英語句子成分及結構

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上英語句子成分及結構（一）句子成分構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結構、疑問句（當主語不疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） We ofte

2、n speak English in class.（代詞） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞） The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句） It is necessary to m

3、aster a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下： 1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、復合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構成。如：We are students.（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身份

4、、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞VL之后。系動詞大致可分為三類：1.be動詞類 2.感官類feel / taste / smell / sound/seem / look /appear3.變化類become /get / grow / turn/come/go4狀態(tài)保持類 stay/ remain(保持，仍然是)/ keep /prove etc. 表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞） Is it yours?（代詞） The weather has

5、turned cold.（形容詞） The speech is exciting.（分詞） Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞） The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） Time is up. The class is over.（副詞） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（五）賓語賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者，一

6、般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語） I enjoy listening to pop

7、ular music.（動名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句） 賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補足語和主語補足語英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補）。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：His

8、father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）中的，可以轉化為中的主語補足語。 (

9、1) I saw him playing basketball yesterday.(2) He was seen playing basketball yesterday（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞） His rapid progress in En

10、glish made us surprised.（代詞） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語） He is the man who you saw last night. (定語從句)（八）狀語：修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語?？捎梢韵?/p>

11、形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下： How about meeting ag

12、ain at six?（時間狀語） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點狀語） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語） In order to catch up wit

13、h the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結果狀語） She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語） I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）（九）同位語當一個概念詞在前，后面的詞、詞組或者句子是在解釋前者時，后者就是前者的同位語。Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us. our new teacher是主詞Mr. Smith的同位語,指同一人。

14、Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. a friend of my brothers是受詞Tom的同位語,指同一人。 He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor. 。 himself和John都是單一的字作同位語。Theywereallverymuchworriedoverthefactthatyouweresick句子thatyouweresick是 名詞 the fact 的同位語 從句（二）簡單句句子結構1、主語+系動詞+表語：e.g. He is

15、 a student.2、主語+不及物動詞：e.g. We work.3、主語+及物動詞+賓語：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主語+及物動詞+復合賓語（賓語+賓補）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴展、變化或省略而構成。主語、動詞（不及物動詞、及物動詞、雙賓動詞、系動詞、賓補動詞)、賓語及補語可以稱為基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2個基本成分，至多4個基本成分。一將句子和其所屬的

16、基本句型搭配。Anne and her family hid away. 主語 不及物動詞 （ S + Vi ） We need friends. 主語 及物動詞 賓語 ( S + Vt + O) I was upset(a.不安的） 主語 系動詞 表 (S + LV + predicative) Tom gave me a present 主語雙賓動詞+間賓+直賓(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) Anne named her diary Kitty. 主語 賓補動詞 賓語 賓語補語 (S + Vt. +O + O. com)二分析句子結構，并按例句劃出句子主要成分。例： Lin

17、da recovered(vi 恢復）（ S + Vi ）1. I dont understand what you are going through( 經(jīng)歷，遭受） . 2. I want this diary itself to be my friend. 3. What she really missed was going outdoors(ad.在戶外地） 4. I stayed awake .5.Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?附屬成分是基本成分的修飾語?？梢允牵憾ㄕZ：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語

18、或從句狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。三劃出下列句子的狀語或定語。找出定語1.Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby2.She likes oranges imported from the USA.3.Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to4.there was a time when a deep blue sky, the song of the birds, moonlight and flowers could never have kept m

19、e spellbound. (v. 吸引人；迷人)5.Have you seen the book on the desk?6.I have grown crazy about everything to do with nature7.I am only able to look at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows.(懸掛在沾滿灰塵窗前的）8.People there like sports.找出狀語1.I stayed awake on purpose故意地 until half past e

20、leven in order to（為了） have a good look at the moon by my self.2.The thundering clouds held me entirely (adv.完全地，整個地）in their power.3.The street lights go on at dusk.黃昏4.She stood face to face(面對面地) with him 5.She and her family hid away for twenty-five months before they were discovered.6.Hearing th

21、e news, he jumped with joy.7.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday四句子中的省略。句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：1_Come here2._Good luck！3.Some gave him praises，but others（ ）rotten eggs4.While ( ) walking the dog(遛狗）， you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car.5. ( ) Hope you like it.6.J

22、ohn should clean the room today and Peter ( ) tomorrow. （ 三）并列句需把幾個意思連接在一起時，可用分號或把兩個或幾個簡單句用并列連詞連接起來，這種結構即構成一個并列句。連接幾個簡單句成為并列句有以下幾種方式：We fished all day. We didnt catch a thing.用分號：We fished all day_ we didnt catch a thing用分號，后跟一個連接副詞：We fished all day _ _, we didnt catch a thing.用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet

23、等）We fished all day, _- didnt catch a thing常用并列連詞如下：平行并列連詞: and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor, and then轉折并列連詞：but, however, while, yet因果并列連詞: for, so選擇并列連詞: or, eitheror, neither nor五請用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個并列句1.Are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you? Are you afraid that he would not

24、 understand you.2.Anne Frank loved her diary. She made her diary her best friend.3. She suffered from loneliness. She had to learn to like it there.4.Anne s family was Jewish(a,猶太人的) .They had to hide. I f not, they would be caught by the German Nazis.(n. 納粹黨人）5.Please draw the curtains(拉上窗簾）.(添標點符號

25、）The sun light is too bright.六翻譯下列并列句。1 Study hard, _in study. (progress)努力學習的話，你會在學習上取得巨大進步。2.Dont be late next time, _( fireV. 解雇)下次別遲到了，否則的話你會被解雇的。3.Right now it is the summer vacation _(help)現(xiàn)在正是暑假，而我正在農場給父親幫忙。4.It rained yesterday, _( put off )昨天下雨了，因此比賽推遲了。5._.(neither)他既不抽煙也不喝酒。. (四) 復合句由一個主句

26、和一個或者一個以上從句所構成的句子。在英語書面語中應用廣泛。主句是一個完整的句子,它可以獨立存在。從句是一個不完整的句子,它必須和一個主句連用，不能獨立存在。復合句可以通過把兩個以上簡單句連接在一起構成,但復合句的各組成部份并非同等重要，其中一個句子由從屬連詞引導（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。復合句 = 主句 + 從句復合句是在簡單句的基礎上，通過從屬連詞將兩個或兩個以上簡單句連接在一起而構成。從屬連詞所引導的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復合句主要包含以下類型從句： 1. 主語從句： What he wants to tell us is not clear2. 賓語從句：He ha

27、s told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow3. 表語從句：Thats just what I want.4. 同位語從句：have no idea when he will return.以上從句稱為為名詞性從句。5. 定語從句：This is the school where his father once worked.定語從句稱為形容詞性從句6. 狀語從句：（1） She felt nervous when I talked to her.（2） Dont come unless I telephone.（3） Although he i

28、s poor, hes still happy（4） They cant have gone out because the lights on（5） Where there is a river, there is always a city（6） He studied so hard that he passed the exam（7） When in Rome, please do as Romans do.（8） He gets up very early so that( in order that為了) he can catch the first bus.（9） He doesn

29、t have as many books as you do .狀語從句又稱為副詞性從句。七指出下列句子中含有什么類型的從句。1.Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942.2.I don t want to set down(記下）a series of(一系列的）facts as most people do.3.There was a time when a deep blue sky，the song of the birds，moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbo