形容詞英語語法

1、形容詞和副詞形容詞和副詞形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)及最高級(jí)，是對動(dòng)詞和名詞進(jìn)行兩者或是三者以上比較時(shí)而進(jìn)行的一種語法對比形式。在專業(yè)四級(jí)考試中，經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些需要考生特別注意的形容詞和副詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)。 一、形容詞一、形容詞1形容詞常用來修飾，描述名詞或代詞，多用作定語、表語或補(bǔ)語。e.g.the former (late) husband an intimate friend He made his father angry. 2 -ly后綴和形容詞后綴-ly常在形容詞之后構(gòu)成副詞，但有些以-ly后綴結(jié)尾的詞卻是形容詞，看似副詞，容易混用。這類派生詞有兩類：1)名詞+ly=形容詞e.g.brothe

2、rly, earthly, friendly, lovely等。2）形容詞+ly=形容詞e.g.lively, lonely, deadly，likely等?！咀ⅰ坑行┬稳菰~本身就帶ly, 如： silly, ugly, daily, chilly等，容易誤用為副詞。 所以不是凡是以所以不是凡是以-ly結(jié)尾的詞就是副詞，少部分形容詞也結(jié)尾的詞就是副詞，少部分形容詞也以以-ly結(jié)尾結(jié)尾 lively 活潑的 friendly 友好的 manly 男子氣的 fatherly 慈父般的 lovely 可愛的 ugly 丑陋的 lonely 孤獨(dú)的 deadly 致命的 deathly 死一般的 mo

3、nthly 每月一次的 earthly 世俗的 costly 昂貴的 lowly 卑賤的 likely 很可能的 kindly 和藹的 timely 及時(shí)的 silly 愚蠢的3只作表語的形容詞只作表語的形容詞英語中有些形容詞不能放在名詞前面作定語，只能用作表語（或后置定語）一般稱作表語形容詞。這類形容詞有兩類：第一類是表示健康狀況的詞，如well，ill。第二類是由前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞，如：afraid, alert, alike, alive, alone, aloof, ashamed, asleep, awake, aware, 等。例如：He is well/a healthy ma

4、n. ()He is a well man. ()She is ill/sick. ()She is a sick person. ()She is an ill person. ()He is the only alive man in the village after the earthquake. ()He is the only man alive in the village after the earthquake. ()【注】1)上述只作表語用的的形容詞中，除well, ill外，大多不能同very 連用，而必須用very much. e.g.I am very much af

5、raid of that-too high a reputation would be a burden for me. 2）第二類形容詞詞都不能作前置定語，但當(dāng)它們本身帶有副詞修飾時(shí)，又可作前置定語。e.g.a really alive student a somewhat afraid boy4只能作后置定語的形容詞只能作后置定語的形容詞1) 形容詞修飾由some-，any-，every-，no-等和-body/one/thing等組合的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，須后置。e.g.something newanybody present 2) 某些以-able和-ible結(jié)尾的形容詞作定語時(shí)常常后置。

6、e.g.imaginable/ possible/available等。這些詞作后置定語修飾名詞時(shí)，名詞前?？梢杂行稳菰~最高級(jí)或only等限定詞作為前置定語。e.g.We had the greatest difficulty imaginable. Children need the best education possible. Ill send you all the periodicals available. 3) 由前綴a-構(gòu)成的形容詞，即上文提到的表語形容詞(afloat/alike/alive/alone等)，須后置修飾名詞。e.g.The house ablaze was

7、next door to him. The boat afloat was not seen by the enemy. 4）在一些頭銜或固定詞組里，形容詞需跟在名詞之后。這類詞組有：Attorney General 首席檢察官,司法部長body politic 全體公民Poet Laureate桂冠詩人time immemorial 史前時(shí)期the president elect 當(dāng)選而尚未就任的總統(tǒng)5只能作前置定語的形容詞只能作前置定語的形容詞1）詞尾為-most的形容詞，如 topmost，foremost, endmoste.g.Every profession produces it

