八年級英語語法unit1-5單元

1、期中復(fù)習(xí)期中復(fù)習(xí) 一 、一般將來時的構(gòu)成: shall (第一人稱) + 動詞原形 will（第二、三人稱）注意：美語中不管什么人稱一律用will, 在口語中所 有人稱都可以用will，但在第一人稱的疑問句 中經(jīng)常用shall. eg: What shall we do then ? What time shall we leave? 一般將來時的肯定、否定和疑問式：人稱肯定式否定式疑問式第一人稱I will work.I will not work.Shall I work?第二人稱You will work.You will not work.Will you work?第三人稱He wi

2、ll work.He will not work.Will he work? 二、一般將來時的基本用法： 表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來的時間狀語注連用。egeg: Next month my sister will be twenty. Ill send you the book as soon as possible, I promise you. A 表示將來的時間狀語 常用的表示將來的時間狀語有： tomorrow, tomorrow morning, tomorrow, tomorrow morning, tomorrow afternoon, tomorro

3、w tomorrow afternoon, tomorrow evening, next week, next month, evening, next week, next month, next year, in two days, soon, the next year, in two days, soon, the day after tomorrowday after tomorrow等等。 表示將來經(jīng)常發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生 的動作。eg:eg: Ill come and see you every Sunday next year. We shall come and work in t

4、his factory every year.B 問對方是否愿意或表示客氣的 邀請.eg:eg: Will you please sign your name here? Ill be glad to help you.C 用于帶有條件狀語從句的主句 中表示將來時間.eg: If you work hard, youll succeed. If you go on foot, you will not be able to get there on time.D 三、一般將來時的其他表示方法 (一)、be going to +動詞原形:表示將來 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。 What are

5、 you going to do tomorrow? b. 計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.（二）、be +不定式： 表示安排、命令或預(yù)定要做的事情。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. We are to be back nine oclock. You are to finish the work buy supper time

6、.(三)、be about to do：表示“即將做某 事”或“將要做某事” eg: He is about to leave for Beijing. I was about to start out when it began to snow.注意：be about tobe about to 不能與tomorrow, next tomorrow, next weekweek 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法現(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語短暫性動詞與時間段的關(guān)系短暫性動詞與時間段的關(guān)系h

7、ave been 與與have gone 比較比較與一般過去時的用法比較與一般過去時的用法比較 現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時的構(gòu)成助動詞助動詞have have (has(has）+ + 過過去分詞去分詞 Typeoriginal p.t p.pcostcostcostreadreadreadmeetmetmetcatchcaughtcaught rideroderiddenspeakspokespokenkeepkeptkeptdrinkdrankdrunkeatateeatenABBAAA ABC現(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法現(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法一.表示從過去某一時刻開始并一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或事情,

8、但動作或事情現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束。Someone has just turned off the light.Someone has just turned off the light.(有人剛把燈關(guān)了。) I have already finished my homework.I have already finished my homework.( (我已我已經(jīng)經(jīng)完成了家庭作完成了家庭作業(yè)業(yè)。)二.表示從過去某一時刻開始并一直延 續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或事情,但動作或 事情可能仍在繼續(xù)。 I want to see how much the place I want to see how much the

9、 place changed since changed since I saw it last.I saw it last.我想看看從上 次見到那地方以來它發(fā)生了多大變化。I have learnt English for more than I have learnt English for more than ten years. ten years.我已經(jīng)學(xué)了10多年的英語?，F(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法現(xiàn)在完成時的主要用法三.表示人曾有過或到目前為止從未有過的經(jīng)歷.Have you ever been to the Have you ever been to the Summer Palace

10、?Summer Palace?(你曾去過頤和園嗎?) I have never had a car.I have never had a car. (我從未有過汽車。)四.現(xiàn)在完成時還常與句型 This is the first time，Its the first time 連用。This is the first time he has driven a This is the first time he has driven a car .car .這是他第一次開車。五.現(xiàn)在完成時和最高級連用表示到現(xiàn)在為止是最的。What a boring filmWhat a boring film！

11、一部多么令人厭煩的電影啊！Its the most boring film Ive ever Its the most boring film Ive ever seen.seen.這是我看過的最令人厭煩的電影。現(xiàn)在完成時的現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語時間狀語常與連用，如:already, already, never, ever, just, yet, before, up to never, ever, just, yet, before, up to now, so far, for the last few weeksnow, so far, for the last few weeks等,表

