自考國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)-句子翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS國(guó)際商務(wù)1. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries. 2. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此

2、，在此方 面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement. 3. 其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理

3、合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project. 4. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消 費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced o

4、r manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. 5. 除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資， 國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。 Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. 6. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易和國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易在法制體系、貨幣、文化和自然條件與經(jīng)濟(jì)條件方面都有所不同。 International busin

5、ess and domestic business are quite different in legal systems, currency, culture and natural and economic conditions. 7. 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展， 無(wú)形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大。 With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the dev

6、eloping countries. 8. 國(guó)際投資是國(guó)際商務(wù)的另一個(gè)重要形式， 可分為外國(guó)直接投資和證券投資兩大領(lǐng)域。 International investment is another form of international business and can be classified into two categories, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment.9. 對(duì)商務(wù)知識(shí)的了解可避免產(chǎn)生國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中的一些問(wèn)題。Knowledge of business will avoid giving rise to s

7、ome problems in respect of international business activities. 10. BOT 是“交鑰匙”工程的一種流行的變通形式。BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project. LESSON 2 收入水平與世界市場(chǎng)INCOME LEVEL AND THE WORLD MARKET11. 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to

8、indicate a countrys income. The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place. 12. 要評(píng)估某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁?gòu)買(mǎi)力高低提供了線索。In assessing the potential of a market, people

9、often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.13. 世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國(guó)家，中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家。Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle income and low income. 14. 中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為 1100 美元以上，但幾年前它還是一個(gè)低收入的國(guó)家

10、。China with an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago. 15. 就中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，如亞洲四小虎、東盟國(guó)家、俄羅斯等國(guó)，這些 國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力，能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。As far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are tho

11、se around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia etc. those are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China. 16. 日本和中國(guó)是重要貿(mào)易伙伴，兩國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)互補(bǔ)，又是一衣帶水的近鄰。中日貿(mào)易關(guān)系對(duì)兩國(guó)都有 重要的意義。With mutually complementary economy, Japan and China are major trade partne

12、rs, and the two countries are close neighbors separated by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese business relations are therefore of great importance to both countries. LESSON 3 地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION17. 過(guò)去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來(lái)越重要。The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of region

13、al economic integration. 18. 最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國(guó)，加拿大和墨西哥于 1991 年建立的。The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Area, formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991. 19. 經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收，政府開(kāi)支，企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)使用同一的 貨幣。The members of an economic union are required to no

14、t only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc. but also use the same currency. 20. 歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一，此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。The European Commission is one of the governing organs of the EU. It is the body which puts proposals to the Council of Min

15、isters for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty. 21. APEC 建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開(kāi)的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有 12 位成員國(guó)出席，分別 為澳大利亞，美國(guó)，加拿大，日本，韓國(guó)，新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australia capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United Stat

16、es, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and Six ASEAN countries.22. 為了更好地分享商品，服務(wù)，勞動(dòng)以及其他資源自由流動(dòng)帶來(lái)的好處，各國(guó)簽署了各種協(xié)議，促進(jìn)成員國(guó)間的貿(mào)易自由化。To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreements to liberalize trade among them

17、. 23. 歐盟各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的成功一體化降低了跨境交易成本，實(shí)現(xiàn)了規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)，歐洲企業(yè)也在更激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中提高了效率 。The successful integration of European economies eliminated the cost of cross-border transactions, realized better economies of scale and made the European companies more efficient through more intense competition. 24. 除了區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化，各國(guó)還可能建立商品卡特爾控制某

18、種商品的產(chǎn)量和定價(jià)來(lái)為相關(guān)產(chǎn)品尋求更高或更穩(wěn)定的價(jià)格。Besides regional economic integration, countries may form a commodity cartel to control the production, pricing and sale of particular goods so as to seek higher and more stable prices for the relevant goods. LESSON 4 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION25. 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì)，同

19、時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴，相互影響。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive. 26. 跨國(guó)公司是在一個(gè)以上的國(guó)家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。A multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, c

