中學生英語語法大全

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上這才是英語語法的箴言！有了它別的烏七八糟的語法書都是扯淡 來源： 語法網絡圖 一名詞 I.名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團體機構名稱可數名詞不可數名詞個體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質名詞     II. 名詞的數：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復數形式：名詞的復數形式，一般在單數形式后面加-s或-es。現將構成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box

2、-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結尾的名詞，或專有名詞以y結尾的，加

3、-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos,

4、 zoo-zoos8以-th結尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復數：英語里有些名詞的復數形式是不規(guī)則的，現歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2單復數相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3只有復數形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, good

5、s, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復數people, police, cattle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數（整體）也可以作復數（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復數形式表示特別含義customs(海關), forces(軍隊), times(時代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), pap

6、ers(文件報紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復數同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺蛿祍ons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy

7、 friends無主體名詞時將最后一部分變?yōu)閺蛿礸rown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺蛿祑omen singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構成，二是由介詞of加名詞構成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構成：單數名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復數名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother

8、,不規(guī)則復數名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights,以s結尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關系時,各名詞末尾均須加sJapans andAmericas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關系時在最后一詞末加sJapanandAmericas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my u

9、ncles2. s所有格的用法：表示時間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然現象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population,Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動有特殊關系的名詞the

10、 lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法： 用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed  二冠詞 冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和

11、零冠詞。I.不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認識此人或與某名人有類似性質的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.

12、6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨一無二的事物名詞前the unive

13、rse, the moon, thePacific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前theUnited State

14、s, the Communist Party ofChina, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數名詞前The compass was invented inChina.10在逢十的復數數詞之前，指世紀的某個年代in the1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前BeijingUniversity,Jack,China, love, air2名詞前有this,

15、 my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. /  Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincolnwas made President of America.5學科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個

16、相對的名詞并用時husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8表示泛指的復數名詞前Horses are useful animals.   三代詞：I.代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞

17、myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a li

18、ttle,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復數為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復，或者表示建議，請求等。Would you lik

19、e some bananas?   Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修飾可數名詞單數時，some表示某個，any表示任何一個。I have read this article in some magazine.    Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.    Do you

20、feel any better today?2. each和every:each強調個別，代表的數可以是兩個或兩個以上，而every強調整體，所指的數必須是三個或三個以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語。n

21、one作主語或賓語，代替不可數名詞，謂語用單數，代替可數名詞，謂語單復數皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:  1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,the other特指兩者中

22、的另外一個，復數為the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.  2) another指“又一個，另一個”無所指，復數形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me

23、another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either  all表示不可數名詞時，其謂語動詞用單數。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.  All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.  Both of us are not teachers

24、. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.  四形容詞和副詞 I.形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構成的復合不定代詞時nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible結尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution possible3aliv

25、e, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時間、單位連用時a bridge 50 meters long5成對的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多個形容詞修飾同一個名詞的順序：代詞數詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數詞基數詞性質狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產地材料質地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextone

26、fourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 復合形容詞的構成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現在分詞hard-working9數詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數詞+名詞twenty-yearII. 副詞副詞的分類

27、：1時間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, qu

28、ite, rather8關系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。1. 同級比較時常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一

29、方隨另一方變化時用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級來表達最高級的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍數的比較級有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6. 表示“

30、最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。  五介詞 I.介詞分類：1簡單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短語介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to,

31、owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between5分詞轉化成的介詞considering(就而論), including6形容詞轉化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介詞區(qū)別：1表示時間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時間，in表示一段的時間，on總是與日子有關2表示時間的since, fromsince 指從過去到現在的一段時間，和完成時連用，from指從時間的某一點開始3表示時間的in, afterin指在一段時間之

32、后，after表示某一具體時間點之后或用在過去時的一段時間中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范圍內，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿過”的through, acrossthrough表示從內部通過，與in有關，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關7表示“關于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了還有再加上”，e

33、xcept指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以地位或身份”，like為“象一樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動向，不表示目的地或位置  六動詞 I.動詞的時態(tài)：1. 動詞的時態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時態(tài)的構成形式列表如下： 現在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進行am/is/are

34、askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 現在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1) 現在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀況，但和現在有聯(lián)系，強調的是對現在造成的影響或結果，它不能同表示過

35、去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“已經”等詞。簡言之，利用過去，說明現在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經看過，且了解這本書的內容)2) 一般過去時只表示過去發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，和現在無關，它可和表示過去的時間狀語連用，漢譯英時可加“過”，“了”等詞。簡言之，僅談過去，不關現在。如：I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現在是否記住)I lived inBeijingfor ten years.（只說明在北京住過十年，與現在無關）3. 現在完成

