以對(duì)比，或者用另一事物（或意思）來(lái)烘托某一事物（或意思）總分式總分式：先提出中心論點(diǎn)（總），然后根據(jù)中心論

2、點(diǎn)，逐項(xiàng)展開論述（分） 2004年的完形填空就是一篇典型的層次式結(jié)構(gòu)年的完形填空就是一篇典型的層次式結(jié)構(gòu)的論文短文的論文短文。 短文一開頭便點(diǎn)明主題即正常人的生活周期是7-8小時(shí)的睡眠與16-17小時(shí)的清醒的相互交替，而現(xiàn)在人們面臨的問(wèn)題是如何把這個(gè)周期調(diào)整過(guò)來(lái)以適應(yīng)高度工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)；下面緊接著分析工人們?nèi)绾胃淖兩钪芷谝约坝纱藥?lái)的問(wèn)題，最后針對(duì)出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題提出了解決方法。整篇短文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、環(huán)環(huán)相扣、逐層深入，充分體現(xiàn)了層進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)。 1999和2001的完形填空也是這種類型 2005的完形填空則以總分結(jié)構(gòu)為主，層進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)為輔的論說(shuō)文。 文章首先點(diǎn)明中心-擁有一個(gè)理想的家并不容易，因

3、為所需要的日常開支和所處的地理環(huán)境都會(huì)帶來(lái)一些現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題。首段確定主題后，下面就日常開支和地理位置所帶來(lái)的弊端分段進(jìn)行分析論述，并在其中貫穿了解決問(wèn)題的方法。 2說(shuō)明文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu) 說(shuō)明文是以解說(shuō)事物或者事理為內(nèi)容，給說(shuō)明文是以解說(shuō)事物或者事理為內(nèi)容，給人以知識(shí)為目的，以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)手段人以知識(shí)為目的，以說(shuō)明為主要表達(dá)手段的文章。的文章。 說(shuō)明文的總體結(jié)構(gòu)大體可以分為三個(gè)部分：首先，引出說(shuō)明對(duì)象（引說(shuō)部分）；其次，闡述說(shuō)明對(duì)象（主體部分）；最后是總結(jié)說(shuō)明對(duì)象（收尾部分）. 就主體部分來(lái)講，由于段落之間的關(guān)系不同，形成以下常見的結(jié)構(gòu)形式：并列式：并列式：各層之間的關(guān)系是并列的連貫式：連貫式：各層之

4、間按照事物發(fā)展過(guò)程安排層次，（時(shí)間為線索）前后互相承接遞進(jìn)式：遞進(jìn)式：各層之間的關(guān)系是由淺入深，由表及里，由現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)，各層之間的關(guān)系是遞進(jìn)的總分式：總分式： 這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式大致有三種情形：總-分，分總，總分-總。 2008年的完形填空討論了鹽、貝殼和金屬仍然時(shí)世界上某種流通貨幣這一中心主題. 2006年的完形填空討論了英國(guó)人的一些迷信思想， 2000年的完形填空時(shí)一篇探討關(guān)于氣體和液體的區(qū)別的說(shuō)明文。這三篇短文都在開頭便提出中心句，然后分別展開闡述說(shuō)明，充分體現(xiàn)了總分式寫作思路。 2003年年完形填空講述了麥當(dāng)勞薯?xiàng)l的發(fā)展歷史，段落之間是以時(shí)間為線索聯(lián)系在一起的屬于連貫式連貫式篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。 20

5、02年年完形填空由語(yǔ)言的起源談起，進(jìn)而引出愛斯基摩人的語(yǔ)言，然后對(duì)其詞匯的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了闡述，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明愛斯基摩語(yǔ)被認(rèn)為時(shí)世界上最難學(xué)的語(yǔ)言之一。整個(gè)短文各個(gè)段落之間聯(lián)系緊密，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，步步推進(jìn)，屬于典型的層進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)層進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)。 完形填空的題型 1 詞匯類型詞匯類型 主要考察對(duì)詞匯意義和用法的掌握熟悉程度以及他們之間細(xì)微差別的辨識(shí)能力，包括單詞的基本用法、近義詞、同義詞、反義詞的辨析等，而名名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞則是其重點(diǎn)考察詞匯詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞則是其重點(diǎn)考察詞匯。同時(shí)它與詞匯選擇填空又有所不同，那就是作為一種測(cè)試考生綜合語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和技能的題型，完形填空答案的選擇更依賴于上下文的理解，而不僅僅是空白處所