20、ontrols and manages assets in more than one country. 27. 許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化帶來(lái)的好處、但同時(shí)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音。While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud voices of opposition. 28. 跨國(guó)公司的內(nèi)部交換占整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一個(gè)很大的比例 。The transfer of the intra-MNE transactions constitutes

21、a very significant proportion of total international trade. 29. 盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司, 但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等 都由母公司來(lái)決定。 Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate MNCs, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goals and new investments are made

22、by the parent company. 30. 無(wú)論人們是否喜歡， 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)客觀趨勢(shì)。 Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development. 31. 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化不僅涉及經(jīng)濟(jì)， 而且對(duì)政治、 文化、 價(jià)值觀和生活方式都有重要影響。 Economy is not the only element involved in globalization since it also has an important bearin

23、g on politics, culture, value and way of life. 32. 如果一家跨國(guó)公司是原來(lái)的投資公司，它便稱為母公司，一般也是這家國(guó)際企業(yè)組織的總部。 If the MNC is the original investing corporation, it is known as the parent MNC, which is normally also the international headquarters of the MNE. 33. 除了總部以外，跨國(guó)企業(yè)組織也可能有不同的地區(qū)總部和業(yè)務(wù)總部。An MNE may also have vario

24、us regional and operational headquarters, in addition to international trade. 34. 一些跨國(guó)企業(yè)有許多年的歷史，它們的收入每年以兩位數(shù)的速度增長(zhǎng)，扣除通貨膨脹因素比許 多國(guó)家的 GDP 增長(zhǎng)還快。Some MNEs have a history of many years and their double digit growth rate of revenue adjusted for inflation is higher than that of the GDP of many countries. 35.

25、在當(dāng)今世界里， 跨國(guó)企業(yè)是一種可以跨越邊界轉(zhuǎn)移資源的非常重要的途徑。 our world today, the In multinational enterprises are very important vehicles for the transfer of resources across national boundaries. 36. 技術(shù)、資本和現(xiàn)成的市場(chǎng)是跨國(guó)企業(yè)帶給不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的利益。Technology, capital and ready markets are sort of benefits MNEs bring to less developed host count

26、ries. LESSON 5 國(guó)際貿(mào)易INTERNATIONAL TRADE ()37. 在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中，沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足。In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient. 38. 隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展， 出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素， 即國(guó)際專門(mén)化。 With the development of manufacture and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international s

27、pecialization. 39. 按照比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)， 兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。 According to the theory of comparative advantage, both trade partners can benefit from trade. 40. 比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念，一個(gè)國(guó)家可以通過(guò)自己的行動(dòng)發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。 Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage through it

28、s own action. 41. 比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade. 42. 絕對(duì)利益學(xué)說(shuō)和比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)是國(guó)際專門(mén)化中的兩種理論。Absolute advantage and comparative advantage are two theories of international specialization. LESSON 6 國(guó)際貿(mào)易INTERNATIONAL TRADE

29、 ()43. 一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減少。The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale. 44. 在實(shí)際中，即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利，也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。In reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous. 45. 配額或者說(shuō)數(shù)量限制是最常見(jiàn)的關(guān)稅壁壘。 Quotas or quantitative restrictions ar

30、e the most common form of non-tariff barriers. 46. 有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易，而無(wú)形貿(mào)易涉及的是國(guó)家間的勞務(wù)交換。The visible trade is the important and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries. 47. 國(guó)家從事的貿(mào)易種類是多樣的、復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無(wú)形貿(mào)易的混合。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and

31、complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade. 48. 各國(guó)政府經(jīng)常采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施也是貿(mào)易障礙，典型的例子是關(guān)稅和配額。Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade, and typical examples are tariffs and quotas. 49. “自愿”這個(gè)說(shuō)法一般意味著進(jìn)口國(guó)已經(jīng)威脅在自愿合作不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況下將實(shí)行更大的限 制。 “voluntary” label gene