36、時與現在完成進行時的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現在”，在含義上如著重表示動作的結果時，多用現在完成時，如著重表示動作一直在進行，即動作的延續(xù)性時，則多用現在完成進行時。一般不能用于進行時的動詞也不能用于現在完成進行時。I have read that book.我讀過那本書了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。4. 一般將來時的表達方式： 將來時用法例句1will/shall+動詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be g

37、oing to+動詞原形含有“打算，計劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進行時表示將來go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving forEurope?4be about to + 動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語I was about to leave when th

38、e bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 動詞原形表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現在時表示將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現在時表示將來The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.II. 動詞的被動語態(tài)： 常用被動語態(tài)構成 常用被動語態(tài)構成1一般現在時am/is/are asked6過去進行時was/were being

39、 asked2一般過去時was/were asked7現在完成時have/has been asked3一般將來時shall/will be asked8過去完成時had been asked4過去將來時should/would be asked9將來完成時will/would have been asked5現在進行時am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/may be asked注 意 事 項被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結構begoing to, used

40、to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)時，只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍討B(tài)。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現主語，在英語中一般可用被動結構表示。如：It is believed that            It

41、is generally considered that           It is said thatIt is well known that         It must be pointed out that              It is supposed thatI

42、t is reported that            It must be admitted that                It is hoped that下面主動形式常表示被動意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.    &#

43、160;     The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act.            The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語沒有被動態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, b

44、ecome, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等  七情態(tài)動詞 I.情態(tài)動詞基本用法：情態(tài)動詞用法否定式疑問式與簡答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語中常用）可能性（表猜測，用于否定句或疑問句中）can not / canno

45、t /cant doCando?Yes,can.No,cant.couldcouldnt domay可以（問句中表示請求）可能，或許（表推測）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not doMaydo? Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not.must必須，應該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測）must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時態(tài)人稱變化）dont have to do

46、Dohave to do?Yes,do.  No,dont.ought to應當（表示義務責任，口語中多用shouldought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt.shall將要，會用于一三人稱征求對方意見用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等shall not/shant doShalldo?Yes,shall.  No,shant.should應當，應該（表義務責任）本該（含有責備意味）should not/shouldnt doShoulddo?will意愿，決心請求，建議，用在問句中would

47、比較委婉will not/wont doWilldo?Yes,will.  No,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑問句中）dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes,dare. No,darent.need需要必須（常用于否定句和疑問句中）need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to過去常常（現在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsedto do?Yes,used.  No,use(d)

48、nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did.  No,didnt.II. 情態(tài)動詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測：以must為例。must + do(be)是推測現在存在的一般狀態(tài)進行；must + be doing 推測可能正在進行的事情；must +have done是推測可能已經發(fā)生過的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”語氣強，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man fromAmerica. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived t

49、here.2. may和might“也許”，后者語氣弱，更沒有把握?？捎糜诳隙ň浜头穸ň洹e may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及cant語氣強，用于肯定、否定、疑問句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測某事本來可能發(fā)生，但實際上沒有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now? No,

50、he cant be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(語氣很強，常用于疑問句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動詞注意點：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達“某事終于成功”，而can無法表達此意。Be able to有更多的時態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2. used to和would:  used to表示過去常常做現在已經不再有的習慣，而would只表示過去的習慣或喜好，不涉及現在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動詞和實義動詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動詞時常用于否定句和疑問句。其形式為

51、：neednt/darent do；Need/daredo?做實義動詞時可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do  八非謂語動詞 I.非謂語動詞的分類、意義及構成：非謂語形式構成特征和作用時態(tài)和語態(tài)否定式復合結構不定式to doto be doingto have doneto be doneto have been done在非謂語前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓

52、、定、表和狀語分詞現在分詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補和狀語過去分詞done 動名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesbs doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語II. 做賓語的非謂語動詞比較：情況常用動詞只接不定式做賓語的動詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, deter

53、mine, promise, happen只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, tak

54、e pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為）need, want, require（接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，若接不定式則應用被動形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doi

55、ng 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動作已經發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意識是，意味著）cant help to do（不能幫忙做） cant help doing（忍不住要做）III.非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區(qū)別： 常見動詞與賓語的邏輯關系及時間概念例句不

56、定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關系。強調動作將發(fā)生或已經完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關系。強調動作正在進行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過去分詞動賓關系。動作已經完成，多強調狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別： 區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動賓關