6、在句。 1）詞義辨析題In the search ( 31 ) the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had ( 32 ) efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of colour that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. （1999）31. A.for B. of C. on D. at 32. A. progressed B.generated C.developed D.advanced 2）詞組釋義題Five years ago ,I b

7、ecame the principal of DeMatha.once again. Dr Offutt was there for me, letting me know that I could (49)_ him. (2007)A.count in B.count down C.count out D.count on 3）固定搭配題 The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness and that the s

8、leep normally coincides(26) _ the hours of darkness. A.in B.with C.of D.over Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are 47 witchcraft. A. concerned about B. related with C. associated with D. connected in2語(yǔ)法類型 與單純的語(yǔ)法測(cè)試不同，完形填空中語(yǔ)法測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)是考生綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的能力，即把語(yǔ)法放在語(yǔ)篇或上下文中測(cè)試把語(yǔ)法放在

9、語(yǔ)篇或上下文中測(cè)試。這就要求考生在熟練掌握各種語(yǔ)法的基礎(chǔ)上還要進(jìn)一步掌握句子和段落之間的銜接手段。 主要考點(diǎn)包括：虛擬語(yǔ)氣、各種從句、非虛擬語(yǔ)氣、各種從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、比較句、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝句等謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、比較句、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、倒裝句等。 常見的考察有：as和和which引導(dǎo)的非限定引導(dǎo)的非限定性從句性從句; that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句；引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句；what引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句以及的賓語(yǔ)從句以及who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。虛引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。虛擬語(yǔ)氣主要考察擬語(yǔ)氣主要考察if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句和倒裝引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句和倒裝句。反映在試題上主要是關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系句。反映在試題上主要是關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和

10、助動(dòng)詞的選擇。副詞、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和助動(dòng)詞的選擇。 The superstition is supposed to （46） in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. （2006） A have originated B be originating C be originated D originatePeople thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion th

11、at it developed gradually as a system of grunts, hisses and cries and _26 a very simple affair in the beginning. （2002）A. must be B. must have been C. ought to be D. should beHe should be willing to work on his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others ( 29 )his own kn

12、owledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand.A. should B. when C. because D. if 3. 語(yǔ)篇類題 除了考察詞匯和語(yǔ)法外，英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)考試中的完形填空更加注重考查語(yǔ)篇的銜接性和連貫性。要求學(xué)生能夠理解語(yǔ)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)，分清句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，從而在此基礎(chǔ)上找出關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)將整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇連貫起來(lái)。 經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在完形填空中表示邏輯關(guān)系的有經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在完形填空中表示邏輯關(guān)系的有連詞、副詞、介詞詞組和插入語(yǔ)等。連詞、副詞、介詞詞組和插入語(yǔ)等。邏輯關(guān)系詞分類 表補(bǔ)充遞進(jìn)：表補(bǔ)充遞進(jìn)：furthermor

13、e, moreover, in addition; additionally; what is more; above all; besides, apart from 等 表等同：表等同：equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way; in a similar way 表轉(zhuǎn)折讓步：表轉(zhuǎn)折讓步：anyhow, anyway, still, though, yet, in any case, however, but, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, all the same 表對(duì)照：表對(duì)照：contrasti

14、ngly, conversely, oppositely, on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison 表同位與舉例：表同位與舉例：namely, in other words, for example, for instance, that is, that is to say 表原因：表原因：since, for, as, because, due to, due to the fact that, owing to, thanks to, for the reason that, 表結(jié)果：表結(jié)果：accordingly, as a conseq

15、uence, in consequence, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, as a result 表兩方面：表兩方面：alternatively, on the one hand.on the other hand, eitheror 表時(shí)間順序：表時(shí)間順序：in the meantime, meanwhile, meantime, at the same time, prior to, previously, afterwards 表并列：表并列：and, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, on t

