考研英語翻譯歷年真題

1、1、 1994 年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Accord ing to the new school of scie ntists, tech no logy is an overlooked force in expa nding the horiz ons of scie ntific kno

2、wledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the in sights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved tech niq ues and tools. 一(72)" In short" , a leader of the new school conten ds, "the scie ntific revoluti on, as we call it, was lar

3、gely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of scie nee in innu merable direct ion s."(73) Over the years, tools and tech no logy themselves as a source of fun dame ntal inno vati on have largely bee n ignored by historia ns and philosophers of

4、scie nee. The moder n school that hails tech no logy algues that such masters as Galileo, Newt on, Maxwell, Ein ste in, and inven tors such as Edis on attached great importa nee to, and derived great ben efit from, craft in formatio n and tech no logical devices of differe nt kinds that were usable

5、in scie ntific experime nts.The cen terpiece of the argume nt of a tech no logy-yes , genius-no advocate was an an alysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astr ono mer of the sec ond cen tury, whose elaborate system

6、of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first pers on to turn the n ewly inven ted telescope on the heave ns to prove that the pla nets revolve around the sun rather tha n around the Earth. But the real hero of the st

7、ory, accord ing to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses .Federal policy is n ecessarily in volved in the tech no logy vs. genius dispute. (75) Whether the Gover nment should in crease the financing of pure scie nee at the expe nse

8、 of tech no logy or vice versa (反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.精美譯文新學(xué)派的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，技術(shù)是擴(kuò)大科學(xué)知識(shí)的范圍中被忽視的力量。(71)他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼識(shí)，不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普通的東西。(72)新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說：簡言之，我們所稱謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及。(73)工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉多年來在很大程度上被科學(xué)史學(xué)家和科學(xué)

9、 思想家們忽視了。為技術(shù)而歡呼的現(xiàn)代學(xué)派爭辯說，像伽利略、牛頓、麥克斯威爾、愛因斯 坦這樣的科學(xué)大師和像愛迪生這樣的發(fā)明家十分重視科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中能使用的各種不同的工藝 信息和技術(shù)裝置并從中受益匪淺。鼓吹技術(shù)第一、天才第二的論據(jù)的核心是分析了科學(xué)革命初期伽利略的作用。那時(shí)的聰明才智取自第二世紀(jì)的天文學(xué)家托勒密；了精心創(chuàng)立的太空體系把地球置于所有天體運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心。(74)伽利略的最光輝的業(yè)績?cè)谟谒?1609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空， 以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球。但是，在新學(xué)派科學(xué)家看來，這件事中真正 重要的因素是制造鏡片的機(jī)械長期以來不斷的改進(jìn)和發(fā)展。聯(lián)邦政府的政策必然要卷入到技

10、術(shù)與天才之爭中去。(75)政府究竟是以減少對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。題目解析：(71 )、Scie nee moves forward, they say, not so much through the in sights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved tech niq ues and tools.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：賓語從句的主句 Science / moves forward,/主句 插入結(jié)構(gòu) they say,/并歹U

11、結(jié)構(gòu) 1not so much 原因狀語結(jié)構(gòu) through / 多重定語 the in sights / of great men / of genius / 并歹U結(jié)構(gòu) 2 as 原因狀語結(jié)構(gòu) because of / more ordinary things /舉例 like /improved tech niq ues and tool.詞義推敲：move forward :向前發(fā)展。they say :間接引語作插入結(jié)構(gòu)前置。they :指代 the new school of scientists技巧： 單復(fù)數(shù)對(duì)應(yīng)：according to- saynot so much. as.

12、是as , as , (和” 一樣多)的否定形式，理解為："與其”倒不如”。through 因?yàn)榧记桑簄ot so much. as是個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是說so和as后面應(yīng)該兩個(gè)詞的意思應(yīng)該相同，所以多義介詞through的意思應(yīng)該等于 because of因?yàn)椋捎凇he in sights / of great men / of genius:天才偉人的真知灼見。多重后置定語一后浪推前浪，從后往前翻譯。in sights : the capacity to discer n the true n ature of a situati on; pen etrati on洞察力；心智