12、示“”所發(fā)生的動作.還可以和(到說話時仍未結(jié)束)的,表示連用，如:now, now, today, this morning (afternoon, today, this morning (afternoon, evening, week, month, year), these evening, week, month, year), these days, since, for a long time days, since, for a long time等.一、一、sincesince短語或從句表示過去的動短語或從句表示過去的動 作延續(xù)至今，作延續(xù)至今，sincesince之后的時間

13、為一點之后的時間為一點。 Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. （1984年以來，史密斯先生一直在這工作。）Hes learned about 5,000 English words Hes learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college.since he went to college.（他上大學(xué)以來大約學(xué)了五千個英語單詞。）二二、forfor短語表示動作延續(xù)多長時短語表示動作延續(xù)多長時 間，間，forfor的賓

14、語為時間段。的賓語為時間段。 We have known each other for We have known each other for twenty years. twenty years. （我們認(rèn)識有二十年了。） I havent seen her for a long time.I havent seen her for a long time. （我好久沒有見到她了。）三、三、just, lately, recentlyjust, lately, recently是完成時的是完成時的時間狀語，時間狀語，just now just now 有有a moment a moment

15、 ago ago 之意，是一般過去時的時間狀語。之意，是一般過去時的時間狀語。The train has just arrived.The train has just arrived. （火車剛到。）Did you see Joan just now?Did you see Joan just now? （你剛才看到瓊了嗎？）Have you heard from your family Have you heard from your family lately/recently?lately/recently? （你最近收到家人的來信了嗎？）四、四、in the past few yea

16、rs in the past few years 意思是意思是“過去幾年來過去幾年來”，可作現(xiàn)在完成時，可作現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語；的時間狀語；in the pastin the past意思是意思是“在在過去過去”，常作一般過去時的時間狀，常作一般過去時的時間狀語。語。Great changes have taken place Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few in my hometown in the past few years.years.（過去幾年來，我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了很大的變化。）Where di

17、d you work in the past?Where did you work in the past? （你過去在哪里工作？）五、五、even since theneven since then與與from then on from then on (after that)(after that)都有都有“打那以后打那以后”之意，之意，前者是完成時的時間狀語，后者常前者是完成時的時間狀語，后者常用作一般過去時的時間狀語。用作一般過去時的時間狀語。Shes lived here ever since then.Shes lived here ever since then. （打那以后，她

18、一直住在這。）I didnt hear of Jim from then I didnt hear of Jim from then on/after that.on/after that. （打那以后，我就沒有吉姆的消息。） 六、六、beforebefore泛指泛指“以前以前”時，可用時，可用于現(xiàn)在完成時中；于現(xiàn)在完成時中；agoago表示表示“現(xiàn)在的現(xiàn)在的一段時間以前一段時間以前”，是一般過去時的，是一般過去時的時間狀語。時間狀語。Ive never been to Japan before.Ive never been to Japan before. （我以前沒去過日本。）She we

19、nt to Japan a year ago.She went to Japan a year ago. （她一年前去了日本。）七、七、everever和和nevernever也是現(xiàn)在完成時常也是現(xiàn)在完成時常見的時間狀語。前者意思是見的時間狀語。前者意思是“曾曾經(jīng)經(jīng)”，多見于疑問句或否定句中；，多見于疑問句或否定句中；后者意思是后者意思是“從來沒有從來沒有”，表示全，表示全部否定。部否定?！?“Have you ever seen the film?” Have you ever seen the film?” “No. I have never seen it.”“No. I have ne

20、ver seen it.”（“你曾經(jīng)看過這部影片嗎？” “沒有， 從來沒看過?！保㎞obody in our class has ever Nobody in our class has ever been there.been there. （我們班沒有人去過那。）八、八、alreadyalready和和yetyet常見于現(xiàn)在完成時常見于現(xiàn)在完成時中，有中，有“已經(jīng)已經(jīng)”之意。前者一般用之意。前者一般用在肯定句中，后者用在疑問句中。在肯定句中，后者用在疑問句中。yetyet在否定句中有在否定句中有“還還”之意。之意?！?“Has the bus left yet”? Has the bus