16、he one hand on the other hand, .as well as, A gas forms no free surface but tends to diffuse throughout the space available; it must ( 29 ) be kept in a closed container, as in the case of a planets atmosphere. (2000)A. however B. nevertheless C. so D. therefore If you must pass under a ladder you c

17、an avoid bad luck by crossing your fingers and keeping them crossed until you have seen a dog. (36) , you may lick your finger and make a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the mark has dried. A Consequently B However C Comparatively D Alternatively . 解題步驟1.瀏覽全文，了解大意

18、瀏覽全文，了解大意完形填空不同于單項(xiàng)的選擇填空，它要求學(xué)生有較強(qiáng)的語(yǔ)篇分析能力。我們知道一篇文章就是一個(gè)整體，盡管被抽掉若干詞而顯得殘缺不全，但文章的基本輪廓不會(huì)受到太大的影響。2. 注重首句，推測(cè)全文注重首句，推測(cè)全文3. 細(xì)讀全文，綜合作答；往返迂回，各個(gè)細(xì)讀全文，綜合作答；往返迂回，各個(gè)擊破擊破先易后難，各個(gè)擊破。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，針對(duì)不同的情況，可以分為三個(gè)步驟。第一步，第一步，首先選出那些只根據(jù)上下文就能確定的，直接明顯的答案比如說(shuō)介詞的用法、倒裝句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等固定句型以及固定搭配或習(xí)慣用法等。 第二步：處理那些在通讀過(guò)程中未能輕易第二步：處理那些在通讀過(guò)程中未能輕易猜出答案的題目猜出答案的

19、題目。 這類題目的答案要在對(duì)語(yǔ)篇理解的基礎(chǔ)上，利用上下文字里行間的線索才能推測(cè)出來(lái)，所以要先看清題目所在句的句法關(guān)系，辨別句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是主從復(fù)合句，并根據(jù)語(yǔ)法判斷詞性，進(jìn)而推斷猜測(cè)該詞或短語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義范圍。 第三步：集中解決前兩步未能解出的題目。第三步：集中解決前兩步未能解出的題目。在前兩輪篩選的基礎(chǔ)上，針對(duì)最后的難題，直接對(duì)照選項(xiàng)，采用排除法，排除不符合題意的選項(xiàng)，最后敲定答案。 4. 重讀全文，核實(shí)答案，消除疏漏重讀全文，核實(shí)答案，消除疏漏. 完形填空解題技巧完形填空解題技巧1. 代入選項(xiàng)排除明顯的干擾代入選項(xiàng)排除明顯的干擾如果不能很有把握的直接選出某一道的答如果不能很有把握的直接選

20、出某一道的答案，可以先將各選項(xiàng)代入空白處，排除明案，可以先將各選項(xiàng)代入空白處，排除明顯不符合題意的選項(xiàng)，從而縮小選擇的范顯不符合題意的選項(xiàng)，從而縮小選擇的范圍。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，可以利用以下線索：圍。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，可以利用以下線索：判斷所填詞在句中充當(dāng)什么成分，應(yīng)是什么判斷所填詞在句中充當(dāng)什么成分，應(yīng)是什么詞性，從而排除干擾項(xiàng)詞性，從而排除干擾項(xiàng)根據(jù)上下文的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣排除不符合根據(jù)上下文的時(shí)態(tài)，語(yǔ)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣排除不符合要求的選項(xiàng)要求的選項(xiàng) 根據(jù)名詞的數(shù)來(lái)判斷各選項(xiàng)是否符合句子的要根據(jù)名詞的數(shù)來(lái)判斷各選項(xiàng)是否符合句子的要求求 尋找與空白處構(gòu)成搭配的詞語(yǔ)，從而排除不能尋找與空白處構(gòu)成搭配的詞語(yǔ)，從而排除不能

