英語閱讀理解正確項與干擾項特點

1、高考英語閱讀理解專題復習英語閱讀理解正確選項與干擾選項的特點第一節(jié)正確選項往往是根據(jù)原文的詞或句進行語意轉換一般來說, 閱讀理解測試中要求找出主要事實或特定細節(jié)的問題, 在文章中均可找到回答。但是 , 需要注意的是, 這些問題的表述常常不是采用文章中的原話, 而是根據(jù)原文的詞或句進行語意轉換。一、利用原文詞句的同義詞句或相似結構，轉換表達形式。【考例1】Shrilk has great potential, the inventors said. Materials from which it is made are plentiful in nature, found in everythi

2、ng ranging from shrimp shells, insect bodies to living plants. That makes shrilk low cost, and its mass production possible should it be used for products demanding a lot of material. （2012 湖南卷 C 篇 ）68. According to the inventors, shrilk has great potential partly because.A. it can help plastic degr

3、adeB. it can be found in living thingsC. its mass production has been realized D. its raw materials are abundant in mature【考例2】“ We show thaEt asterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,Jack said. “ Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure,

4、whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect （忽略） the mouth” （2010 湖南卷 C 篇 ）The discovery shows that Westerners .A. pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouthB. consider facial expressions universally reliableC. observe the eyes and the mouth in different waysD. have more difficulty in recognizi

5、ng facial expressions二、利用原文詞句的反義詞或相反結構，轉換表達形式?！究祭?】Yet despite that, reading is increasingly unpopular among children. According tostatistics in 1997 23% said they didn t like reading in all. In 2003, 35% did. And around 6% of childrenleave primary school each year unable to read properly. （ 2007 山東

6、 B ） Statistics suggested that .A. the number of top students increased with the use of computersB. a decreasing number of children showed interest in readingC. a minority of primacy school children read properlyD. a huge percentage of children read regularly【考例4】 When I put on my flashlights, I was

7、 saying to other drivers,“ I have a problem here. I amweak and doing the best I can. And everyone understood. instead of getting impatient and angry, they waited, knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak. （2011 廣東卷 A） What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?A. The

8、y speed up to pass.B. They waited with patience.C. They tried their best to help.D. They put on their flashlights too.三、通過詞性變化，轉換表達的形式【考例5】Zack Hocking, the head of Child Trust Funds, said:“ It s possible that one good thing toarise from the downturn will be a generation that s financially wiser and

9、 better equipped to manage theirmoney through times of economic uncertainty. （ 20” 09 山東D）According to Hocking, the global economic crisis might make the youngsters.A. wiser in money managementB. have access to better equipmentC. confident about their future careersD. get jobs in Child Trust Funds四、

10、使用原文的詞句的上下義結構，轉換表達形式。【考例 6】 University applications rose 7% last year, but there were rises above average in severalsubjects. Nursing saw a 15% jump, with people s renewed interest in careers in the部UbiC, sector（which are seen as more secure in economic crisis. （2009 山東 D）Careers in the public secto

11、r are more attractive because of their .A. greater stabilityB. higher payC. fewer applications D. better reputation第二節(jié) 英語閱讀理解干擾項的設置特點分析通過分析干擾項的設置特點可以為我們提供思考的方向。常用的干擾手段有哪些。干擾項的如下 特點： （一 ） 偷梁換柱。干擾項用了與原文相似的句型結構和大部分相似的詞匯，卻在不易引人注意的地 方換了幾個詞匯，造成句意的改變?！究祭?】（2011 湖南卷 A 篇 ） When first entered, Vanak Restauran

12、t does not look like much of a restaurant, but once the pleasant smells of kabob （烤肉串） hit the senses, you are incapable of calling it anything less.Owned by a local couple, this Persian restaurant has an inviting, homelike atmosphere that Many restaurants lack.The space is small with only a few din

13、ing tables and nearly no decoration, but environment is truly charming.56. When first entering the restaurant, one can find that.A. is splendidly decoratedB. has pleasant smells of kabobsC. is crowded with dining tablesD. looks like a common restaurant【考例2】（2011 湖南卷 A 篇 ） A common sight is that of o

14、ld Persian men sitting in the corner talking loudly about world topics, watching news events on TV , drinking a black tea known as Persian chai, and reading local Persian newspapers all the while trying to finish off their plates piled with food.57. What activity is also mentioned apart from dining

15、in the restaurant?A. Watching news events on TV .C. Reading local English newspapers.B. Drinking a kind of black coffee.D. Discussing world topics in low voices.（二 ） 在推理判斷中利用詞的表面意義來設置干擾推理判斷要求在理解原文表面信息的基礎上，做出一定的判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義，要注意不能以文字的表面含義代替推理。【考例1】（ 2010 湖南卷B）But she hasnt always practiced what s

