選修課跨文化商務交際答案

1、【精品文檔】如有侵權，請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學習與交流選修課跨文化商務交際答案.精品文檔.名詞對應。（Kinesics）：the nonverbal behavior related to the movement of the body or part of the body.（身勢）：非言語行為相關的運動身體肌膚上或局部的身體。（etiquette）：it refers to manners and behavior considered acceptable in social and business situations.(禮儀): 它指的是禮貌和行為認為是可以接受的,在社會和商業(yè)管理

2、碩士學位。(pragmatics)：it is the study of how speakers use the language to reach successful communication, and the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors.(語用學): 它是研究如何說話者可以運用語言達到成功的交際,而且該研究結(jié)果的語言對人類的觀念和行為。(power distance):the degree to which power differences are expected

3、 and accepted by society.(權力距離): 在何種程度上的力量和接受不同是被期望的社會。(Values): a learned organization of rules for marking choices and for resolving conflicts.(價值觀): 學會組織的規(guī)則為標志的選擇和解決沖突。（reverse culture shock）:it refers to the “shock” one experiences upon returning to ones home culture after growing used to a new

4、one.(反向文化沖擊): 它指的是“震驚”一經(jīng)使用后返回到一個新的增長一對一的家居文化體驗。(Recovery stage):a stage of culture shock characterized by gaining some understanding of the new culture.(恢復期): 一階段的文化沖擊獲得一些新的文化的理解的特點。 (Semantics): it is the study of the meaning of words, a system that relates words to meaning.(語義): 這是含義的話，一個系統(tǒng)，涉及詞意義的

5、研究。(Memo):it is a hard-copy document, used for communicating inside an organization, usually short.（備忘錄）：這是一個硬拷貝文件，供組織內(nèi)，通常短暫交流使用。(proxemics):the study of peoples perception and use of space.(空間關系學): 人們的看法和空間利用研究。(uncertainty avoidance):the degree to which the society is willing to accept and deal wi

6、th ambiguity and uncertainty.(不確定性規(guī)避): 在何種程度上愿意為社會接受和處理模糊性和不確定性。(Individualism):the degree to which individual decision-making and action is accepted and encouraged by the society.(個人主義): 在何種程度上個人決策和行動是社會所接受和鼓勵。(taboos):practices or verbal expressions considered by a society or cultures as improper

7、or unacceptable.（禁忌）：方式或一個社會或文化視為不當或不可接受的口頭表達。(superstitions):beliefs that are inconsistent with the knows laws of science or what society considers to be true and rational.（迷信）：信仰與科學規(guī)律的認識還是什么社會認為是真實和理性的不一致。(culture shock):this term expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to

8、 do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.（文化沖擊）：這個詞表達了缺乏方向，在不知道該怎么做或如何在新的環(huán)境的東西，不知道什么是適當或不適當?shù)母杏X。(rejection): a coping mechanism against culture shock in which we think we dont need anybody, and we are coping fine alone.（拒絕）：一對文化的沖擊中，我們認為我們不需要任

9、何人，我們是很好應付獨自應對機制。(customs):they are behaviors generally expected in specific situations and are established, socially acceptable ways of behaving in given circumstances. （習俗,）：他們普遍預計的具體情況和建立行為，在一定情況下表現(xiàn)為社會接受的方式。(personal territory):it refers to the space that people have for their own activities. (個人

10、領域）：它指的是空間，人們?yōu)樽约旱幕顒佣撆袛唷＃‵,T）三，名詞解釋。 （一）Hofstede's four cultural dimensions (please provide examples if possible) 霍夫斯泰德的四個文化維度（請?zhí)峁├?，如果可能的話）答案：mean: Hofstede developed a model that identifies four primary dimensions for diferentiating cluture .is:1. Power Distance :include 1. small power distan

11、ce cluture. 2. large power distance cluture .2. Individualism Versus Collectivism 3. Masculinity versus Femininity 4. Uncertainty Avoidance For example, the power of the United States views with the views of Arab countries there is a big difference to the U.S. power is not very fancy, they pay more

12、attention to personal ability to play, the pursuit of power to be a lot less than the Arab countries; Arab countries due to national Institutional relations, focusing on the power of binding, thus, the Arab countries, institutions, whether government departments or enterprises are more or less with