21、與其搭配的選項(xiàng)與其搭配的選項(xiàng) 將各選項(xiàng)代入空白處將句子譯成漢語(yǔ)，排除與將各選項(xiàng)代入空白處將句子譯成漢語(yǔ)，排除與句子明顯不通順的選項(xiàng)。句子明顯不通順的選項(xiàng)。 At this 33 , there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease. (2009) A. time B. point C. aspect D. instance2. 搭配照應(yīng)法 照應(yīng)法指的是根據(jù)空格前或空格后出現(xiàn)的暗示線索選擇答案的解題方法。搭配照應(yīng)搭配照應(yīng)法是指通過(guò)判斷主謂搭配、動(dòng)賓搭配、主法是指通過(guò)判斷主謂搭配、動(dòng)賓搭配、主語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)是否符合邏輯得出答案語(yǔ)與

22、表語(yǔ)是否符合邏輯得出答案。 不要就題解題，孤立的根據(jù)一句話進(jìn)行判斷，而應(yīng)該“左顧右盼”，尋找照應(yīng)關(guān)系詞，這樣完形填空的準(zhǔn)確率就會(huì)大大提高。 1） 選項(xiàng)為動(dòng)詞時(shí)選項(xiàng)為動(dòng)詞時(shí) 要看與其主語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法上、意義上或主謂搭配是否要看與其主語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法上、意義上或主謂搭配是否合適，看主語(yǔ)是人還是事物，主語(yǔ)可不可能發(fā)出合適，看主語(yǔ)是人還是事物，主語(yǔ)可不可能發(fā)出這個(gè)動(dòng)作，同時(shí)還要看與其賓語(yǔ)是否搭配合適。這個(gè)動(dòng)作，同時(shí)還要看與其賓語(yǔ)是否搭配合適。 例1. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care for them have been m

23、ost likely to (47) _ the illness. A. acquire B. receive C. obtain D. contract2) 選項(xiàng)為四個(gè)形容詞時(shí) 如果是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，主要看主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)搭配是否合適。要看主語(yǔ)是人還是物，不是所有的形容詞都能修飾人或物。如果直接修飾名詞或名詞性詞組，那么要看它們的邏輯意義是否通順、褒貶意義是否一致。 例1. Salt may seem rather a strange substance to use as money, but in countries where the food of the people is mainly ve

24、getable, it is often an (33)_ necessity. （2008） A. abstract B. advantageous C. abundant D. absolute3) 選項(xiàng)為四個(gè)名詞時(shí)選項(xiàng)為四個(gè)名詞時(shí) 如果是名詞做主語(yǔ)，要看主謂搭配或主表搭配是否合適。如果該名詞作賓語(yǔ)，那么需看動(dòng)賓搭配是否合適。 例1. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the (48) _ might spread through air, or that the virus might linger for two to

25、three hours on doorknobs or other surfaces. （2009） A. ailment B. ill-health C. disease D. infection3 結(jié)構(gòu)照應(yīng)法結(jié)構(gòu)照應(yīng)法 完形填空中經(jīng)常會(huì)測(cè)試一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)、固定句式，這時(shí)考生就需要用到結(jié)構(gòu)照應(yīng)法來(lái)解題。 例1. In 1997,I needed his (45)_about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school. （2007） A.opinion B.request C.permission D.order 4. 原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)照

26、應(yīng)法 短文中為了表達(dá)的需要，經(jīng)常用到“原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)”，即主題詞或其他一些重要的詞匯一般會(huì)在短文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，考生需要捕捉此信息點(diǎn)。 例1. Salt, shells or metals are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world todayCakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in some countries until recent times, and cakes of salt (36)_ buy goods in Borneo

27、 and parts of Africa. (2008) A. even B. also C. still D. never5. 反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)照應(yīng)法 反義詞的功能是在兩個(gè)詞項(xiàng)之間可以形成一種意義有區(qū)別的對(duì)比關(guān)系，因而也能促使語(yǔ)篇的銜接，達(dá)到語(yǔ)義貫通的目的。 例1. Depending on personality, most have in mind a (an) 31 home. But in general, there are practical limitation of . (2005) A. ideal B. perfect C. imaginary D. satisfactory6

