2018考研英語(yǔ)真題和翻譯

1、2017年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)(一)試題SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Couldahugadaykeepthedoctoraway?Theanswermaybcauneding“yes!"1helpingyoufeelcloseand2topeopleyoucareabout,itturnsoutthathugscanbringa3ofhe

2、althbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornot,awarmembracemightevenhelpyou4gettingsickthiswinter.Inarecentstudy5over400healthadults,researcherfromCarnegieMellonUniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptofhugs6theparticipantssusceptibilitytodevelopingthecommoncolda

3、fterbeing7tothevirus.Peoplewhoperceivedgreatersocialsupportwerelesslikelytocome8withacold,andtheresearchers9thatthestress-reducingeffectsofhugging10about32percentofthatbeneficialeffect.11amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgreatersocialsupportandreceivedmorefrequenthugshadlesssevere12.Huggingprotect

4、speoplewhoareunderstressfromthe13riskforcoldsthat'susuallywithstress,notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegie.Hugipg“isamarkerofintimacyandhelps5thefeelingthatothersaretheretohelp16difficulty.”Someexperts17thestress-reducing,health-relatedbenefitsofhuggingtothereleaseofoxytocin,oftenca

5、lled“thebondinghormone"18itpromotesattachmentinrelationships,includingthatbetweenmotherandtheirnewbornbabies.Oxytocinismadeprimarilyinthecentrallowerpartofthebrain,andsomeofitisreleasedintothebloodstream.Butsomeofit19inthebrain,whereit20mood,behaviorandphysiology.1ABesidesBUnlikeCThroughoutDDes

6、pite2AequalBrestrictedCconnectedDinferior3AviewBhostClessonDchoice4AavoidBforgetCrecallDkeep5AcollectingBaffectingCguidingDinvolving6AonBinCatDof7AdevotedBattractedClostDexposed8AalongBacrossCdownDout9AimaginedBdeniedCdoubtedDcalculated10AservedBrestoredCexplainedDrequired11AThusBStillCRatherDEven12

7、AdefeatsBsymptomsCerrorsDtests13AhighlightedBincreasedCcontrolledDminimized14ApresentedBequippedCassociatedDcompared15AassessBgenerateCmoderateDrecord16AinthenameofBintheformofCinthefaceofDinthewayof17AattributeBcommitCtransferDreturn18AunlessBbecauseCthoughDuntil19AremainsBemergesCvanishesDdecrease

8、s20AexperiencesBcombinesCjustifiesDinfluences擁抱可以使醫(yī)生遠(yuǎn)離我們嗎？答案也許是響亮的“是的”。除了能幫助你感到和自己在乎的人關(guān)系親密之外，事實(shí)證明擁抱還可以給你的身心健康帶來(lái)許多好處。不管你信不信，溫暖的擁抱在冬天可以幫助你避免生病。最近，賓夕法尼業(yè)州卡耐基梅隆大學(xué)的研究人員對(duì)超過(guò)400名健康成年人進(jìn)行了研究。他們?cè)谧屵@些實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象接觸感冒病蠹后，檢測(cè)了“感覺(jué)到社會(huì)支持”和“受到別人擁抱”這兩點(diǎn)對(duì)他們患上常見(jiàn)感冒的敏感性的影響。感覺(jué)到更多社會(huì)支持的人更不容易患感冒，研究人員推算出，這種對(duì)健康的有益影響，大約有32%是由擁抱所產(chǎn)生的減壓效果所帶來(lái)的。

9、甚至在已經(jīng)患上感冒的人群中，感覺(jué)得到更多社會(huì)支持和頻繁得到擁抱的人的癥狀也更輕?！皳肀Э梢员Ｗo(hù)那些處丁壓力之下的人免受與壓力有關(guān)的、愈發(fā)增加的感冒的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，”來(lái)自卡內(nèi)基大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授謝爾登科恩觀察道。擁抱“能制造親密，也能幫助產(chǎn)生面對(duì)困難時(shí)，有人來(lái)幫助你的感覺(jué)?！币恍＜覍肀a(chǎn)生的減緩壓力的健康好處歸因于擁抱所釋放的催生素，其通常被稱為“結(jié)合激素”,因?yàn)樗艽龠M(jìn)依附關(guān)系，包括母親與新生嬰兒之間的依附關(guān)系。催生素主要產(chǎn)生在大腦的中低部，其有一部分會(huì)被釋放進(jìn)血液里。但還有一部分會(huì)留在大腦里，影響人們的情緒、行為及生理。SectionnReadingComprehensionPartADirec