32、rally means that the importing country has threatened to impose even The worse restrictions if voluntary cooperation is not forthcoming. 50. 大保險(xiǎn)公司為國(guó)際貿(mào)易提供保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)，并通過(guò)為其他國(guó)家的外貿(mào)保險(xiǎn)而收取費(fèi)用。Large insurance companies provide service for international trade and earn fees for insuring other nations foreign trade. 5

33、1. 許多國(guó)家可能有美麗的風(fēng)景，名勝古跡或只是溫和的充滿陽(yáng)光的氣候，這些國(guó)家吸引著大批旅 游者。Many countries may have beautiful scenery, wonderful attractions, places of historical interest, or merely a mild and sunny climate. These countries attract large numbers of tourists. 52. 勞務(wù)輸出輸入可以是個(gè)人，或是由公司甚至國(guó)家組織。對(duì)一些國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，它正在成為一種重要 的無(wú)形貿(mào)易形式。Import and exp

34、ort of labor service may be undertaken by individuals, or organized by companies or even by states. And this is becoming an important an important kind of invisible trade for some countries. LESSON 7 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則INCOTERMS 200053. 包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。 Packing should be made acco

35、rding to the requirement of transportation. In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination. 54. 在許多情況下，應(yīng)通知買(mǎi)方在賣方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則 買(mǎi)方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through th

36、e inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment. Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake. 55. 進(jìn)口商可以通過(guò)可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣給新的買(mǎi)方，這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來(lái)非 常方便。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carr

37、ied by means of negotiable shipping documents which are very convenient for use. 56. 在所有條款中，買(mǎi)賣雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在 10 項(xiàng)標(biāo)題下。Under all terms, the respective obligations of the buyer and the seller are grouped under 10 headings. 57. 2000 年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的修改考慮了無(wú)關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展，商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增 加， 以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。 The 2000 revision of

38、Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices. LESSON 8 商業(yè)合同THE BUSINESS CONTRACT58. 合同依法實(shí)施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強(qiáng)制作出賠償。A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contrac

39、tual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation. 59. 口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過(guò)國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話進(jìn)行的商談 。 Oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls. 60. 買(mǎi)方發(fā)出的詢盤(pán)是為了獲得擬定購(gòu)商品的有關(guān)信息，它對(duì)發(fā)出詢盤(pán)的人無(wú)約束力。Enquiries made by the buyer are to get inform

40、ation about the goods to be ordered, and are not binding on the inquirer. 61. 有效期對(duì)于確盤(pán)是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤(pán)一直是有 效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected. 62. 還盤(pán)是對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)的拒絕， 一旦做出還盤(pán)，原報(bào)盤(pán)即失效而失去約束力。 A count

41、er-offer is a refusal of A the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made. 63. 合同是在雙方所達(dá)成的協(xié)議的基礎(chǔ)上制定的， 而協(xié)議又是雙方進(jìn)行商務(wù)談判的結(jié)果。 Contract The is based on agreement, which is the result of business negotiations. 64. 答復(fù)詢盤(pán)時(shí)，出口商可以寄去一個(gè)報(bào)價(jià)單，其中應(yīng)包括詢盤(pán)中所要求的所有必要的信息。In response to an enquiry, a

42、quotation may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary information required by the enquiry. 65. 收到發(fā)盤(pán)的人可能發(fā)現(xiàn)該盤(pán)的一部分不能接受，并可能提出他自己的建議供進(jìn)一步討論，這就 構(gòu)成了一個(gè)還盤(pán)。The offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals which constitute a count

43、er offer. 66. 不管業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商是以書(shū)面還是口頭進(jìn)行， 一旦發(fā)盤(pán)或還盤(pán)被接受， 便認(rèn)為是達(dá)成了交易。 No matter whether business negotiation is conducted orally or by way of writing, transaction is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted. 67. 合同的構(gòu)成同貿(mào)易協(xié)定或任何其他種類的正式協(xié)定類似。The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a

44、trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. LESSON 9 貿(mào)易方式MODES OF TRADE68. 對(duì)銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國(guó)家的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的，如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類的問(wèn)題。 The counter trade is generally associated with policy objectives of relevant countries like dealing with foreign exchange and promotion of exports. 69. 實(shí)質(zhì)上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的