28、. 同義或近義復(fù)現(xiàn)照應(yīng)法 同義詞或近義詞在語(yǔ)篇中復(fù)現(xiàn)能幫助語(yǔ)篇達(dá)到句子相互銜接和語(yǔ)義連貫。嚴(yán)格的說(shuō)，完全同義是非常少的，所以在語(yǔ)篇中使用完全同義的詞也非常少，而近義詞的使用卻比比皆是。 There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most widely held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means stepping off the pavement into a busy street! .Another common （39） is th

29、at it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house-it will either bring （40） to the person who opened it or to the whole household. . the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror 39. A argument B superstition C opinion D idea 40. A loss B difficulty C tragedy D misf

30、ortune There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most widely held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means stepping off the pavement into a busy street! .Another common （39） is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house-it will either bring （40） to the per

31、son who opened it or to the whole household. . the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror 39. A argument B superstition C opinion D idea 40. A loss B difficulty C tragedy D misfortune7. 利用邏輯知識(shí)解題 語(yǔ)篇是由一些意義相關(guān)的句子被合乎邏輯的組織起來(lái)的語(yǔ)義整體。語(yǔ)篇銜接與連貫中的邏輯紐帶能表達(dá)出作者的思路和篇章的意義重心，因此非常重要。

32、邏輯紐帶主要是由表示時(shí)間與空間關(guān)系、列邏輯紐帶主要是由表示時(shí)間與空間關(guān)系、列舉與例證、比較與對(duì)比、引申與遞進(jìn)、讓步舉與例證、比較與對(duì)比、引申與遞進(jìn)、讓步與轉(zhuǎn)折、推論與歸納、原因與結(jié)果等邏輯概與轉(zhuǎn)折、推論與歸納、原因與結(jié)果等邏輯概念的過(guò)度詞組成的。念的過(guò)度詞組成的。 這類詞通常是一些連詞和連接副詞，或者是一些介詞詞組、非限定分句、無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句等。做完形填空時(shí) 正確理解并判斷文章的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，選用正確理解并判斷文章的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，選用正確的過(guò)渡詞。正確的過(guò)渡詞。 Nowadays, coins and notes have replaced nearly all the more pictures

33、que forms of money, and (48)_ in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals, examples of primitive money will soon be found only in museums. A. while B. although C. because D. if 8 利用常識(shí)回答 In Africa, shells were tr

34、aded right across the 40 from East to West. A. city B. district C. community D. continent . 歷年真題解析歷年真題解析 2009年年 Scientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose, treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease. SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - was (31) _ for the f

35、irst time in February 2003 in Hanoi, (32) _ since then has infected more than 1,600 people in 15 countries, killing 63. At this (33) _, there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease. Symptoms start (34) _ a fever over 100.4 degrees F, chills, headache or body (35)_. Within a week, th

36、e patient has a dry cough, which might (36) _ to shortness of breath. In 10% to 20% of cases, patients require (37)_ ventilation to breathe. About 3.5% die from the disease. Symptoms (38)_ begin in two to seven days, but some reports suggest it (39) _ take as long as 10 days. Scientists are close to

37、 (40) _ a lab test to diagnose SARS. In the meantime, it is diagnosed by its symptoms. There is no evidence (41)_ antibiotics or anti-viral medicines help, (42) _ doctors can offer only supportive care. Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of(43) _ Scientists arent sure yet, b

38、ut some researchers think its a (44) _ discovered coronavirus, the family of viruses that cause some common colds. Most cases appear to have been passed (45) _ droplets expelled when infected patients cough or sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care (46) _ them have be

39、en most likely to (47) _ the illness. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the (48) _ might spread through air, or that the virus might (49) _ for two to three hours on doorknobs or other (50)_. Health experts say it is unlikely, though, that sharing an elevator briefly with an infected

40、 person would be enough to pass the virus. 2008年 Salt, shells or metals are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today. Salt may seem rather a strange (31)_ to use as money, (32)_ in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an (33)_ necessity. Cakes

41、 of salt, stamped to show their (34)_, were used as money in some countries until recent (35)_, and cakes of salt (36)_ buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa. Sea shells (37)_ as money at some time(38)_ another over the greater part of the Old World. These were (39)_ mainly from the beaches of the