10、tions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Firsttwohours,nowthreehourathisishowfarinadvanceauthoritiesarerecommendingpeopleshowuptocatchadomesticflight,atleastatsomemajorU.S.airportswithincreasinglymassivesecurityl

11、ines.Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturnforincreasedsafety.ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804,whichterroristsmayhavedownedovertheMediterraneanSea,providesanothertragicreminderofwhy.Butdemandingtoomuchofairtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupport

12、fortheprocess.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadragonAmericansandprivatelives,nottomentioninfuriating.Lastyear,theTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)foundinasecretcheckthatundercoverinvestigatorswereabletosneakweaponsbothfakeandrealpastairportsecuritynearlyeverytimetheytried.Enhancedsecuritymeasuressi

13、ncethen,combinedwithariseinairlinetravelduetotheimprovingeconomyandandlowoilprices,haveresultedinlongwaitsatmajorairportssuchasChicago'O'HareInternational.Itisnotyetclearhowmuchmoreeffectiveairlinesecurityhasbecombbutthelinesareobvious.Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethestee

14、pincreaseinairlinetravel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partoftheissueisthatairportshaveonlysomuchroomforscreeninglanes.Anotherfactormaybethatmorepeoplearetryingtooverpacktheircarry-onbagstoavoidchecked-baggagefees,thoughtheairlinesstronglydisputethis.ThereisonesteptheTSAcouldtaketha

15、twouldnotrequireremodelingairportsorrushingtohire:EnrollmorepeopleinthePreCheckprogram.PreCheckissupposedtobeawin-winfortravelersandtheTSA.Passengerswhopassabackgroundcheckareeligibletouseexpeditedscreeninglanes.ThisallowstheTSAtofocusontravelerswhoarehigherrisks,savingtimeforeveryoneinvolved.TSAwan

16、tstoenroll25millionpeopleinPreCheck.Ithasnotgottenanywhereclosetothat,andonebigreasonisstickershock:Passengersmustpay$85everyfiveyearstoprocesstheirbackgroundchecks.Sincethebeginning,thispricetaghasbeenPreCheck'fatalflaw.Upcomingreformsmightbringthepricetoamorereasonablelevel.ButCongressshouldlo

17、okintodoingsodirectly,byhelpingtofinancePreCheckenrollmentortocutcostsinotherways.TheTSAcannotcontinuedivertingresourcesintounderusedPreChecklaneswhilemostofthetravelingpublicsuffersinunnecessarylines.Itislongpasttimetomaketheprogramwork.21. ThecrashofEgyptAirFlight804ismentionedto.A stresstheurgenc

18、ytostrengthensecurityworldwideB highlightthenecessityofupgradingmajorUSairportsC explainAmericans'toleranceofcurrentsecuritychecksD emphasistheimportanceofprivacyprotection22. Whichofthefollowingcontributionstolongwaitsatmajorairport?A Newrestrictionsoncarry-onbagsB ThedecliningefficiencyoftheTS

19、AC AnincreaseinthenumberoftravelersD Frequentunexpectedsecretchecks23. Theword“expedited"(Line4,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningtoA fasterB quieterC widerD cheaper24. OneproblemwiththePreCheckprogramisA AdramaticreductionofitsscaleB Itswrongly-directedimplementationC Thegovernment'sreluctancetobac

20、kitD Anunreasonablepriceforenrollment25. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A LessScreeningforMoreSafetyB PreCheck-aBelatedSolutionC GettingStuckinSecurityLinesD UnderusedPreCheckLanesText1全文翻譯以前是2小時(shí)，現(xiàn)在是3小時(shí)一一這就是航空當(dāng)局建議旅客提前到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)趕國(guó)內(nèi)航班的時(shí)間，至少美國(guó)一些大的機(jī)場(chǎng)是這么建議的，因?yàn)榘矙z隊(duì)伍正變得越來(lái)越長(zhǎng)。美國(guó)人現(xiàn)在愿意忍受費(fèi)時(shí)的安檢程序，以換取更

