定語從句（講義）

1、2011-2012年度高三英語復習定語從句專題（講義）一、定語從句概述1. 定語從句的定義復合句中，修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句；被修飾的名詞或代詞，叫做先行詞；從句放在所修飾詞（即先行詞）之后由關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導。如：Those who are willing to attend the party, please sign here.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. 2. 定語從句的引導詞引導定語從句的關(guān)系詞可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞：that，which，who，whom，wh

2、ose，as；關(guān)系副詞：where，when，why.3定語從句的分類 定語從句分為限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句。試比較：His brother who lives in New York is an actor. His brother, who lives in New York, is an actor. 限制性定語從句和主句關(guān)系十分密切，是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。翻譯成漢語時，譯到先行詞的前面，意為“的”。非限制性定語從句和主句關(guān)系不是十分密切，只是對先行詞作些附加說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。翻譯成漢語時，譯成一個獨立的句子，放在主句

3、譯文之后。這種從句往往用逗號分開，不用that引導。如：China, which has a long history and bright brilliant culture, is a beautiful country. 中國是一個美麗的國家，它有著悠久的歷史、燦爛的文化。二、定語從句引導詞的用法及分類1、關(guān)系詞的作用連接作用：引導定語從句，把從句和主句連接起來；替代作用：在從句中替代先行詞表示的意思； 成分作用：在從句中充當一定的句子成分。從句關(guān)系代詞格2、關(guān)系代詞的用法分類： 限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句在從句中的句法功能指人指物既指人又指物主格whowhichtha

4、t主語賓格who(m)whichthat賓語所有格whosewhosewhose定語【提示】關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語，且前面無介詞時，可以省略。如： I still remember the story that/which my grandpa often told me.I still remember the story my grandpa often told me. The house which/that she used to live in was very beautiful.The house she used to live in was very beautiful.T

5、he house in which she used to live was very beautiful.但不可說成：The house in she used to live was very beautiful. 3.關(guān)系副詞的用法分類：先行詞的類別關(guān)系副詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞在從句中的成分時間when= in / at / on / during which狀語地點where= in / at / which原因why= for which【提示】where的先行詞除表示明顯的“地點”的名詞外，還有一些表示人/物的境況、某事發(fā)展的階段或表達某事的某個方面。常見的名詞有stage, situa

6、tion, point, case, position等。如：This is the town where I was born.There is one point where Id like your advice.We have reached a situation where a change is needed.We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money. 關(guān)系副詞相當于介詞加關(guān)系代詞（如上表所示），但有時為了表示清楚，如：This is the school where I used to study.=

7、This is the school in which I used to study.三、定語從句引導詞的選擇原則：選關(guān)系代詞時，要看先行詞是表示人的還是表示物的名詞或代詞。指人用who, whom, that, whose; 指物時用which, that，whose.如： In the beginning, people who/that bought them became angry. Thats the girl whom/who/that the soldier saved from the river. They needed a plant which/that didnt

8、need as much water as rice. This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. This is the house whose window broke last night.【注意】whose既可指“人的”（例）又可指“物的”（例）。指“物的”時，不可誤用which，但可用 “the +n.+ of which”.如例也可說成：This is the house, the window of which broke last night.或This is the house, of which the

9、window broke last night.關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語時，要看介詞是否提前置于從句之首，若如此，就只能用whom（指人）或which（指物），且不能省略。如： The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.The house (that/ which) she used to live in was very beautiful. I know the man to whom you spoke just now.I know the man (who/whom/that) you spoke to just

10、now.選用關(guān)系詞時，要看它在從句中什么成份，作主語、賓語或表語，就用關(guān)系代詞who, which, that或as；作定語就用whose;作狀語，就用關(guān)系副詞when, where或 why。如： This is Tom, whose handwriting is the best in our class. I have been to the place （which/that） you visited last year. I have been to the place where you worked last year. The story happened on a day w

11、hen the weather was wet and cold. The story happened on a day which/that was wet and cold. The reason why he dropped out was that his family was short of money. The reason (that/which) you explained to me makes no sense.【注意】要把握好句子結(jié)構(gòu)，正確分析句子成份，不要一見到時間的名詞就用when，見到地點名詞就用where，見到reason就用why.確定了要用關(guān)系代詞時，還要

12、看是否屬特殊情況。A. 選擇定語從句引導詞的特殊情況1在定語從句中，當先行詞指物時，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用that而不用which：先行詞被形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞修飾或被the only, the very, the last, 等修飾時。This is the very book that Im looking for.先行詞為all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代詞時。All that glitters is not gold.先行詞中既有人又有物時。He was looking pleasantly at the childre