13、的敏銳一一真知灼見，遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí)genius :天才more ordinary things like improved tech niq ues and tool這是結(jié)構(gòu)是介詞 like 短語做定語修飾中心詞more ordinary things，也是先翻譯定語，再翻譯中心詞：像改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。like : such as參考譯文：新學(xué)派科學(xué)家們說，科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展，與其說是因?yàn)樘觳艂ト说恼嬷埔?，不如說是因?yàn)橄窀倪M(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。得分重點(diǎn)：插入結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，原因狀語結(jié)構(gòu)(72)、 "In short" , a leader of the

14、 new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, waslargely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of scie nee in innu merable direct ion s."結(jié)構(gòu)分析：直接引語作賓語從句介詞短語作狀語"In short, ” / 主句a leader / of the new school/ contends,

15、/"直接引語中的主語 the scientificrevolution,/ 插入結(jié)構(gòu) as wecallit,直接弓I語中的謂語 / was largely / 多重定語 the improvement and invention anduse of / a series of / instruments / 定語從句 主語 that / 謂語 expanded / the reach / of scie nee /介詞短語作方式狀語in innu merable direct ion. ” 詞義推敲：in short簡而言之a(chǎn) leader of the new school co

16、ntends:新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物說/認(rèn)為school 學(xué)派。contend : to maintain or assert主張或聲稱the scie ntific revoluti on:科學(xué)革命revolution : A sudden or momentous change in a situation大變革在一情況下的突然或瞬時(shí)改變as we call it我們所稱之謂的，我們所說的largely : for the most part; mainly大部分地；主要地the improveme nt and inven ti on and use of / a series of /i

17、n strume nts系歹 U器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用。a series of一系歹 Uexpand擴(kuò)大，張開reach range or scope of in flue nee or effect.影響力產(chǎn)生影響或效果的范圍或領(lǐng)域參考譯文：“簡而言之”，新學(xué)派的一位領(lǐng)袖人物堅(jiān)持說，“我們所謂的科學(xué)革命，主要是指一系列器具的改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用，而（這些改進(jìn)、發(fā)明和使用 /這）（使科學(xué)發(fā)展的范圍無所不及 /使科學(xué)發(fā)展無所不及 /在無數(shù)方面拓展了科學(xué)的領(lǐng)域）?！钡梅种攸c(diǎn)：插入結(jié)構(gòu)，定語從句，方式狀語(73 )、Over the years, tools and tech no logy thems

18、elves as a source of fun dame ntal inno vati on have largely bee n ignored by historia ns and philosophers of scie nee.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73)介詞短語作時(shí)間狀語Over the years, / 主語tools and technology /反身代詞themselves /后置定語 as / 多重定語 a source of / fun dame ntal inno vati on謂語 /被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) have largely been ignored /方式狀語 by histori

19、ans / and philosophers ofscie nee.詞義推敲：over the years 多年來基礎(chǔ)的基礎(chǔ)fun dame ntal : of or relat ing to the foun dati on or base; eleme ntary或基本的或與此有關(guān)的；根本的革新介紹新東西的行為很大程度上被忽視innovation: the act of introducing something newtools and tech no logy.have largely bee n ignored by . philosophers of scie nee科學(xué)思想家們參

20、考譯文：（多年來）在很大程度上被歷史學(xué)家和多年來，工具和技術(shù)本身作為根本性創(chuàng)新的源泉 科學(xué)思想家們忽視了。得分重點(diǎn)：反身代詞，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（74）、 Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first pers on to turn the n ewly inven ted telescope on the heave ns to prove that the pla nets revolve around the sun rather tha n around the Earth.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74）主句專有名詞 Galil

21、eo's greatest glory / was / 表語從句that 時(shí)間狀語in 1609 / 從句主句 he / was / the first pers on /多重定語 to turn the n ewly inven tedtelescope on the heave ns / 目的狀語to prove /賓語從句that 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1主語theplanets / 謂語 revolve / around the sun / rather than并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（revolve ） around the earth.詞義推敲：Galileo 伽利略專有名詞greate

22、st glory was that:最偉大的成就是glory : a highly praiseworthy asset引以為豪的東西成就，業(yè)績，貢獻(xiàn)that :引導(dǎo)表語從句不做成分，沒有實(shí)際含義。而漢語又沒有這樣的形式上的要求，所以不譯。turn the n ewly inven ted telescope on the heave ns把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空turn , on 轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)?zhǔn)，觀察to prove that :用以證明，去證明that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，既不作成分，也沒有實(shí)際含義。rather tha n 而不是the pla nets revolve around the sun

