高考英語語法專題十三解讀特殊句式

1、專題十三 特殊句式專題十三專題十三 考點(diǎn)薈萃考點(diǎn)薈萃考點(diǎn)薈萃 特殊句式在近幾年高考題中所占分量居中，各套試題中至少有一道小題考查特殊句式。主要考查倒裝句、省略替代、強(qiáng)調(diào)句以及感嘆句和反意疑問句。一、倒裝口訣速記：副詞開頭要倒裝，人稱代詞則如常。only修飾副介狀，位于句首半倒裝。否定意義副連詞，“既不也不”需倒裝。表語前置主語長，銜接自然常倒裝。such代詞作表語，引起主謂要倒裝。not only開頭句，前一分句需倒裝。had，were，should虛擬句，省略if半倒裝。專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀正面解讀倒裝分兩類：全部倒裝和部分倒裝。全部倒裝是將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。實(shí)

2、義動詞、情態(tài)動詞或be 動詞放在主語之前。部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀1全部倒裝的情況專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀使用場合 例句 備注 (1)there引導(dǎo)的存在句 There is a book in the bag. There came shouts for help from the river.常見動詞有be, come, lie, happen, appear, seem, stand, exist, live, r

3、emain等。 (2)在here, there, away, in, out, down, up, off, now, then開頭的句子里 Here comes the bus.There goes the train. In rushed the children. Now comes your turn. 謂語常是表示方位或位移的不及物動詞lie, live, sit, stand, be, come, go, run, rise等。主語是人稱代詞時，不倒裝。如：Here we are. There he comes. (3)介詞短語或方位詞組作地點(diǎn)狀語位于句首 Between the

4、buildings stands a tall tree. South of the city lies a steel factory. From the village came a frightening sound. 專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀使用場合 例句 備注 (4)代詞such作表語，意為“這樣的人，這樣的物”，應(yīng)置于句首 Such were the facts.Such was Albert Einstein. 主謂一致(5)平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)或使上下文銜接緊密They reached a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small bo

5、y. 主謂一致 2. 部分倒裝的情況專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀使用場合 例句 備注 (1)so, neither, nor開頭的句子，表示“也一樣、也不”I like sports, and so does my brother. If you go, so will I. He hasnt come, nor have his sisters. If you dont go, neither shall I. 使用正確的助動詞。當(dāng)so表示對前句內(nèi)容的肯定和附和時，用自然語序。如：Tom works hard. So he does and so do you. (他的確很用功，你也是

6、。)(2)含有否定意義的副詞(詞組)，如：never, seldom, hardly, little, nowhere, by no means, at no time等置于句首時Hardly can I believe that. Seldom does he write to me. By no means shall we give up. Little did I know who he was. little作形容詞，修飾主語時，仍用正常語序。如：Little Franz often played the piano.專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀使用場合 例句 備注 (3)on

7、ly修飾狀語(從句)，并置于句首時，主句中要部分倒裝Only when the rain stopped did the match start again. only修飾主語時不倒裝。如：Only he can do it. (4)not onlybut (also)連接兩個分句，not only置于句首 Not only should we study science, but also we should pay attention to politics. not only引導(dǎo)的部分要部分倒裝，但but (also)部分不倒裝。若not onlybut (also)連接兩個主語，句子不

8、倒裝。 專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀使用場合 例句 備注 (5)Not until HardlywhenNo soonerthanSothatSuchthatNot until yesterday did I realize what trouble he was in. Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone rang. So angry was he that he couldnt speak. Such great progress did he make that he was praised.主倒從不倒，即主句部分用倒裝

9、語序，從句部分用陳述語序。 (6)省略if的虛擬條件句，將were，had, should 移至主語前 Were he (If he were ) here now, I could ask him. Should he (If he should) come, tell him to ring me up. 若條件句中不含were, had, should則不宜倒裝。 專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀使用場合 例句 備注 (7)祝愿句 May you succeed！ (8)as或though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句引起的倒裝。句型是：表語/狀語/動詞原形as/though主語 Young as

10、he is, he knows a lot.Much as I like it, I will not buy it. Try as he might，he could not find a job. though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句也可不倒裝。表語前的冠詞要省略。如：Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings. 二、省略在英語中，有時為了避免結(jié)構(gòu)上或內(nèi)容上的重復(fù)，并使上下文緊密連接；有時因?yàn)檎Z法的客觀要求，句子中的一個或幾個成分不需要表達(dá)出來，這種現(xiàn)象稱為省略。英語中的省略要求不破壞語法結(jié)構(gòu)，要保持句子意義的準(zhǔn)確無誤。省略有詞法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，還有

11、一種替代省略。省略部分的成分和含義可從上下文或具體語言環(huán)境中找到而且是有章可循的，英語的省略大致有以下幾種情況：專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀1介詞的省略一些與動詞、名詞或形容詞一起搭配的介詞常省略，而保留其后的動名詞。常見的句型有：spend some time (in) doing sth.；be busy (in) doing sth.；have difficulty (in) doing sth.；stop/prevent sb. (from) doing sth.2連詞that 的省略I believe (that) he will come here. Its a pity (