13、the power of color.（比如，美國對權力的看法跟阿拉伯國家的看法就存在很大的差異，美國不是很看中權力，他們更注重個人能力的發(fā)揮，對權力的追求比阿拉伯國家要遜色不少；阿拉伯國家由于國家體制的關系，注重權力的約束力，由此，阿拉伯國家的機構(gòu)，不管是政府部門或者企業(yè)都多多少少帶有權力的色彩。）(二) low context culture (please provide an examples if possible)低語境文化（請?zhí)峁┮粋€例子，如果可能的話）答案 the low context culture is the listener knows very little and

14、 must be told practically everything.低語境文化就是聽眾知道很少，幾乎一切都必須被告知)Example:1: A German, an American, a Japanese to the same restaurant, ordered a hamburger are the result of the negligence of the cook the meat of the three have burned the hamburgers, and asked the three people would say German paste dire

15、ctly criticize the meat, criticized the chef; Americans said that although the meat tastes very good, but bread, salad, shallot taste pretty good; The Japanese would say, bread, salad, onion is delicious. (一個德國人，一個美國人，一個日本人到同一家餐廳，都點了一個漢堡，結(jié)果由于廚師的疏忽把三個漢堡中的肉都烤糊了，問，三個人會對此次說什么:德國人會直接批判這個糊了的肉，批評這個廚師；美國人會說

16、，雖然肉的口味不太好，但是面包，沙拉，香蔥的味道還不錯； 日本人會說，面包，沙拉，香蔥的味道不錯。)2. American contracts are usually about ten times longer than French contracts. Americans like to have a lot of the context stated explicity.The French dont care very much about the explanation,as much of the information is taken for granted.（三）high

17、context culture (please provide an examples if possible) 答案：the high context culture is listener is already contexted and so does not need to be given much background information.（在高語境文化監(jiān)聽器已經(jīng)'contexted'等并不需要給予太多的背景資料。）兩個題目的例子可以用上一個來解釋4.企業(yè)文化(corporate culture)（請?zhí)峁┮粋€例子，如果可能的話）答案：In simple term

18、, corporate culture is "the way things work in a corporation." (如果記不住,主要這一句就可以了).Corporate culture is the individual consciousness and the meaning of the general, the energy embodied in the enterprise organizational behavior. Specifically refers to the entire staff in the business operatio

19、n process of the formation of training, organizational behavior and business associate, and in fact become the mainstream consciousness of all employees to abide by the highest goals, value system, the basic beliefs and the organization code of conduct Combined.（簡單來說，企業(yè)文化是“事物的方式在公司工作。”企業(yè)文化是企業(yè)個性意識及內(nèi)涵

20、的總稱，其能以企業(yè)組織行為所體現(xiàn)。具體指企業(yè)全體員工在企業(yè)運行過程中所培育形成的、與企業(yè)組織行為相關聯(lián)的、并事實上成為全體員工主流意識而被共同遵守的最高目標、價值體系、基本信念及企業(yè)組織行為規(guī)范的總和。）Example:四，簡答題 1）what is nonverbal communication? what are the functions of nonverbal communication in general? 答案：Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either

21、 singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context. Nonverbal communication, according to Samovar and Porter, involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his use

22、 of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver. “Nonverbal communication is a way of communication without words.”Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used. Nonverbal communication is everything except the actual words.Nonverba

23、l communication plays an important part in intercultural communication, even more important than verbal communication.There are six functions of nonverbal communication in general: accenting, complementing, contradicting, regulating, repeating and substituting.1）什么是非語言的溝通？什么是一般非語言溝通的功能？  &

24、#160;  答案：非語言的溝通是通過非言語行為的使用，單獨或與言語行為的交流與組合在特定的情況或上下文的消息解釋的過程。非語言溝通，根據(jù)薩莫瓦爾和波特，涉及所有那些在通信設置，同時由他的來源和使用環(huán)境，而且有潛在的源或接收消息值生成非語言刺激。 “非語言溝通是沒有文字的溝通方式?！?。非語言交流是通過非語言行為的使用過程。非語言的溝通是一切，除了實際的話。2。非語言溝通在跨文化溝通中扮演一個重要組成部分，甚至比語言溝通的重要。3。有六大功能一般非語言溝通：重音，補充，矛盾，調(diào)節(jié)，重復和替代。2) Do you know any taboo in chinese cultu