45、直接交換。In essence, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services. 70. 回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比互購(gòu)貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí) 間。Another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal. 71. 在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中， 由于使用貨幣及

46、市場(chǎng)手段， 貨物的買(mǎi)與賣是分別進(jìn)行的。 In normal market In transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled, because of the use of money and the market. 72. 盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。Despite all its advantages, counter trade can be very risky business. 在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。Among other modes of trade are proces

47、sing trade, consign-ment, leasing trade, agency etc.LESSON 10 國(guó)際支付INTERNATIONAL PAYMENT73. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨著風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能。In international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfill the contract. 74. 為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì)，各種支

48、付方法便發(fā)展了起來(lái)。Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade. 75. 許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a bank or a customer to pay. 76. 即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。Docu

49、ments against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents. 77. 就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。So far as the exporters interest is concerned DP at sight is more favorable than DP after sight, and DP is more favorable than DA. 78. 信用證的目的是通過(guò)銀行信譽(yù)為國(guó)際支付提供便利

50、。The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthiness of the bank. 79. 只有在符合信用證所規(guī)定條款的情況下，才保證向受益人付款。The letter of credit only assures payment to the beneficiary provided the terms and conditions of the credit are fulfilled. 80. 只要所有單據(jù)都符合信用證的規(guī)定，便認(rèn)為銀行履行了職責(zé)。The

51、 banks will be considered as having fulfilled their responsibility so long as all documents comply with the stipulations of the credit. 81. 信 用 證 獨(dú) 特 而 具 有 代 表 性 的 特 征 就 是 對(duì) 買(mǎi) 賣 雙 方 所 提 供 的 雙 邊 保 證 。 The unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit is the bilateral security offered to b

52、oth the seller and the buyer. 82. 受益人如果發(fā)現(xiàn)信用證中有任何與合同不符之處，便要求開(kāi)證人進(jìn)行修改，以便能保證安全及 時(shí)地收到貨款。The beneficiary will request the opener to make amendments to any discrepancies in the credit so as to ensure safe and timely payment. LESSON 11 信用證THE LETTER OF CREDIT()83. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。 In international t

53、rade it is almost impossible In to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods. 84. 信用證付款方式對(duì)買(mǎi)賣雙方都提供保障。The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer. 85. 現(xiàn)代信用證在 19 世紀(jì)后半葉開(kāi)始采用， 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。 Modern credits were introduced in the second hal

54、f of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War. 86. 要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過(guò)大，要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開(kāi)證行不完全信任，出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。 Either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit. 87. 信用證

55、的形式、 長(zhǎng)短、 語(yǔ)言和規(guī)定各不相同。 Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations. 88. 雖然保兌信用證能夠給受益人提供最大的付款保證，但它卻因保兌而增加了費(fèi)用。Although a confirmed credit is able to provide the greatest degree of security to the beneficiary, it involves 4 additional cost as a result of the confirmation. 89. 即

56、期信用證給予受益人最好的付款保障，并有助于他加快資金周轉(zhuǎn)。只要受益人向銀行提示匯 票和準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤的單據(jù)， 銀行便立即付款。 Sight credit gives the beneficiary better security and helps A him speed up his capital turnover. The bank will make payment provided that the beneficiary presents the draft and impeccable documents to it. 90. 如果信用證上沒(méi)有明確規(guī)定是否可以轉(zhuǎn)讓，根據(jù)信用證的規(guī)定，應(yīng)

57、視為不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。If a credit does not specify whether it is transferable, it should be regarded as a non-transferable credit according to the credit stipulations. 91. 循環(huán)信用證規(guī)定，其金額用過(guò)后，在未對(duì)其進(jìn)行特定修改的情況下，即可重新恢復(fù)到原金額。 Revolving credit stipulates that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made. 92. 信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易，然而它并不能給締約雙方提供絕對(duì)的安全。The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it cannot provid