21、高的安全性。被恐怖分子襲擊而墜入地中海的埃及航空804號(hào)航班給了大家為什么這么做的一個(gè)悲劇提醒。但是對(duì)飛機(jī)乘客要求太多或者在安全保障方面的成效不足反過(guò)來(lái)乂會(huì)降低公眾對(duì)這一程序的支持。其就會(huì)演變成：浪費(fèi)的時(shí)間耽誤了美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和私人生活，也會(huì)使乘客感到憤怒。去年，美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局在一次秘密檢查中發(fā)現(xiàn)，管理局的便衣調(diào)查員在嘗試偷運(yùn)武器的時(shí)候（無(wú)論真假），屢次通過(guò)了安檢。隨后，機(jī)場(chǎng)加強(qiáng)了安檢措施，同時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和低油價(jià)也導(dǎo)致了國(guó)際航班的增加，這些因素就導(dǎo)致包括芝加哥奧黑爾國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)在內(nèi)的主要機(jī)場(chǎng)的安檢隊(duì)伍變長(zhǎng)。目前，安檢措施是否變得更加有效尚不得而知，但安檢隊(duì)伍確實(shí)變長(zhǎng)了。導(dǎo)致這一問(wèn)題的部分原因是政府沒(méi)

22、有預(yù)料到乘飛機(jī)出行的乘客數(shù)量會(huì)猛增,另一個(gè)所以美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局現(xiàn)在正緊鑼密鼓地在各機(jī)場(chǎng)增加新的安檢人員原因是，機(jī)場(chǎng)只有這么多空間，能容下的安檢隊(duì)伍有限。還有一個(gè)因素可能是，越來(lái)越多的人想要過(guò)度打包他們的隨身行李以避免行李安檢費(fèi)用，盡管航空公司對(duì)此強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局可以采取的一個(gè)不需要改造機(jī)場(chǎng)或倉(cāng)促招聘人員的措施，那就是鼓勵(lì)更多的乘客參加預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目。預(yù)檢對(duì)游客和美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局而言是雙贏的選擇。通過(guò)背景檢查的乘客有資格使用快速安檢通道。這能使美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局能重點(diǎn)檢查具有高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的乘客，從而節(jié)省了其他人的時(shí)間。美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局計(jì)劃將2500萬(wàn)乘客納入預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目。然而，這一計(jì)劃還未達(dá)到

23、預(yù)期目標(biāo)，其中的一個(gè)主要原因就是定價(jià)太高。乘客必須每五年支付85美元進(jìn)行背景審核。從一開(kāi)始這一價(jià)格就是預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目的重大缺陷。接下來(lái)的改革也許會(huì)把價(jià)格調(diào)整到合理的水平。但是國(guó)會(huì)應(yīng)該通過(guò)資助預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目或以別的方式來(lái)降低成本的方式直接參與到價(jià)格調(diào)整中去。在大部分的游客得忍受不必要排隊(duì)的癰苦之時(shí),美國(guó)運(yùn)輸安全管理局不能繼續(xù)將資源投入到未充分使用的預(yù)檢通道中去了。要想讓預(yù)檢項(xiàng)目真的開(kāi)始起作用，那還需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間。Text2“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii'slastreigningmonarch,in1

24、897.StarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.ProtestshaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterTelescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity'sviewofthecosmos.AtissueistheTMT'splannedlocationonMaunaKea,ado

25、rmantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthepiko,thatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld'smostpowerfulteleRestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea'speakrisesabovethebulkofourplanetdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowtelescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedclarity.O

26、ppositiontotelescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignnation.Someblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbiggertelescopes,t

27、heyforgotthatscienceistheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea'sfragileecosyjoritsholinesstotheisland'sinhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast;itialivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbackt

28、othedawnofcivilization.ThesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii'shoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.CallstodisassemblealltelescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbig

29、questionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizethetelescope'svisibilityaroundtheislan

30、dartoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.26. QueenLiliuokalani'sremar

31、kinParagraphindicatesA itsconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleofastronomyB theimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiansocietyC theregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancienttimesfeatsinhertimeD herappreciationofstarwatchers27. MaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsiteduetoA itsgeographicalfeaturesB itsprote