25、re? Or any taboo in other cultures? 答案：In China, messages should not be written in red ink as this has connotations of death. The biggest taboo in Chinese culture is “death”. When the Chinese are talking about it, they rarely say the word directly, but find some other expressions to take the place o

26、f it. They often say someone is “sleeping” or “gone”. 2）你知道中國文化中的任何禁忌？或在其他任何禁忌的文化？      答案：在中國，消息不應該用紅墨水寫，因為這已經(jīng)死亡的內(nèi)涵。            中華文化中的最大忌諱的是“死亡”。當中國正在談論它，他們很少直接說這個詞，但發(fā)現(xiàn)一些其他表達式采取它的地方。他們經(jīng)常說某人是“睡眠”或“消失”。中文 &

27、#187; 英語< 復制在中國，白色常是大悲之色和貧窮之色1,In China, white is often mantra of color and poverty of color .2,In early China, the feminist higher than male is taboo在中國早期，女權高于男權是禁忌. 3). What kind of influence cultural differences may have on negotiation? Give some examples if possible. 什么樣的影響文化差異對談判嗎?舉例說明,如果可能的

28、話。答案：（1）.Negotiating Goal: Contract or Relationship Example: Americans consider a signed contract as a definitive set of rights and duties that strictly binds the two sides and determines their interaction thereafter. Most Spanish and French negotiators have also claimed that their primary goal in a

29、 negotiation was a signed contract. The Chinese often think that the goal of a negotiation is not a signed contract, but the creation of a relationship between the two sides. 美國人都認為簽訂合同,一套明確的權利和義務嚴格使雙方相互作用并決定了他們的音訊。大多數(shù)西班牙語和法語談判代表聲稱,他們的主要目標在談判簽訂合同。中國人往往認為這個目標的談判并非簽訂合同,但是關系的創(chuàng)造兩塊。 (2).Negotiating Attit

30、ude: Win/Win or Win/Lose Example: Chinese love from Lose/Win to Win/Win way (3).Personal Style :Informal or Formal It has been observed, for example, that Germans have a more formal style than American. A negotiator with a formal style insists on addressing counterparts by their titles, avoids perso

31、nal anecdotes, and refrains from questions touching on the private or family life of members of the other team.(4).Communication: Direct or Indirect Example: Some groups place emphasis on losedirect and simple methods. It has been observed, for example, that whereas Germans, Americans and the Spanis

32、h are direct, the French and the Chinese are indirect.(5).Form of Agreement: General or Specific Example: Americans prefer very detailed contracts that attempt to anticipate all possible circumstances and eventualities, no matter how unlikely. Other cultures,such as the Chinese,prefera contract in t

33、he form of general principles rather than detailed rules.3）。什么樣的影響文化差異可能對談判？舉幾個例子，如果可能的。       答案：（1）談判目標：。合同或關系      例如：美國人認為，作為一個權利和義務明確的設置，嚴格約束，并確定雙方隨后簽署的合同及其相互作用。大多數(shù)西班牙和法國的談判也聲稱，他們在談判的主要目的是簽署合同。在中國往往認為談判的目的不是簽署合同，但雙方之間的關系創(chuàng)造。 &

34、#160;   。（2）談判態(tài)度：贏/贏或贏/輸       例如：中國人喜歡從輸/贏到贏/贏的方式.    。（3）個人風格：正式或非正式      據(jù)觀察，例如，德國人比美國人更正式的風格。一個有正式文體談判代表堅持在解決他們的職稱同行，避免個人軼事，從對其他團隊成員的私人或家庭生活的感人問題和擺在眼前。4）通訊：。直接或間接 例如：有的直接和簡單的方法，小組中進行的重視。據(jù)觀察，例

35、如，而德國人，美國人和西班牙是直接的，法國和中國都是間接的。（5）表格的協(xié)議：一般或特定 例如：美國人喜歡很詳細的合同，企圖預計到所有可能出現(xiàn)的情況和發(fā)生的情況，無論多么不可能的。其他文化，如中國，在詳細的規(guī)則，而不是一般原則的形式prefera合同。4). What is culture shock? What are the the stages of culture shock? 答案：（1）.A: Culture shock expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate. B