16、he teaches. In her book, she describes thatawful day, almost 40 years ago, when she received two pieces of life-changing news. First, she had lost the baby she was carrying, and second, tests showed that she had diabetes. In a childlike act, she left the hospital and treated herself to a box of doug

17、hnuts （ 甜甜圈 ）. Years would pass before she realized she had to grow up again and take control of her diabetes, not let it control her. Only then did she kick her three-pack-a-day cigarette habit, overcome her addiction to alcohol, and begin to follow a balanced diet.When Mary received the life-chang

18、ing news, she.A. lost control of herselfB. began a balanced dietC. tried to get a treatmentD. behaved in an adult way【考例2】McKay s war records were destroyed during a World War II air bombing on London an explanation 一 for why he was all but forgotten.But now, thanks to the efforts of Broad and his s

19、tudents, a marker in McKay s memory waon the university grounds in November 2007. “ Ifound my eyes filling with tears as I read the worddeceased車亡（）next to his name, “ said Corey Everrett , a student who found a picture of Mckay in his uniform. “ This was such a simple example of the fact that he ha

20、d beensatudent just like us, but instead of finishing his time at Western, he chose to fight and die for his country.湖南卷 ）” （2009We can learn from the last paragraph that McKay .A. preferred fight to his studyB. went to war before graduationC. left a picture for Corey EverrettD. set an example for h

21、is fellow students【考例3】（2009 湖北 ） A few years ago, Paul Gerner began to gather a group of architects in Las vegas to ask them what it would take to design a public school that used 50 percent less energy, cost much less to build and obviously improved student learning .” I think half of them fell of

22、f their chairs,” Gerner sHow did the architects react to Garner s design req uirements ?A. They lost balance in excitement.B. they showed strong disbelief.C. they expressed little interest.D. they burst into cheers.【考例4】I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened. Looking down, I immedi

23、ately recognized that something was wrong, and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwewith her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water, and it was a life-and-death struggle.Her calf was floating and screaming with fear.Then with a huge effort, she picked it up in

24、hertrunk and tried until she was able to place the calf on a narrow shelf of rock.Just at this moment, she fell back into the river. If she were carried down, it would be certain death. I knew, as well as she did, that there was one spot where she could get up the bank, but it was on the other side

25、from where she had put her calf.While I was wondering what I co uld do next, I heard the sound of a mother s love. Ma Shwe hadcrossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could, roaring（ 吼叫 ） all the time, but to her calf it was music. （2009 寧夏 ）How did the calf f

26、eel about the mother elephants roaring?A. It was a great comfort.B. It was a sign of danger.C. It was a call for help.D. It was a musical note.（三）以偏概全。把文章中的事實和細節(jié)當主旨，把片面的、次要的觀點當成主要觀點。在猜測文章或段落大意、標題以及釋義題中，干擾項總是以偏概全，具體表現(xiàn)為: （1） 把文章中的次要觀點、細節(jié)混進體現(xiàn)文章主要觀點、中心思想的選項（2） 把超過文章討論的東西亦作為歸納或結論混進選項。（ 3）把段落的主旨當作文章的主旨?！究?/p>

27、例 1】There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the oth

28、er hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.The main purpose of this Paragraph is to tell us that .A. Economic PrinciplesB. Law of Supply and DemandC. More Goods, Lower PricesD. Fewer

29、Goods, Higher Prices【考例2】There is no necessary connection between the symbol and that which it stands for. Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head, by gold on the watch chain, or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in, so the fact of being hung

30、ry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according to the culture we live in. （2005 北京 D） What can we conclude from Paragraph 2?A. Different noise may mean different things.B. Our culture determines what a symbol stands for.C. The language we use symbolizes our social positions.D. Our soc

31、ial positions determine the way we are dressed. 【考例3】It seems that the Englishmen just cannot live without sports of some kind. A famous Frenchhumorist once said that this is because the English insist on behaving like children all their lives. Wherever you go in this country, you will see both chil

32、dren and grown-ups knocking a ball about with a stick or something, as if in Britain men shall always remain boys and women girls! Still, it can never be bad to get exercise, can it?The main purpose of Paragraph 1 is to tell us that the English.A. are all sports loversB. behave like childrenC. like

33、to kick a ball aroundD. remain young by getting exercise（四）張冠李戴。把一個事物的特征說成是另一個事物的特征，因果倒置（把因說成果，把果說成因）；把他人的觀點說成是作者的觀點。命題者把文章作者的觀點與他人的觀點混淆起來，題干問的是作者的觀點，選項中出現(xiàn)的卻是他人的觀點；或者題干問的是他人的觀點，卻把作者的觀點放到 選項中去?！究祭?】Many years ago , when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver , I was driving to my parentshome

34、 in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station（力口油站）about 50 miles from Oklahoma City , where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. While I was standing in line at the cash register（ 收款臺）， I said hello to an older couple who were also paying for gas. （2006 全國 A） The author planned to st