32、ctivesurroundingsC itsreligiousimplicationsD itsexistinginfrastructure28. TheconstructionoftheTMTisopposedbysomelocalspartlybecauseA itmayriskruiningtheirintellectuallifeB itremindsthemofahumiliatinghistoryC theirculturewillloseachanceofrevivalD theyfearlosingcontrolofMaunaKea29. Itcanbeinferredfrom

33、Paragraph5thatprogressintoday'astronomyA isfulfillingthedreamsofancientHawaiiansB helpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrosstheworldC mayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianculturehostilityD willeventuallysoftenHawaiians30. Theauthor'attitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof.A severecriticismB passiveac

34、ceptanceC slighthesitancyD fullapprovalText2全文翻譯“古時(shí)候的夏威夷人是天文學(xué)家，”夏威夷最后一任執(zhí)政啟主利留卡拉尼女王在1897年寫(xiě)道。觀星宿者過(guò)去是夏威夷社會(huì)中最受尊敬的人物。悲哀的是，現(xiàn)在的夏威夷不再如此。一座有望改變?nèi)祟?lèi)宇宙觀的巨大天文臺(tái)“30米望遠(yuǎn)鏡”的修建計(jì)劃引發(fā)了激烈的抗議?？棺h的焦點(diǎn)是30米望遠(yuǎn)鏡在冒納凱阿火山計(jì)劃的選址，該休眠火山被一些夏威夷人供奉為陽(yáng)光，其將夏威夷島嶼連接至天堂。但冒納凱阿火山也是一些世界上功能最強(qiáng)大的望遠(yuǎn)鏡的所在地。處于大西洋之中，冒納凱阿火山的頂峰可以遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)升到我們星球的濃密大氣層之上，那里的地質(zhì)條件可以使天文望

35、遠(yuǎn)鏡獲得無(wú)比活晰的圖像。反對(duì)在冒納凱阿火山上建造望遠(yuǎn)鏡并非新鮮事。一小部分直言不諱的夏威夷人和環(huán)保主義者長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)都認(rèn)為這些望遠(yuǎn)鏡的存在是對(duì)這片神圣土地的不尊重，同時(shí)也是對(duì)“夏威夷曾經(jīng)作為主權(quán)國(guó)家卻被占領(lǐng)”這一癰苦事實(shí)的提醒。一些人指責(zé)道，天文學(xué)家也對(duì)現(xiàn)在的爭(zhēng)議負(fù)有一定的責(zé)任。他們渴望建造更大的天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡，卻忘了科學(xué)不是了解世界的唯一方式。他們沒(méi)有始終將對(duì)冒納凱阿火山脆弱生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)和捍衛(wèi)該火山對(duì)島嶼居民的神圣意義置于優(yōu)先位置。夏威夷文明不是歷史遺產(chǎn)，今日，它是正在復(fù)興的生動(dòng)文化。然而，科學(xué)也有文化史，其根源可以追溯至文明誕生之初。抱著希望發(fā)現(xiàn)地平線之外東西的好奇心，早期的波利尼西業(yè)人首次踏上

36、了夏威夷海岸，而同樣的好奇心則鼓舞今天的天文學(xué)家去探索天堂。那些要求拆除冒納凱阿火山上所有望遠(yuǎn)鏡或禁止未來(lái)所有發(fā)展的呼吁忽視了一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是天文學(xué)和夏威夷文化都在探尋解答有關(guān)于我們是誰(shuí)、我們來(lái)自哪里以及我們到哪里去這樣的宏大問(wèn)題。也許這就是我們探索繁星天空的原因，好像我們正在回應(yīng)一個(gè)原始的召喚，去了解我們自己以及我們真正的祖先起源。天文學(xué)界正在做出妥協(xié)，他們改變了對(duì)冒納凱阿火山的使用方式。他們?cè)趰u上選了一個(gè)盡可能隱蔽的地方來(lái)修建30米望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀望臺(tái)，并盡可能避免對(duì)考古和環(huán)境造成影響。為了限制冒納凱阿火山上望遠(yuǎn)鏡的數(shù)量，舊的望遠(yuǎn)鏡在達(dá)到使用年限時(shí)就會(huì)被移除，并讓它們的原址回歸到自然狀態(tài)。因此，任