23、rather tha n around the earth行星圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)，而不是圍繞地球轉(zhuǎn)revolve :繞轉(zhuǎn)，旋轉(zhuǎn)參考譯文：伽利略的最（光輝業(yè)績/偉大的成就）在于（他在1609年/在1609年他是）第一個(gè)把新 發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以（證實(shí) /證明）行星是圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)的。得分重點(diǎn)：表語從句，賓語從句，專有名詞，并列結(jié)構(gòu)(75) 、Whether the Government should in crease the financing of pure scie nee at the expe nse of tech no logy or vice versa (反之)of

24、te n depe nds on the issue of which is see n as the drivi ng force.結(jié)構(gòu)分析:(75)、并列結(jié)構(gòu) 1 主語從句 Whether / 主語 the Governme nt /謂語 should in crease/ 多重定語 the financing of / pure scienee介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu) / at the expense of/ tech no logy/并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 or / 固定短語 vice versa /狀語結(jié)構(gòu) ofte n /謂語depends on / the issue / of賓語從句 whic

25、h /(指代關(guān)系)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) is seen / asthe drivi ng force.詞義推敲：whether , or , 究竟是”還是”the Government :特指 Federal Government 。in crease the fi nancing of:增加對(duì)”的資金投入finance : to supply funds to 給,提供資金pure scie nee純理論科學(xué)at the expense of 由,，付費(fèi)，以”為代價(jià)vice versa反之亦然 relations being reversedin crease the financing of pure

26、 scie nee at the expe nse of tech no logy viceversa(還是通過/以減少對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的投入而增加對(duì)技術(shù)的投入/ 還是相反)the issue of :,問題issue : a point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute爭議，辯論爭議、爭論、爭執(zhí)的要點(diǎn)或事件of which :它們中的（pure science 和 tech no logy 中的）哪一個(gè)引導(dǎo)賓語從句，因?yàn)椋?、which是賓語從句的主語，而不是定語從句的賓語；2、of which 的結(jié)構(gòu)無法還原到后面的從句；3、which不等

27、于issue ,不是定語從句引導(dǎo)詞，而是疑問代?詞。is seen as :被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，可以翻譯成主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)"把哪一方看成”the drivi ng force驅(qū)動(dòng)力參考譯文：政府究竟是以（減少對(duì)技術(shù)經(jīng)費(fèi)的投入/犧牲技術(shù)作為代價(jià)）來增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。得分重點(diǎn)：主語從句，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)2、 1995 年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your tran

28、slation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.The sta ndardized educati onal or psychological test that are widely used to aid in select ing, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magaz in es, the daily

29、 press, and even in con gress. (71) The target is wrong, for in att acking the tests, critics divert a卄 ention form the fault that lies with ill-informedor in compete nt users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reas on able precisi on un der speci

30、fied con diti ons. Whether the results will be valuable , meanin gless, or even misleadi ng depe nds partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All in formed predict ions of future performa nee are based upon some kno wledge of releva nt past performa nee: school grades, research product

31、ivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72) How well the predict ions will be validated by later performa nee depe nds upon the amount , reliability , and appropriate ness of the in formatio n used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score kn

32、ows that the information available is always in complete and that the predict ions are always subject to error.Stan dardized tests should be con sidered in this con text. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has devel

33、oped, or the kind of pers on he is. The in formatio n so obta ined has, qualitatively, the same adva ntages and shortco mings as other kinds of in formatio n.(73)Whether to use tests, other kindsof information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidenee from experie nee

34、concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)1 n gen eral, the tests work most effectively whe n the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they

35、 provide a rapid means of getti ng comparable in formatio n about many people Sometimes they ide ntify stude nts whose high pote ntial has not bee n previously recog ni zed, but there are many things they do not do. (75)For example, they do not compensate for gross social in equality, and thus do no

36、t tell how able an un derprivileged youn gster might have bee n had he grow n up un der more favorable circumsta nces.精美譯文：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化教育測試或心理同在廣泛應(yīng)用于協(xié)助選拔、委派或提拔學(xué)生、雇員和軍事人員；這些測試一直是某些人近年來在書本、雜志、日?qǐng)?bào)，甚至國會(huì)中進(jìn)行抨擊的目標(biāo)。（71）把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測試時(shí)， 批評(píng)者沒有注意到其弊病來自測試使用者對(duì)測試不解或使用不當(dāng)。這些測試本身只是一種工具。它的各種特性可以在規(guī)定條件下用適當(dāng)?shù)木葋頊y定。測試的結(jié)