12、that) he will leave this city. 3定語從句與名詞性從句中的省略 (1)在限制性定語從句中，作賓語用的關(guān)系代詞whom, which, that可省略。專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀如：The teacher (who/whom/that) I talked with was Mr. Meng. (2) 在與suggest, request, order, advise等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中，應(yīng)用虛擬語氣形式“should 動詞原形”，should可以省略。如：She suggests that we (should) go at once. 4動詞不定式省略，

13、只保留to的場合。不定式作某些動詞的賓語時，常見的動詞有expect, refuse, mean, like, love, hope，want等。如：He went home that day though he didnt want to.專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀三、反意疑問句1陳述部分含有must的反意疑問句當(dāng)must作“必須”講時，其反意疑問部分用neednt；當(dāng)含有mustnt(不允許、禁止)時，其反意疑問部分用must；當(dāng)must表示推測，作“一定，準(zhǔn)是”講時，反意疑問部分的動詞形式根據(jù)must后面的動詞形式確定。如：You must go now, neednt you?

14、你現(xiàn)在必須走，是不是？You mustnt smoke here, must you?你不能在這里吸煙，是吧？You must have watched that football match last night, didnt you? 你昨晚一定是看足球比賽了， 是吧？專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀2陳述部分含有used to的反意疑問句陳述部分含有used to時，其反意疑問部分用usednt或didnt均可。如：You used to play football, usednt/didnt you?你過去常常踢足球，是嗎？3陳述部分含有ought to的反意疑問句其反意疑問部分用o

15、ughtnt或shouldnt均可。如：He ought to attend the meeting, oughtnt/shouldnt he?他應(yīng)該參加會議，是不是？專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀4否定詞或半否定詞的反意疑問句當(dāng)陳述部分帶有seldom, hardly, scarcely, never, few, little, nothing, nobody等否定詞或半否定詞時，疑問部分的動詞用肯定形式。如：He could hardly get up, could he?他幾乎起不來了，是不是？5陳述部分含有表示“否定”意義的前綴構(gòu)成的詞，其反意疑問部分一般用否定式。如：Mary d

16、islikes sports, doesnt she?瑪麗不喜歡體育運(yùn)動，不是嗎？專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀6含有賓語從句的反意疑問句當(dāng)陳述部分帶有賓語從句時，疑問部分的主語應(yīng)和主句的主語保持一致。但當(dāng)主句是：I think，I believe, I suppose, I expect, I imagine等結(jié)構(gòu)時，疑問部分的主語和謂語動詞均應(yīng)和賓語從句的主語和謂語保持一致。如：He said that he would come here on time, didnt he?I dont think he will come here on time, will he?7祈使句的反意

17、疑問句祈使句后加附加問句，不表示反意，而表示一種語氣。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：否定祈使句，will you?肯定祈使句， will/wont you? Lets， shall we? Let us， will you？如：專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀Open the door, will you?Lets go out for a walk, shall we?Let us go to school, will you?注意：(1) 反意疑問句的回答不要看漢語如何翻譯，只看所提到的事情是否發(fā)生。如果發(fā)生了，用肯定回答，否則用否定回答。如：當(dāng)對方問你“You arent a teacher, are y

18、ou？”或“You are a teacher, arent you？”時，如果你是老師，回答“Yes, I am. ”否則，回答“No, I am not. ”(2) 反意疑問句的主語和陳述部分的主語在人稱、數(shù)上需要注意的幾種情況專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀陳述部分主語反意疑問部分主語疑問部分謂語的數(shù)例句this, thatit單數(shù)This is a bike，isnt it？these, thosethey復(fù)數(shù)These are not your books, are they？everything, anything, something, not

19、hingit單數(shù)Nothing has happened, has it？專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀陳述部分主語反意疑問部分主語疑問部分謂語的數(shù)例句everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, anybody, anyone, anybody, none, neitherhe或they(更常見)單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)Nobody likes to be laughed at, does he/do they？不定式、動名詞、主語從句、其他短語it單數(shù)Learning English well takes a lot of time, doesnt

20、it？there be句型there單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)There is no doubt about it, is there？There will be rain tomorrow, wont there？四、強(qiáng)調(diào)句一個句子中除謂語外的任何成分均可借助It bethat予以強(qiáng)調(diào)，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分置于be之后。無論被強(qiáng)調(diào)的是人物時間地點(diǎn)還是方式一律用that, 只有強(qiáng)調(diào)人時也可用who。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的人稱代詞主格或賓格如I /me，其形式不可變動，即被強(qiáng)調(diào)的任何成分必須原封不動地放到be之后。一個句子，如果將其中的It is/wasthat去掉，在不加減任何詞語的情況下，語序稍作調(diào)整能構(gòu)成一個完整正確的句子，便可