37、何人都應(yīng)被歡迎在冒納凱阿火山擁抱他們的文化遺產(chǎn)，研究天空的繁星Text3RobertF.Kennedyoncesaidthatacountry'sGDPmeasures“everythingthatwhichmakeslifeworthwhile.”oWnthtorlteavevtheEuropeanUnion,andGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedpolicymake

38、rsforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK'sGDPhasbeentheertheWesternworld,withrecordlowunemploymentandhighgrowthfigures.Ifeverythingwasgoingsowell,thenwhydidover17millionpeoplevoteforBrexit,despitethewarn

39、ingsaboutwhatitcoulddototheircountry'seconomicpr(Arecentannualstudyofcountriesandtheirabilitytoconvertgrowthintowell-beingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.Ra

40、therthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyengagementhavebeenmeasuredtogetamoreroundedassessmentofhowcountriesareperforming.Whileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe

41、2008globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavecontinuedtodecline.Yetthisisn'thecasewithallcountries.SomerelativelypoorEuropeancountrieshaveseenhugeimprovementsacrossmeasuresincludingcivilsociety,incomeequalityandtheenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriesc

42、anlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerregardedasthesolemeasureofacountry'ssuccess,theworldlooksverydifferent.So,whatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonmethodformeasuringtheeconomicactivityofnations,asameasure,itisnolongerenough.Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityor

43、educationoutcomes-allthingsthatcontributetoaperson'ssenseofweig.ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butpolicymakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplyworryingaboutGDPfigurescouldavoi

44、dtheforecasteddoomandmayevenseeprogress.31. RobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe.A praisedtheUKforitsGDPB identifiedGDPwithhappinessC misinterpretedtheroleofGDPD hadalowopinionofGDP32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatA theUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpatternB GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedinth

45、eUKC theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomyD policymakersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoGDP33. WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudyA Itissponsoredby163countries.B ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.C Itscriteriaarequestionable.D Itsresultsareenlightening.34. Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthors

46、uggeststhatA theUKispreparingforaneconomicboomB highGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdeclineC itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDPD itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissues35. Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKLessonB GDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealthC R

47、ebortF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDPD Brexit,theUK'sGatewayUoiWellText3全文翻譯羅伯特肯尼迪曾說(shuō)過(guò)，一個(gè)國(guó)家的GDP能衡量“除了使生活變得有意義的事之外的任何事物?！庇啥∮?guó)投票決定脫離歐盟，其GDP預(yù)計(jì)會(huì)出現(xiàn)下跌現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候來(lái)思考肯尼迪所說(shuō)的話了。有關(guān)對(duì)GDP及其有用性的質(zhì)疑已經(jīng)困擾政策制定者超過(guò)半世紀(jì)了。許多人認(rèn)為GDP是一個(gè)有瑕疵的概念。其衡量一些無(wú)關(guān)緊要的事物，而沒(méi)有衡量一些重要的事物。最近的衡量結(jié)果表明，英國(guó)的GDP因其低失業(yè)率以及高增長(zhǎng)而令西方世界羨慕。如果一切進(jìn)展得如此順利，那為什么1.7億人在被警告說(shuō)脫歐將會(huì)影響

48、國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)前景的情況下還要投票支持脫離歐盟呢？最近一份調(diào)查了各國(guó)和它們將經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)換為幸福感能力的年度報(bào)告可能會(huì)對(duì)上述問(wèn)題有一定的啟示性作用。在163個(gè)被調(diào)查的國(guó)家中，英國(guó)在確保將增長(zhǎng)轉(zhuǎn)化為公民生活水平提升方面是表現(xiàn)得最差的國(guó)家之一。這次調(diào)查并沒(méi)有將衡量重心放在GDP上，其還涉及到了包括健康、教育以及公民社會(huì)參與度等40多項(xiàng)不同的指標(biāo)，以求對(duì)接受調(diào)查的國(guó)家的表現(xiàn)做一個(gè)更加全面的評(píng)估。盡管這些國(guó)家都面臨挑戰(zhàn)，但仍然存在許多持續(xù)性的主題。確實(shí)，自2008年全球衰退以來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇緩慢，但主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體在醫(yī)療和教育領(lǐng)域的關(guān)鍵性指標(biāo)呈現(xiàn)出繼續(xù)下滑的態(tài)勢(shì)。然而，這并不是所有國(guó)家面臨的情況。一些相對(duì)貧困的歐洲國(guó)家