37、果是在有價(jià)值的、無意義的、還是誤導(dǎo)的， 部分取決于這種工具本身，但主要取決于測試使用者。所有對(duì)未來表現(xiàn)的有見識(shí)地的預(yù)測都是以在某種程度上了解有關(guān)過去的表現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)的：學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)成績、研究效益、銷售記錄或任何符合需要的信息。（72）這些預(yù)測在多大程度上為的后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息 的技能和才智。任何仔細(xì)記分的人都知道，所得到的信息總是不完全的，而且這些預(yù)測也總是會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤的。應(yīng)該根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)去考察標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試。 方法，這些信息是有關(guān)一個(gè)人所學(xué)到的知識(shí)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試提供了快速、客觀地得到某些信息的他所獲得的技能，或者他是屬于哪一類型的人。這樣得到的信息，從

38、性質(zhì)上講，與其它種類的信息一樣具有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或缺點(diǎn)。（73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的 經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無來源等因素。（74） 一般來說，當(dāng)所要測定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測試的效果則最差。這些測試如能恰當(dāng)使用,就能提供一種快 速的方法來獲得有關(guān)許多人的可比性信息。有時(shí)這些測試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生，他們很高的潛在能力過去一直沒有被承認(rèn)。但是也有入場多事情這些測試是不能勝任的。（75）例如，測試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的

39、環(huán)境下成長的話，會(huì)有多大才干。題目解析：71 ）、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with ill-i nformed or in compete nt users.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：71）主句 The target / is / wrong, / 原因狀語從句 for / 狀語結(jié)構(gòu) in / attacking / the tests, /從句的主句 critics / divert atte ntion from / the faul

40、t /定語從句 主語 that / 謂語 固定短語 lies with / ill-i nformed/ or in compete nt users.詞義推敲：The target 根據(jù)上下文，這里特指標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試for in attacki ng the tests:因?yàn)樵谂険魷y試的過程中for :因?yàn)閕n :在，過程中attack :攻擊，抨擊。critics : one who forms and expresses judgments of the merits, faults, value,or truth of a matter評(píng)論家形成并表達(dá)對(duì)某一事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)、錯(cuò)誤、價(jià)值或真實(shí)性的

41、判斷的人divert atte ntion from原義是引開，引申為沒有注意到，忽略lies with 在于ill-i nformed不甚了解，消息不靈通的參考譯文：把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊的目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測試時(shí)，批評(píng)者沒有（注意到/忽略了）（測試的弊病在于使用測試的人對(duì)測試不甚了解或使用不當(dāng)/批評(píng)家沒有注意到錯(cuò)誤是由消息不靈通或者不能勝任的使用者造成的）。得分重點(diǎn)：插入結(jié)構(gòu)，原因狀語從句，定語從句72 ）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount ,

42、reliability , and appropriate ness of the in formatio n used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is in terpreted.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：/從句的謂語被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)will be72）主語從句 How well / 從句的主語the predictionsvalidated / by later performa nee /謂語并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 固定短語 depends upon /（74） 一般來說，當(dāng)所要測定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)/ of the informat

43、ion / used and wisdom / 定語從句 with重定語 the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness / 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（depends）on / the skill /which /（指代關(guān)系）it / 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) is interpreted.詞義推敲:How well the predictions will be validated by:在多大程度上為”所證實(shí)be validated by :為”所證實(shí)。被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)最好少用“被”字。validate : to establish the soundnes

44、s of; orroborate證實(shí)建立,的正確性；確證depends upon 取決于the amount, reliability, and appropriate ness of the in formati on used: 所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性amount: a number 數(shù)字； 數(shù)量reliability 可靠性，信度validity 效度appropriate : suitable for a particular person,condition, occasion, or place;fitting 適合于，的適合于某特定的人，條件，事件或地點(diǎn)的；適宜的wit

45、h which it is in terpreted定語從句Which 指代 the skill and wisdom 。it 指代 the information。參考譯文：這些測試在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。得分重點(diǎn)：主語從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，定語從句73）、Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidenee f