8、s own topmost master. He is considered the foremost British artist of this century. 2）詞尾為-en 的過去分詞形容詞，如drunken，spoken, writtene.g.Drunken days have all their tomorrows. They built a robot capable of understanding spoken commands. 3）以物質(zhì)名詞+en構(gòu)成的形容詞，如earthen，golden，wooden, woolene.g.earthen banks a woo

9、den spoona golden crown 4）一些以er結(jié)尾的形容詞，如 former, latter, inner, outer, minor, upper, utter, elder等e.g.Heart disease dogged his latter years. 【注【注】形容詞enough修飾名詞時(shí)既可放在名詞前，也可位于名詞后。e.g.There was just enough room for two cars.There will be time enough to tell you when we meet. 但enough作副詞修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)后置。e.g.

10、We should wait patiently before he was old enough to shave.6 分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞一些形容詞是由現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的。它們既可充當(dāng)名詞修飾語，又可充當(dāng)主語補(bǔ)語（表語）和賓語補(bǔ)語；可以被very或too所修飾，也可以有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。這類形容詞化了的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞用作名詞修飾語時(shí)，仍保留一定的動(dòng)詞含義。一般說來，由及物動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞往往帶有主動(dòng)含義；而由及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化來的形容詞往往帶有被動(dòng)含義。e.g.He found him to be a very promising young m

11、an. During the wedding, the emcee told us an absorbing account of their marriage.Im rather alarmed that youre planning to leave the company.Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.7 形容詞的順序形容詞的順序單個(gè)形容詞一般位于所修飾的名詞之前，形容詞詞組一般位于所修飾語之后。特定種類的形容詞或特定情況下的形容詞作定語時(shí)要后置。1) 前置修飾語的排列順序英語中當(dāng)不同

12、種類的形容詞用來修飾同一名詞時(shí)，其排列順序大致如下：a. 可以置于冠詞前的形容詞（all/both/such）b. 冠詞、指示形容詞、所有格形容詞、不定形容詞 (a/ an/ the/ this/ those/ your/ his/ our/ any/ some)c. 基數(shù)詞(one/two/three); 序數(shù)詞(first/second/third)d. 表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、質(zhì)量的形容詞 (good/ugly/sweet/useful)e. 表示大小、長短、形狀的形容詞 (big/long/small/square/round)f. 表示年齡、新舊、溫度的形容詞 (young/new/old/

13、cold/hot)g. 表示顏色的形容詞(red/white/black)h. 表示國籍、產(chǎn)地、區(qū)域的形容詞 (Chinese/American/British)i. 表示材料、用作形容詞的名詞 (iron/silk/stone/fuel)j. 動(dòng)名詞、分詞 (floating/hand-made)OPSHACOM限冠形齡色國材（縣官下令殺國材）這些高大年輕的美國警察these tall young American policemen美麗的古老歐洲大教堂城市the beautiful old European cathedral cities所有十個(gè)年輕力壯的中國男學(xué)生all the ten

14、 strong young Chinese boy students頭三幢既漂亮又寬敞的陳舊英式紅石頭農(nóng)場房子the first three fine big old red English stone plantation houses 李白是中國古代的一位著名詩人。 Li Bai was a famous ancient Chinese poet. 這張紅色的，中國式的舊木桌是我的奶奶的，它又大又漂亮。 This beautiful big old red Chinese wooden desk was my grandmothers.形容詞比較級(jí)修飾語形容詞比較級(jí)修飾語 常用的副詞修飾語

15、常用的副詞修飾語 many, much, far, a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot, somewhat, rather, completely, etc. This essay is not good, but that one is hardly better. ? much more happy 當(dāng)數(shù)詞用在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，其順序通常當(dāng)數(shù)詞用在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中，其順序通常為為“數(shù)詞比較級(jí)數(shù)詞比較級(jí)than”. My watch is ten minutes faster than yours. Weve sunk 20 more wells

16、 this year than we did last year. It was one-fourth cheaper than the market price. The new method was over ten times more efficient than the traditional one.沒有等級(jí)的形容詞沒有等級(jí)的形容詞 inferior to, superior to, senior to She is senior to everyone else in the company. His composition is far superior to mine. 絕對