21、left yet”? “Yes. It has already left.” “Yes. It has already left.” (“No. It hasnt left yet.)(“No. It hasnt left yet.) “汽車開走了嗎？” “是的，已經(jīng)開走了?！?“不，還沒有開走。 ”九、九、so far(so far(到目前為止到目前為止) )， these these days( days(這些天這些天) ) 也是現(xiàn)在完成時也是現(xiàn)在完成時常見的時間狀語。常見的時間狀語。 So far, no man has travelled So far, no man has trav

22、elled farther than the moon. farther than the moon.（到目前為止， 還沒有人到月球以外旅行。） What have you done these days?What have you done these days? （這些天來，你做了什么事？）十、十、now, today, this morning, this now, today, this morning, this year year等有時可以用現(xiàn)在完成時中，等有時可以用現(xiàn)在完成時中， 以表示到說話時這一時間尚未結(jié)束。以表示到說話時這一時間尚未結(jié)束。 I have learned ho

23、w to swim now.I have learned how to swim now. （我現(xiàn)在終于學(xué)會了怎樣游泳。） Have you seen Han Meimei this Have you seen Han Meimei this morning? morning? （你今天上午看到韓梅梅了嗎？）短暫性動詞與時間段的關(guān)系 短暫性動詞在肯定句、疑問句中不能與時間段連用，這些動詞是：等。為了表述這種意思，我們常用相應(yīng)的來 代替短暫性動詞。 become become bebe, begin, beginhavehave , , borrow borrow keepkeep, buy ,

24、 buy havehave, , come (go, arrive, get) come (go, arrive, get) be be here/there/inhere/there/in，diediebebe deaddead, , fall asleep (ill) fall asleep (ill) be asleep (ill),be asleep (ill), finish finish be overbe over, get to , get to knowknowknowknow, join, joinbe in be in （be be a member of a membe

25、r of ）, leave, leavebe be away(from), away(from), marry marrybebe marriedmarried等；也可以仍用原短暫性動詞，也可以仍用原短暫性動詞，用句型用句型“”或用或用“”這一結(jié)構(gòu)來表述延續(xù)性的動這一結(jié)構(gòu)來表述延續(xù)性的動作或狀作或狀 態(tài)。態(tài)。 他入黨五年了。He has been in the Party for five years.He has been in the Party for five years.He has been a Party member for five years.He has been a P

26、arty member for five years.It is five years since he joined the Party.It is five years since he joined the Party.He joined the Party five years ago .He joined the Party five years ago .電影開始五分鐘了。The film has been on for five minutes.The film has been on for five minutes.It is five minutes since the f

27、ilm beganIt is five minutes since the film beganThe film began five minutes ago.The film began five minutes ago. 但在否定句中，短暫性動詞可以與時間段連用。如：I havent bought the bike for a year. 我買這輛自行車還不到一年。She hasnt come here for an hour. 她來這兒還沒有一個小時。 翻翻 譯譯 練練 習(xí)：習(xí)： 1. 1.我買了這塊手表五年了。我買了這塊手表五年了。 2. 2.這位老人已經(jīng)死了十年了。這位老人已經(jīng)死了十

28、年了。 I I have boughthave bought this watch for five years. this watch for five years. I I have hadhave had this watch this watch forfor five five years/years/sincesince 5 years 5 years ago.ago. The old man The old man has diedhas died for ten years. for ten years. The old man The old man has been dea

29、dhas been dead for ten for ten years/since 10 years/since 10 years ago.years ago.WW 3.3.他已經(jīng)回來三天了。他已經(jīng)回來三天了。 4. 4.自從六點鐘他就來這兒了。自從六點鐘他就來這兒了。 5. 5.我離開家鄉(xiāng)已十年了。我離開家鄉(xiāng)已十年了。 He He has come backhas come back for 3 days. for 3 days. He He has been backhas been back forfor 3 days/ 3 days/sincesince 3 3 days days

30、agoago. . He He has come herehas come here since 6 oclock. since 6 oclock. He He has been herehas been here since 6 oclock. since 6 oclock. I I have lefthave left hometown for 10 years. hometown for 10 years. I I have been away fromhave been away from hometown for 10 hometown for 10 years. years.WWW