49、在公民社會(huì)、收入平等以及環(huán)保等指標(biāo)上都取得了顯著的進(jìn)步。這是富裕國(guó)家需要學(xué)習(xí)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)：當(dāng)GDP不再被視為衡量國(guó)家成功的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，這個(gè)世界會(huì)變得與眾不同。所以，肯尼迪的言外之意是，盡管GDP是最常用的衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的方法之一，但作為衡量指標(biāo)，GDP已經(jīng)不夠用了。其并不包括一些重要的因素，比如環(huán)境質(zhì)量或教育成果這些能提升人類(lèi)幸福感的事物。意料中全世界及英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的受挫會(huì)導(dǎo)致我們幸福感和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)所依賴的日常服務(wù)有所下滑。但那些將重心重新放在如何提升幸福感上，而不是簡(jiǎn)單考慮GDP數(shù)據(jù)的政策制定者將會(huì)避開(kāi)可以預(yù)見(jiàn)的風(fēng)暴，并能看到進(jìn)步Text4Inarareunanimousruling,theU

50、SSupremeCourthasoverturnedthecorruptionconvictionofaformerVirginiagovernor,RobertMcDonnell.Butitdidsowhileholdingitsnoseattheethicsofhisconduct,whichincludedacceptinggiftssuchasaRolexwatchandaFerrariautomobilefromacompanyseekingaccesstogovernment.Thehighcourt'sdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnell&

51、#39;strialfailedtjurythatitmustlookonlyathis“officialacts,”ortheformergovernoron“specific”and“unsettled”issuesrelatedtohisduties.Merelyhelpingagift-givergainaccesstootherofficials,unlessdonewithclearintenttopressurethoseofficials,isnotcorruption,thejusticesfound.Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavors

52、inreturnforopeningdoorsis“distastefuland“nasty.Butunderanti-briberylaws,proofmustbemadeofconcretebenefits,suchasapprovalofacontractorregulation.Simplyarrangingameeting,makingaphoneail,orhostinganeventisnotan“officialact”.Thecourt'rulingislegallysoundindefiningakindoffavoritismthatisnotcriminal.E

53、lectedleadersmustbeallowedtohelpsupportersdealwithbureaucraticproblemswithoutfearofprosecutionforbribery.“Tasiccompactunderlyingrepresentativegovernment,”wroteChiefJusticeJohnRobertsforaseujoust,thatpublicofficialswillhearfromtheirconstituentsandactontheirconcerns.Buttherulingreinforcestheneedforcit

54、izensandtheirelectedrepresentatives,notthecourts,toensureequalityofaccesstogovernment.Officialsmustnotbeallowedtoplayfavoritesinprovidinginformationorinarrangingmeetingssimplybecauseanindividualorgroupprovidesacampaigndonationorapersonalgift.Thistypeofintegrityrequireswell-enforcedlawsingovernmenttr

55、ansparency,suchasrecordsofofficialmeetings,rulesonlobbying,andinformationabouteachelectedleaderofwealth.Favoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcorruption.Butitisnotalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandards,ordifferenttypesofaccessforaveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnections

56、canbebought,abasicpremiseofdemocraticsocietythatallareequalintreatmentbygovernmenisundermined.Goodgovernancerestsonanunderstandingoftheinherentworthofeachindividual.Thecourt'srulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionandofficialfavoritism.36. Theunderlinedsentence(Para.1)mostprobably

57、showsthatthecourt.A avoideddefiningtheextentofMcDonnell'sdutiesB madenocompromiseinconvictingMcDonnellC wascontemptuousofMcDonnell'sconductsethicD refusedtocommentonMcDonnell37. AccordingtoParagraph4,anofficialactisdeemedcorruptiveonlyifitinvolvesA leakingsecretsintentionallyB sizablegainsintheformofgiftsC concretereturnsforgift-giversD breakingcontractsofficially38. Thecourtsrulingisbasedontheassumptionthatpublicofficialsar