17、形容詞無比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)絕對形容詞無比較級(jí)或最高級(jí) absolute, unique, infinite, round, right, wrong, correct, perfect Geoffrey Chaucer occupies a unique place in English literature.結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)“of a + noun”的比較級(jí)的比較級(jí) be of a + noun = be adj. 比較級(jí)：比較級(jí)：be more/less of a + noun He is more of a doctor. He is as of an athlete as she.基本的比較結(jié)構(gòu)基

18、本的比較結(jié)構(gòu) John behaves as politely as Bob (does). 否定形式：否定形式：not as/so . as ; less .than 該結(jié)構(gòu)的變體：該結(jié)構(gòu)的變體： The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful. This swimming pool is as wide as it is long. He is not so wise as he is witty. He was as base and unworthy as his father had been upright and honorable.

19、 He took as much butter as he needed. She has written as many essays as her brother (has). George is as efficient a worker as Jack. I cant drink as sweet coffee as this. ? I dont smoke as expensive cigarettes as these. 否定形式：否定形式：not as/so . as ; less .than more/ less/ fewer + 名詞名詞 than-分分句句 She has

20、written more essays than he. There are fewer visitors today than yesterday. 其它變體：其它變體： My brother has a larger house than mine. There are men more intelligent than John. John is more efficient a worker than Jack.特殊比較結(jié)構(gòu)特殊比較結(jié)構(gòu) 1. more.than 和和less. than 的翻譯的翻譯方法方法 The present crisis is much more a poli

21、tical than an economic crisis. He was less hurt than frightened. 2. not so. as 和和 not so much.as It wasnt so much his appearance I liked as his personality. 3. not more/-er than 與與 no more/-er than John is not better than Tom. John is no better than Tom. e.g. no richer than, no bigger than, no later

22、 than I have not taken more than six courses this semester. I have taken no more than six courses this semester. 4. the more. the more The older I get, the happier I am. The more you argue with him, the less notice he takes. The sooner this is done, the better. The higher the temperature, the faster

23、 the liquid evaporates. 5. the same. as She looks just the same as before. I got the same feeling as you did. 6. 否定比較級(jí)最高級(jí)否定比較級(jí)最高級(jí) Nothing in my life shook me so deeply as my first visit to China. It cant be worse. 7. 比較級(jí)中的省略現(xiàn)象比較級(jí)中的省略現(xiàn)象 than 從句和從句和as從句大致相同，可以省從句大致相同，可以省去謂語或表語，保留主語；去謂語或表語，保留主語； He is

24、taller than I. 也可以省去主語和謂語，保留賓語。也可以省去主語和謂語，保留賓語。 I love him more than her. Its more pleasant traveling by day than by night. (?) 比較從句可以省去主語（或?qū)⒈容^從句可以省去主語（或?qū)han看看作代詞作主語用），保留謂語部分。作代詞作主語用），保留謂語部分。（多用于正式文體）（多用于正式文體） Dont eat more than is good for you. There may be more importance in it than would seem. 省

25、去賓語：省去賓語： The box is bigger than I wanted. 有時(shí)在比較省略結(jié)構(gòu)中，有時(shí)在比較省略結(jié)構(gòu)中，than 之后可之后可用動(dòng)詞不定式。用動(dòng)詞不定式。 I cant do better than to give you an idea of how I did it. There was nothing he desired more than to see the matter ended. 但有些固定短語中但有些固定短語中than后要加后要加不帶不帶to的不定式。的不定式。 I would rather stay than go. Sooner than yi

26、eld he resolved to die.Practice Do you know Tims brother? He is _ than Tim. A. much more sportsman B. more of a sportsman C. more of sportsman D. more a sportsman That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness _ by his lack of talent. a) so much as b) rather than c) as

27、d) than The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, _ to the truck. a) the greater stress is b) greater is the stress c) the stress is greater d) the greater the stress Issues of price, place, promotion and product are _ conventional concerns in planning marketing strategies. a) these of the most b) most of those