31、have been 與have gone 的用法比較 have been to a place 意思是“到過，去過”，表示曾經(jīng)到過某處，但現(xiàn)在人不在那兒。have gone to 意思是“去了”，表示已經(jīng)去了某地，現(xiàn)在人可能在去的途中或已在那兒了。 Has she ever been to Nanjing?Has she ever been to Nanjing?她曾去過南京嗎？ You have never been there, have you?You have never been there, have you?你以前從未去過那兒，是嗎？ I have been to Guiling

32、 ,I went there I have been to Guiling ,I went there last year. last year.我去過桂林，我去年去的。 She has gone to Nanjing.She has gone to Nanjing. 她已經(jīng)去南京了。 與一般過去時的用法比較一.現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時都是說過去的事情，;而一般過去時，則只表示發(fā)生在過去的動作和事情與現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系。 eg：He has bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他已經(jīng)買了一本英漢字典。 He bought an English-Chinese d

33、ictionary. 他曾買過一本英漢字典。第一句用現(xiàn)在完成時時態(tài)，意為：“He bought an English-Chinese dictionary. And he still has it” “過去他買了一本英漢字典，現(xiàn)在他還有這本字典” 。第二句用過去時只敘述過去他買過一本英漢字典這一事實，至于現(xiàn)在他是否有這本字典并未強(qiáng) 調(diào)說明。二當(dāng)有一個表示過去某一特定時間的狀語時，不用現(xiàn)在完成時，而用一般過去時: eg: I saw the film on television yesterday . 但since(自以來)+某一過去時間或敘述過去事情的從句總是與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。eg： They

34、 have known each other since 1950 . Since he was a child,he has lived in England.三常與一般過去時連用的典型的 表示過去時間的狀語:yesterday(昨天),the other day (前兩天),just now(剛才)，時間+ ago, last +時間 等; eg: The plane took off ten minutes ago. We finished our task last week .四常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用的表示到現(xiàn)在為止這段時間的詞短語或從句: so far (到現(xiàn)在為止)，hither t

35、o (到如今) up to (till,until)now直到現(xiàn)在，lately（最近）yet ,since+過去時間或敘述過去事情的從句。eg：The weather has been hot so far this summer . I havent seen her yet .可與現(xiàn)在完成時連用，也可與一般過去時連用的時間狀語： for +時間 ，this +時間,表示不確定時間：ever,never,before, just,recently,alreadyeg: 1.I have learnt English for three years. 2.I learnt English f

36、or three years.3.I have written two letters this morning .4.I wrote two letters this morning .動動 詞詞 填填 空：空： 1._ you _(clean) the room?1._ you _(clean) the room? Yes, we _(do) that already. Yes, we _(do) that already. When _ you _(do) it? When _ you _(do) it? We _(do) it an hour ago. We _(do) it an h

37、our ago.2._ he _(see) this film yet? Yes.2._ he _(see) this film yet? Yes. When _ he _(see) it? When _ he _(see) it? He _ it last week. He _ it last week. 3. How many times _you_(be) there? 3. How many times _you_(be) there? HaveHavecleanedcleanedhave donehave donediddiddododiddidHasHasseenseendiddi

38、dseeseesawsawhavehavebeenbeen4. I _ (read) the novel twice. Its interesting.4. I _ (read) the novel twice. Its interesting.5. She _(go) to Pairs, hasnt she? Yes.5. She _(go) to Pairs, hasnt she? Yes. How _ she _(go) there? How _ she _(go) there? She _(go) there by air. She _(go) there by air.6. So f

39、ar, many countries _(develop) 6. So far, many countries _(develop) their software programs. their software programs.7.Mr Chen _(give)up smoking last year.7.Mr Chen _(give)up smoking last year.8.Mr chen _(give) up smoking since last year.8.Mr chen _(give) up smoking since last year.have readhave read

40、has gonehas gonediddidgogowentwenthave developedhave developedgavegavehas givenhas given選用選用 forfor和和 sincesince填空填空: :1.We havent seen each other _ a long time.1.We havent seen each other _ a long time.2.His father has been in the Party _ 10 years 2.His father has been in the Party _ 10 years ago.ago.3.The film has been on _ 20 minutes.3.The film has been on _ 20 minutes.4.Mr