13、n and parcels that filled his bus.當主句中含有疑問詞which時。Which are the books that you bought for me ?2、在定語從句中，當先行詞指物時，下列情況的關(guān)系詞宜用which而不用that:引導非限制性定語從句China, which has a long history and a brilliant culture, has changed greatly in recent years.關(guān)系代詞直接放在介詞后做賓語時The house in which she used to live was very bea

14、utiful.當先行詞本身是that時I have that which you gave me.我有你給我的那一個。3、關(guān)系詞who與that指人時，也有不同情況分別用不同的關(guān)系詞。當主句是there be句型時，關(guān)系詞用who。There were two people who were killed in the accident.先行詞是為anyone、those、someone、everyone、one、he等詞時，關(guān)系詞用who。One who doesnt reach the Great Wall isnt a man.當主句是who作疑問詞時，關(guān)系詞用that。Who is t

15、hat girl that is standing by the window?whom在從句中只作賓語，口頭上或非正式文體中可被who取代，但置于介詞之后或在非限制性定語從句中不能用它代替。如：The gentleman whom/who you told me about yesterday proved to be a thief.The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.The gentleman, whom you told me about yesterday, proved to be

16、a thief. 4先行詞為way（方式、方法）時，定語從句關(guān)系詞的選擇。 whichI dont understand the way is introduced in the essay.(作主語) that whichThe way that he explained to us was quite simple. (作賓語) 不填 in whichThe way that he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. (作狀語)不填B. 關(guān)系代詞as和which的異同1相同之處：都可引導非限制性定語從句

17、，指代整個主句所表達的內(nèi)容，在從句中作主語或賓語，可以換用。如：He isnt a native, as/which I know from his accent.2、不同之處：as一般不引導限制性定語從句，只有當先行詞被such、so和the same(同樣的)修飾，或句型as many（much）中，從句才用關(guān)系代詞as 引導，as在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。這時不能用which代替。These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.These houses are sold at so low a price as

18、people expected.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.as引導非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以在主句之前亦可以在主句之后，而which引導非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。如：As is known to everyone, the earth moves round the sun.=The earth moves round the sun, as is known to everyone.C. 定語從句的主謂一致當關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語的人稱和數(shù)由先行詞決定，當先行詞為主句時，從句謂語用第三人

19、稱單數(shù)。如：I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.The reporter who is talking to the shop assistant is humorous.This is one of the best novels that were published last year.This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.D. 和其他從句的區(qū)別1.和地點狀語從句的區(qū)別：看有無表示地點的名詞作先行詞。如： You s

20、hould leave the toy where you can find.( 地點狀語從句) I still remember the bus stop where /at which I met you for the first time.（定語從句）2.和結(jié)果狀語從句的區(qū)別：看引導詞是否在從句中充當成分。如：It is such an interesting film that we all want to see it.子（狀語從句）He is such a good teacher as we all respect. (定語從句)3.和同位語從句的區(qū)別：當引導詞是that時，在

21、同位語中，它只起連接作用，沒有任何意義，在從句中不充當任何成分，但不可省，同位語從句說明的是先行名詞的具體內(nèi)容；而在定語從句中，它連接主從句，代替先行詞在從句中充當主語或賓語，作賓語時還可以省略，定語從句是限定或修飾先行詞的。如：The news that he had been back surprised us all.( 同位語從句)The news that he told me was true. ( 定語從句)4.和強調(diào)句的區(qū)別：可用“試減法”，即去掉it is/was和that。若能組成一個完整的句子，說明是強調(diào)句，否則，就是定語從句。It was in the garden t

22、hat he saw her for the first time.It was the garden where he saw her for the first time. 2011-2012年度高三英語復習定語從句專題（鞏固練習）一、單句填空（根據(jù)句子語境填入所缺的詞）Part A1. The village in _ he was born is a small one.2. The schoo _ I am working is not far from3. The boss in _ company Miss Read worked called at the hospital.4

23、. The headmaster, with _ the parents had discussed the sons future, advised the boys to take engineering.5. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year.6. Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands.7. This is the school _ Mr. Smith once taught.8. Do you st

24、ill remember the day _ we first met?9. October 1,1949 is the day _ well never forget.10. Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing?Part B1. The pencil _ he wrote was broken.2. He built a telescope _ he could study the skies.3. The woman, _ I learned the news, is a nurse.4. The wolf _ the sheep was

25、 killed was shot.5. She has three children, only two _ are at school.6. There is a tall tree outside, _ stands our teacher.7. My glasses, _ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.8. I was surprised at the way _ he treated the old man.9. His bike _ he went to work was stolen last night.