42、 Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China. In Africa, shells were traded right across the (40)_ from East to West. Metal, valued by weight, (41)_ coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings, is still used in many countries (42)_ paper money. It can

43、 either be exchanged(43)_ goods, or made into tools, weapons, or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells, was of bronze, (44)_ in flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called cash. The (45)_ of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old - older than the earli

44、est coins of the eastern Mediterranean. Nowadays, coins and notes have (46)_ nearly all the more picturesque (47)_ of money, and (48)_ in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial (49)_ such as weddings and funerals, examples of (50)_ money will soon b

45、e found only in museums.2007 Until I took Dr Offutts class in DeMatha High school, I was an underachieving student, but I left that class _31_never to underachieve again. He not only taught me to think, he convinced me,(32)_by example as words that it was my moral (33)_to do so and to serve others.

46、(34)_of us could know how our relationship would (35)_over the years .When I came back to DeMatha to teach English, I worked for Dr Offutt, the department chair. My discussion with him were like graduate seminars in adolescent (36)_,classroom management and school leadership. After several years, I

47、was (37)_department chair, and our relationship(38)_again. I thought that it might be (39)_chairing the department ,since all of my (40)_English teachers were (41)_there, but Dr Offutt supported me (42)_.He knew when to give me advice (43)_curriculum, texts and personnel, and when to let me (44)_my

48、own course. In 1997,I needed his (45)_about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school.(46)_he had asked me to stay at DeMatha, I might have .(47)_,he encouraged me to seize the opportunity. Five years ago I became the principal of DeMatha.(48)_, Dr Offutt was there for me, letting me kno

49、w that I could (49)_ him. I have learned from him that great teachers have an inexhaustible (50)_of lessons to teach. 2006 There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most （ 31 ） held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder even if it means （32） the pavement into a busy street! （33）

50、 you must pass under a ladder you can （34） bad luck by crossing your fingers and （35） them crossed until you have seen a dog. （36） , you may lick your finger and （37） a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the （38） has dried. Another common （39） is that it is unlucky t

51、o open an umbrella in the house-it will either bring （40） to the person who opened it or to the whole （41）. Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is （42）, as it inevitably brings rain! The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month （43） on a Friday, anyone wish

52、ing to avoid a bad event had better stay （44）. the worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror, （45） it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to （46） in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. Black cats are generall

53、y considered lucky in Britain, even though they are （47） witchcraft. it is （48） lucky if a black cat crosses your path-although in America the exact opposite belief prevails. Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood （49） luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you h

54、ave said something that is tempting fate, such as my car has never （50） , touch wood?2005 A persons home is as much a reflection of his personality as the clothes he wears, the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time. Depending on personality, most have in mind a(n) “(31) _ home”.

55、But in general, and especially for the student or new wage earners, there are practical (32) _ of cash and location on achieving that idea. Cash (33) _, in fact, often means that the only way of (34) _ when you leave school is to stay at home for a while until things (35) _ financially. There are ob

56、vious (36) _of living at homepersonal laundry is usually done (37) _ along with the family wash; meals are provided and there will be a well-established circle of friends to (38) _. And there is (39) _ the responsibility for paying bills, rates, etc. On the other hand, (40) _ depends on how a family

57、 gets on. Do your parents like your friends? You may love your family(41) _do you like them? Are you prepared to be (42) _ when your parents ask where you are going in the evening and what time you expect to be back? If you find that you cannot manage a(n) (43) _, and that you finally have the money

58、 to leave, how do you (44) _ finding somewhere else to live? If you plan to stay in your home area, the possibilities are (45) _well-known to you already. Friends and the local paper are always (46) _. If you are going to work in a (47) _ area, again there are the papersand the accommodation agencie

59、s, (48) _ these should be approached with (49) _. Agencies are allowed to charge a fee, usually the (50) _ of the first weeks rent, if you take accommodation they have found for you.2004 The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours wakefulness

60、 and that the sleep normally coincides(31) _ the hours of darkness. Our present 32 is with how easily and to what extent this(33)_ can be modified. The question is no mere academic one. The ease 34 which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a(35)_ of growing importance in