21、以認(rèn)定為強(qiáng)調(diào)句，否則就不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。專題十三專題十三 正面解讀正面解讀1【誤】 Did he begin to learn English only when he was 30 years old. 【正】 He began to learn English only when he was 30 years old. 【解析】 當(dāng)only和所修飾的狀語位于句首時引起部分倒裝，如果不在句首時，則不倒裝，此外，當(dāng)only用于修飾名詞或代詞時，也不倒裝，如：Only the grownups are allowed to see the film. 專題十三專題十三 反面解讀反面解讀反面解讀2【誤

22、】 Not only can he repair bikes but can he repair televisions.【正】 Not only can he repair bikes but he can repair televisions.【解析】 not onlybut (also)的部分倒裝，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：not only倒裝語序，but also語序不變。此外，當(dāng)not onlybut also位于句首連接兩個并列的主語時，主謂也不倒裝，如：Not only I but also she will get married next year. 專題十三專題十三 反面解讀反面解讀3【誤

23、】 I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot. So do I. 【正】 I seldom watch TV, but listen to the radio a lot. So it is with me. 【解析】 若前面為兩個或兩個以上的分句，表示不同的主語與前面有關(guān)的各種情況相同，往往用：so it is/was with 主語或者是it is/was the same with 主語。專題十三專題十三 反面解讀反面解讀4【誤】 A child as/though he is, he is very brave. 【正】 Chil

24、d as/though he is, he is very brave. 【解析】 由as/though引導(dǎo)的表示“雖然，盡管”的讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序，把從句的表語或狀語等放在as/though的前面，但是如果從句中的表語是名詞，其名詞前不加任何冠詞。專題十三專題十三 反面解讀反面解讀5【誤】 Are you a sailor？No, but I used to. 【正】 Are you a sailor? No, but I used to be. 【解析】 動詞不定式的省略：在同一句或聯(lián)系緊密的對話里，常把不定式符號to后內(nèi)容相同的部分省略，只保留to，但如果省略的不定式內(nèi)容有作助動詞用

25、的have或be的任何形式時，to后要保留原形have 或be。專題十三專題十三 反面解讀反面解讀6【誤】 Are you and Jane getting married？We hope. 【正】 Are you and Jane getting married？We hope to. 【解析】 動詞不定式在like, love, care, want, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, decide, mean, intend, try, promise等動詞后作賓語時，為了避免重復(fù)，常承前省略不定式后的內(nèi)容，但要保留不定式符號to。7【誤】 I came not

26、 to scold but praise you. 【正】 I came not to scold but to praise you. 【解析】 在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復(fù)，后一個to常省略，但兩個不定式有對照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時，則后一個to不能省略。專題十三專題十三 反面解讀反面解讀12009遼寧卷 _ is the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous. ASuch BThis CThat DSo【答案】 A2Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away_. Afleeing the boy

27、Bwas fleeing the boyCthe boy was fleeing Dfled the boy【答案】 D專題十三專題十三 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練3He is rather difficult to make friends with，but the friendship of his，_，is truer than any other.Aonce gained Bwhen to gainCafter gained Dwhile gaining【解析】 A這是once it is gained的省略，句意為：但是一旦獲得了和他的友誼，要比其他人的要真誠得多。專題十三專題十三 實(shí)

28、戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練4Not until quite recently _ that language is closely related to culture.Ahe realized Bdid he realizeChad he realized Dhe did realize【解析】 Bnot until引導(dǎo)的短語置于句首，后面要用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，所以要排除A和D；此外，句子中沒有明顯的“過去的過去”標(biāo)志詞，所以不能用過去完成時，故C項(xiàng)也得排除。5Casey, _ to the classroom and see who it is there. AgoingBgoCto goDgone【解析

29、】 B該題帶有吩咐口吻，且Casey為呼語，因此題干應(yīng)為祈使句，即以動詞原形開頭。專題十三專題十三 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練6I dont suppose anyone will be willing to do the hard job, _？Ado I Bdont ICwill they Dwont they【解析】 CI think/suppose/believe引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的反意疑問句，存在否定轉(zhuǎn)移的習(xí)慣，且反意疑問句的主語應(yīng)與從句主語一致，選C。專題十三專題十三 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練72010重慶卷 At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and t

30、he Jialing River _，one of the ten largest cities in China. Alies Chongqing BChongqing lies Cdoes lie Chongqing Ddoes Chongqing lie【解析】 A考查倒裝句。為了表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，把作狀語的介詞短語提到句首，此時句子采用完全倒裝的語序。專題十三專題十三 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練8Go straight into the cave and find out whats in it, _？Acant you Bdont you Care you Dwill you【解析】 D考查反意疑問句

31、。這是一個祈使句，對祈使句構(gòu)成反意疑問句用will you?92010四川卷 We laugh at jokes，but seldom _ about how they work.Awe think Bthink we Cwe do think Ddo we think【解析】 D考查倒裝用法。seldom，hardly，never，no等具有否定意義的詞位于句首句子用部分倒裝語序。專題十三專題十三 實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練10Ive read three books this week. Well, maybe _ is not how much you read but what you read that counts. Athis Bthat Cthere Dit【解析】 D考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的用法。把“_ is”和句中的that省略后，該句話依舊成立，由此可知該題是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)，所以答案只能用it