46、rom experienee concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：73）主語 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 1 Whether / to use / tests, / other kinds of information, /并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 or省略結(jié)構(gòu)（to use ）指代關(guān)系 both / 方式狀語in a particular situation /謂語 固定短語 并列結(jié)構(gòu)11depends,/插入結(jié)構(gòu)therefore, / upon /多重定語the evidenee / fr

47、om experienee / concerning comparative validity / 并歹U結(jié)構(gòu) 22 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（depends） upon / 舉例 such factors / as cost / and availability.詞義推敲：Whether to use ., or （to use）究竟是使用”還是（使用）”or both :或是兩者兼用both :指代前句的 tests, other kinds of informationin a particular situati on在某一特定情況下particular : separate and dist

48、inet from others of the same group, category, ornature特定的，個(gè)別的與同一團(tuán)體、范疇或種類的其他部分分離和區(qū)分出來的the evide nee from experie nee concerning comparative validity:多重后置定語一后浪推前浪，可以翻譯為：“關(guān)于相對(duì)效度的來自經(jīng)驗(yàn)的證據(jù)”such factors as.諸女口,等因素參考譯文：因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，（須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定/取決于與相對(duì)效度有關(guān)的來自經(jīng)驗(yàn)的證據(jù)），也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無來源等因素

49、。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，插入結(jié)構(gòu)74）、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defi ned and least effectively whe n what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defi ned.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74）介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)In general, / 主句 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 1 the tests / work / mosteffectively / 時(shí)

50、間狀語從句 whe n /從句的主語the qualities /非謂語作后置定語to be measured / 謂語 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) can be most precisely defined /并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（the tests work ）least effectively /時(shí)間狀語從句 when / 從句中的主語從句 what /（指代關(guān)系） is to be measured or predicted /謂語 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu) can not bewell defi ned.詞義推敲：In general 般的說，大體上work most effectively最為有效the

51、qualities to be measured:所要測定的特征qualities:特征，特性，品質(zhì)，品德。作"質(zhì)量”解時(shí)，是抽象名次，沒有復(fù)數(shù)。measure :測量，測度，估量，分派，權(quán)衡，調(diào)節(jié)be most precisely defi ned:很精確界定。precisely 精確地，恰好地，明確地definite : to specify distinctly清楚地規(guī)定and least effectively:測試效果最差。省略了前面的 the tests workwhat is to be measured or predicted not be well defi ne

52、d:當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地定義時(shí)參考譯文：一般的說，當(dāng)所要測定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測試的效果則最差。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，時(shí)間狀語從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句75）For example, they do not compe nsate for gross social in equality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable cir

53、cumsta nces.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：75）狀語結(jié)構(gòu) 舉例 For example,/ 主語 they /并列結(jié)構(gòu) 1 do not compensate for/gross social in equality, / 并列結(jié)構(gòu) 2 and thus / do n ot tell / 賓語從句 how able / 從句的主語 an underprivileged youngster /謂語 might have been /虛擬條件句的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu) had he grown up / 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu) under more favorable circumstances. 詞義推敲：they指代&

54、quot;測試”compe nsate for彌補(bǔ)compensate : to serve as or provide a substitute or counterbalanee補(bǔ)償，彌補(bǔ)作為代替品或平衡物使用或提供gross social in equality明顯的/巨大的社會(huì)不公gross : glaringly obvious; flagrant公然的十分明顯的；罪惡昭著的in equality:不公平，不平等tell :說明，表明underprivileged youngster:物質(zhì)條件差的/處于社會(huì)底層的/沒有特權(quán)的年輕人had he grow n up = if he ha

55、d grow n up(虛擬語氣中條件句的倒裝)grow up :成長，興起，形成un der more favorable circumsta nces在較好的環(huán)境下circumstanee : the sum of determining factors beyond willfulcontrol客觀形勢(shì)，情況除意志控制外的決定因素的總和favorable :有利的，贊成的，討人喜歡的參考譯文：例如，測試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此它們不能說明(如果)一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，(如果)在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會(huì)有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語從句，虛擬語氣的倒裝

56、結(jié)構(gòu)3、1996 年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.The differe nces in relative growth of various areas of scie ntific research have several causes.(71) Some of these causes are

57、completely reas on able results of social n eeds. Others are reas on able consequences of particular advances in scienee being to some extent self-accelerating. Some , how-ever , are less reas on able processes of differe nt growth in which prec on cepti on of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet un avoidable; but it is a frighte