26、10. The desk _ Jack is leaning is Johns.11. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds he can base his argument. 12. There are altogether fifty-four students in our class, _ the most diligent is a new comer from a faraway mountain village. 13. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, w

27、omen will spend more time in the shop.14. If the speed _ you drive your car is beyond the limit, you will be punished.15. American women usually identify their best friend as someone they can talk frequently.Part C1.The sun gives the earth light and heat, _ is very important to the living things.2.

28、Oh the wall hung a picture, _ color is blue.3.He was often late, _ made his teacher very angry.4. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth.5.Well put off the meeting till next week, _ we wont be so busy.6. The man showed us such a heavy stone no man could lift. 7. The victims o

29、f the domestic violence, were often silent in the past, now choose to call for various helps. 8. Ill never forget the days I learn hard in my senior high school, changed my whole life.9. Do you have any idea of how many gold medals China won in the 16th Asian Games, _ was hosted in Guangzhou?10. _ h

30、as been announced, our government will take more measures to make the falling economics recover as soon as possible.Part D1. Behind the man were other people to he was trying to talk, but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed. 2. The school shop, customers are mainly s

31、tudents, is closed for the holidays.3. A bank is the place _they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain .4. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of_ uses it somewhat differently .5.The prize will go to the writer story shows the most

32、 imagination.6. The days are gone _ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.7. I walked up to the top of the hill with my feiend, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake .8. The old town has narrow streets and small houses _are built close to each other.9. Ted came for the weekend weari

33、ng only some shorts and a T-shirt, is a stupid thing to do in such weather.10. She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction _had taken more than three years.11. Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _ the audience can buy ice-cream.12. Julia was good at German, French a

34、nd Russian, all of _ she spoke fluently.13. Samuel survived when the car _ he was a passenger in turned off the road and hit a tree.14. She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students _ allows them to communicate freely with each other.15. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the

35、others, , of course, made all the others upset.二、語法填空Just up the road from my home is a field, _1_ stand two horses. From a distance, each horse looks like any other horse. But if you get a _2_( close) look, you will notice one of them is blind.Instead of abandoning him, his owner has made him a bar

36、n _3_ he can live safely and comfortably. And if you stand nearby and listen, you will hear the sound of a bell _4_ comes from the smaller horse. Attached to its halter is a small, copper-colored bell _5_ assists the blind friend to follow him._6_you watch them, youll find the horse with the bell al

37、ways checking on the blind one, and that the blind horse will listen for the bell and then slowly walk to _ 7_ the other one is, trusting he will not _8_( lead ) astray. When the horse with the bell returns to the barn each evening, he will stop _9_( frequent ) to look back, making sure that the oth

38、er isnt too far behind to hear the bell.Life does not throw us away just because we are not perfect or because we have problems or challenges. Sometimes we are the blind horse being guided by the little ringing bell of our acquaintances; at other times we are the guide horse, _10_ helps others to fi

39、nd their way.三、定語從句與寫作應用：Part I 用定語從句翻譯下列句子。1. 他就是你想見的人嗎？2. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。3. 北京是我的出生地。4. 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？5. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。6. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。7. 我永遠不會忘記與你共事的日子。8. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。9. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。10. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。Part II 基礎(chǔ)寫作。請根據(jù)下面提供的內(nèi)容寫一篇短文，簡單介紹美國著名作家馬克吐溫。馬克吐溫(18351910)生于美國中部的Missouri。他是美國19世紀

40、著名的作家之一。他的家鄉(xiāng)位于密西西比河畔(the Mississippi River)。成年后，他曾在密西西比河的船上當水手。他寫過很多小說，其中最著名的是湯姆索耶歷險記(The Adventures of Tom Sawyer)。他的作品被譯成多國文字，深受全世界讀者喜愛。要求：只能使用5個句子而且至少要用到2個定語從句。2011-2012年度高三英語復習定語從句專題（練習答案）一、單句填空（根據(jù)句子語境填入所缺的詞）Part A1. which 2. where 3. whose 4. whom 5. that 6. who 7. where 8. when 9.that 10. whic

41、hPart B1. with which 2. through which 3. from whom 4. by which 5. of whom6. under which 7. without which 8. in which 9. on which 10. against which 11. on which 12. of whom 13. where / on which 14. at which 15. with whom Part C1. which 2. whose 3. which 4. which 5. when 6. as 7. who 8. when, which 9. which 10. As Part D1. whom 2. whose 3. where 4. which 5. whose 6. when 7. where8. that 9. which 10. of which