35、op at Oklahoma City.A. to visit a friendB. to see his parentsC. to pay at the cash registerD. to have more gas for his car【考例2】As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen （air） in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces

36、 the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air pressure against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! The proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on it.In the experiment, the burnin

37、g inside the bottle can.A. equalize the air pressure inside and outsideB. make a seal in the neck of the bottleC. finish up the oxygen inside the bottleD. produce more oxygen inside the bottle【考例3】One famous surgeon always made it a rule to spend at least 15 minutes on general reading before he went

38、 to sleep each night. Whether he went to bed at 10 p.m. or 2.30 a.m. made no difference. Even if you cannot keep to this kind of discipline, it is a good idea to make sure you always have a general interest book in your pocket. Don t forget it should be a book which entertains you and the English mu

39、stnot be too difficult for you.The famous surgeon mentioned in the first Paragraph exemplifies the people who.A. make it a rule to read at 10 p.m. or 2:30 a.m. every dayB. are in the habit of doing regular reading every day no matter how busy they areC. always have an interesting book in their pocke

40、ts D. habitually go to bed late 【考例4】A year ago August, Dave Fuss lost his job driving a truck for a small company in west Michigan. His wife, Gerrie, was still working in the local school cafeteria, but work for Dave was scarce, and the price of everything was rising. The Fusses were at risk of joi

41、ning the millions of Americans who have lost their homes in recent years. Then Dave and Gerrie received a timely gift 7,000， a legacy （遺產(chǎn) ） from their neighbors Ish and Arlene Hatch, who died in an accident .made a d“iffIetrreenaclley when wewere going und er financially. says Dave 山200A） According

42、go the text, the Fusses .A. were employed by a truck companyB. were in financial difficultyC. worked in a school cafeteriaD. lost their home【考例5】This is not a surprise to public health advocates. They ve studied the effect of state tax increases foryears, finding that smokers, especially teens, are

43、price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase.The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as

44、teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. What does the author think is a surprise? （ 2009 山東C）A. Teen smokers are price sensitive.B. Some states still keep the tobacco tax low.C. Tobacco taxes improve public health.D. Tobacco industry fiercely fig

45、hts the tax rise.（五）正反倒置1 把事實發(fā)生的順序顛倒【考例 1 】 Unlike her 1995 autobiography, After All, her second book is less about life as an award-winning actress and more about living with diabetes （ 糖尿病 ）. All the money from the book is intended for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation （JDRF）, an organizat

46、ion she serves as international chairman.“ I felt there was a need for a book like this,” she says.“ I didntbut I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when were self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease. ” 湖南卷 （2010 B） We can know that before 1995 Mary.A. had two books

47、 publishedB. received many career awardsC. knew how to use a computerD. supported the JDRF by writing2把事物的正面影響或負面影響反過來說?！究祭?】 We have met the enemy and he is ours .We bought him at a pet shop. When monkey-pox, a disease usually found in the African rain forest, suddenly turns up in children in the A

48、merican Midwestit s hard not to wonder of the disease that comes from foreign animals is homing in on human beings.“Most of the infections （感染） we think of as human infections started in other animals“ says SteplMorse director of the Center for Public Health Preparedness at Columbia University. （ 20

49、09 寧夏D）From Paragraph I we learn that the pet sold at the shop may.A. come from ColumbiaB. prevent us from being infectedC. enjoy being with childrenD. suffer from monkey-pox【考例 3】 As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen （ air） in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of

50、the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air pressure against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! The proves that air is all around and that

51、it is pressing down on it.In the experiment, the burning inside the bottle can.A. equalize the air pressure inside and outsideB. make a seal in the neck of the bottleC. finish up the oxygen inside the bottleD. produce more oxygen inside the bottle4因果倒置（把因說成果，把果說成因）【考例4】 If you look for a book as a p

52、resent for a child. You will be spoiled for choice even in a yearthere is no new Harry Potter. J.K Rowling s wizard is nottahleonpea:st decade has been a harvest forgood children s books, which has set off a large quantity of films and an increased sales of classics such as The lard of the Rings. （2

53、007 山東 B） Which of the following is true of Paragraph 1?A. Many children s books have been adapted from films. B. Many high- quality children s books have been published. C. The sales of classics have led to the popularity of films.D. The sales of presents for children have increased.【考例5】（2009 安徽 E

54、） A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with the total high rainfallspreading quite equally through the year and the temperature rarely dropping below l6 . Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate. Without the

55、forest cover ， these areas would reflect more heat into the atmosphere， warming the rest of the world. Losing the rainforests may also influence wind and rainfall patterns， potentially causing certain natural disasters all over the world. Rainforests can help to adjust the climate because they.A. re

56、flect more heat into the atmosphere B. bring about high rainfall throughout the world C. rarely cause the temperature to drop lower than l6 D. reduce the effect of heat from the sun on the earth 4把作者觀點的反面說成是作者的觀點【考例6】 In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans areturning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find. Inmost Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction.We