完成時(shí)與過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

1、11.10 比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)  1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀

2、語(yǔ)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。） I have seen t

3、his film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。） Who hasn't handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來(lái)了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years.

4、(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -He's already been sent for. 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）T

5、om wrote a letter to his parents last night. 精講現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)  現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)，也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，在學(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如：I have lost my pen.(強(qiáng)調(diào)我現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有筆)I lost my pen.(過(guò)去筆掉了，沒(méi)說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在是否有筆)2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可和表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用(before,just等除外)，但一般過(guò)去時(shí)可

6、和表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如yesterday,last week,three days ago,just now等連用。如：A：Hello,Kate!Have you had supper?B：Yes,I have.A：When did you have it?在此例中，應(yīng)注意When是一個(gè)不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間。二、for和since的運(yùn)用for表“經(jīng)歷(一段時(shí)間)”，而since表“自從 以來(lái)”。常見結(jié)構(gòu)：for一段時(shí)間；since一段時(shí)間ago;since一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)；s

7、ince從句。如：1.He has stayed here for 3 hours.2.He has stayed here since 3 hours ago.3.He has stayed here since 3 oclock.4.He has taught English since he came here.三、短暫性動(dòng)詞通常不

8、能和表一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，應(yīng)用意義與其相近的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞、be形容詞/副詞等來(lái)代替他們。如：borrow改為keep/have;die改為be dead;leave改為be away等，或?qū)⑼瓿蓵r(shí)改為一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：1.錯(cuò)：He has died for 3 years. 正：He has been dead for 3 years. 正：He died 3 years ago.2.錯(cuò)：How lo

9、ng have you borrowed it? 正：How long have you kept it?在例2中應(yīng)注意how long是一個(gè)不確定的一段時(shí)間。但應(yīng)注意，短暫性動(dòng)詞的否定式表示一個(gè)狀態(tài)，它可以和表一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：I havent seen you for 2 years.四、have(has)been 與have(has)gone的區(qū)別have(has)been表“到過(guò)某地”；have(has

10、)gone表“已去”。如：A：Where is Li Lei?B：He has gone to the library.通過(guò)A的問(wèn)話，說(shuō)明Li Lei不在說(shuō)話處，所以這兒應(yīng)回答“他去了”。五、already和yet的區(qū)別already常用于肯定句中或句末；yet常用于一般疑問(wèn)句或否定句末。但表驚訝時(shí)already也可用于疑問(wèn)句。如：1.Tom has already finished his homework.2. Tom hasnt&

11、#160;finished his homework yet3.What!Have you already finished it? 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去開始，但持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，或過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下后果或影響。常和for+一段時(shí)間，already, ever, never, just, yet, in the past few years/ over the last

12、 thirty years, so far, up to now, since 1980等狀語(yǔ)連用?！纠纭縈ost college students have learned English for more than six years. Great changes have taken place in China in&

13、#160;the past few years.I have never been abroad up to now.*表示短暫行為的動(dòng)詞不能和延續(xù)性時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。【例如】I have been back from England for over two weeks.或It has been over two weeks since h

14、e came back from England.我們不能說(shuō)：I have come back from England for over two weeks.He has been in the army since 1998. 我們不能說(shuō)：He has joined the army since 1998. 現(xiàn)在完

15、成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).

16、This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。(2) -Have y

17、ou _ been to our town before? -No, it's the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即

18、動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)考點(diǎn)透視    現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是初中英語(yǔ)的重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一,其相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)很多,但綜合全國(guó)各地的中考試題來(lái)看,常見的考查熱點(diǎn)有:     當(dāng)句中有表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),對(duì)非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化的考查 真題示例 1. Oh, Mrs. King, your necklace looks

19、nice. Is it new? No, I _ it for two years. (2003,黃岡) A. had B. have had C. bought D. have bought   2.His grandfather _ for over two years. (2003,紹興) A. has died  B. has been dead        C. has dead  D. died      考點(diǎn)小結(jié)非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化后的表達(dá)方式

20、buyhaveborrowkeepjoinbe in; be a member ofdiebe deadleavebe away (from)beginbe on     集中考查have gone to, have been to和have been in的區(qū)別     真題示例    3.Uncle Li can speak English very well because he _ England for 5 years. (2003,宣武區(qū)) A. has gone to B. has

21、 been to C. has come to D. has been in  4. Where is Mr. Zhang? He _ London. (2003,揚(yáng)州) A. has been to B. has been C. has gone D. has gone to  5. _ to the United States? No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago. (2003,安徽) A. Have you been B. Have you gone C. Did you go D. Will you go      考點(diǎn)小結(jié) a. have gone to表示“已去了某地”,強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)已離開說(shuō)話者所在地,有可能在去某地的路上,也有可能已經(jīng)在某地。  b. have been to表示“曾經(jīng)去過(guò)某地”,強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)的經(jīng)歷,現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那兒。  c. have been in表示“在某地呆了多久”,常和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。