2016年4、6級閱讀理解真題

1、2016年四級PassageoneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.AsArtificialIntelligence(AI)becomesincreasinglysophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscouldbecomeathreat.Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecod

2、e.Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it'snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAIlanguage.Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn'twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren.“Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,”saidRussell.Somerobo

3、tsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues.Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans.Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn'tthinkthat'sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonw

4、oulddo.Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules.Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior.Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless.Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanb

5、eingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey'veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo(禁忌).Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation.Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbee

6、ps(嘟嘟聲),andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren'tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse.Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules.Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity.46. Whatdoestheauthorsayab

7、outthethreatofrobotsA) Itmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogranmers.B) Itaccompaniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnology.C) Itcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguage.D) Ithasbecomeaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoresophisticated.47. Whatwouldwethinkofapersonwhoinvadesourpersonalsp

8、aceaccordingtotheauthorA) Theyareaggressive.B) Theyareoutgoing.C) Theyareignorant.D) Theyareill-bred.48. HowdorobotslearnhumanvaluesA) Byinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifesituations.B) Byfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeings.C) Bypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanbehavior.D) Byimitat

9、ingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanbeings.49. Whatwillawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualsituationA) keepadistancefrompossibledangers.B) Stoptoseekadvicefromahumanbeing.C) Triggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystematonce.D) Dosufficienttestingbeforetakingaction.50. Whatismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhum

10、anvaluesintoaprogrammablecodeA) Determinewhatismoralandethical.B) Designsomelarge-scaleexperiments.C) Setrulesforman-machineinteraction.D) Developamoresophisticatedprogram.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothersYouknowthestandardexplanations:keep

11、ingamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc.Butwhateffectdoesyourpersonalityhaveonyourlongevity(長壽)DosomekindsofpersonalitiesleadtolongerlivesAnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthepersonalitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast1

12、00.Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing,moreactiveandlessneurotic(神經(jīng)質(zhì)的)thanotherpeople.Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan.Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:thosewholiketomakefriendsandhe

13、lpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes.Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger.Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold.Also,beingopentonewideashadno

14、relationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways.Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyourpersonalityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate.Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrivetobeasoutgoingaspossible.Unfortunately,anotherr

15、ecentstudyshowsthatyourmother'spersonalitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets.Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe'readults,whichmaymeant

16、hatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger.Personalityisn'tdestiny(命運),andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange.Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeisn'tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth.51. TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietyis.A) toseewhetherpeople&#

17、39;spersonalityaffectstheirlifespanB) tofindoutifone'slifestylehasanyeffectontheirhealthC) toinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalonglifeD) toexamineallthefactorscontributingtolongevity52. WhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticpeopleA) Theyhaveagoodunderstandingofevolution.B) Theyare

18、betteratnegotiatinganagreement.C) Theygenerallyappearmoreresourceful.D) Theyaremorelikelytogetoverhardship.53. WhatfindingofthestudymightprovesomewhatoutofourexpectationA) Easy-goingpeoplecanalsolivearelativelylonglife.Personalitycharacteristicsthatproveadvantageousactuallyvarywithtimes.Suchpersonal

19、itycharacteristicsasself-disciplinehavenoeffectonlongevity.B) Readinesstoacceptnewideashelpsoneenjoylongevity.54. WhatdoestherecentstudyofNorwegianmothersshowA) Children'spersonalitycharacteristicsareinvariablydeterminedbytheirmothers.B) Peoplewithunhealthyeatinghabitsarelikelytodiesooner.C) Mot

20、hers'influenceonchildrenmaylastlongerthanfathers'.D) Mothers'negativepersonalitycharacteristicsmayaffecttheirchildren'slifespans.55. WhatcanwelearnfromthefindingsofthetwonewstudiesAnxietyanddepressionmoreoftenthannotcutshortone'slifespan.A) Longevityresultsfromacombinationofmenta

21、landphysicalhealth.B) Personalityplaysadecisiveroleinhowhealthyoneis.C) Healthisinlargepartrelatedtoone'slifestyle.2016年6級閱讀理：PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Interactivetelevisionadvertising,whichallowsviewerstousetheirremotecontrolstoclickonadvertisements,hasbeenpushedfor

22、years.Nearlyadecadeagoitwaspredictedthatviewersof“Friends”，apopularsituationcomedy,wouldsoonbeabletopurchaseasweaterlikeJenniferAniston'swithafewtapsontheirremotecontrol.“It'sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears,”saysColinDixonofadigital-mediaconsultancy.So

23、thenewsthatCablevision,andAmericancablecompany,wasrollingoutinteractiveadvertisementstoallitscustomersonOctober6thwasgreetedwithsomeskepticism.Duringcommercials,anoverlaywillappearatthebottomofthescreen,promptingviewerstopressabuttontorequestafreesampleororderacatalogue.Cablevisionhopestoallowcustom

24、erstobuythingswiththeirremotecontrolsearlynextyear.Televisionadvertisingcoulddowithaboost.Spendingfellby10%inthefirsthalfoftheyear.Thepopularizationofdigitalvideorecordershascausedadvertiserstoworrythattheircommercialswillbeskipped.SomeareturningtotheInternet,whichischeaperandoffersconcretemeasureme

25、ntslikeclick-throughratesespeciallyimportantatatimewhenmarketingbudgetsaretight.Withthelaunchofinteractiveadvertising,“manyofthedollarsthatwenttotheInternetwillcomebacktotheTV,”saysDavidKlineofCablevision.Orsotheindustryhopes.Intheory,interactiveadvertisingcanengageviewersinawaythat30-secondspotsdon

26、ot.UnileverrecentlyrananinteractivecampaignforitsAxedeodorant（除臭劑）,whichkeptviewersengagedformorethanthreeminutesonaverage.Theamountspentoninteractiveadvertisingontelevisionisstillsmall.Magna,anadvertisingagency,reckonsitwillbeworthabout$138millionthisyear.Thatfallsfarshortofthebillionsofdollarspeop

27、leonceexpectedittogenerate.ButDirecTV,ComcastandTimeWarnerCablehaveallinvestedinit.AneweffortledbyCanoeVentures,acoalitionofleadingcableproviders,aimstomakeinteractiveadvertisingavailableacrossAmericalaterthisyear.BrightLineiTV,Whichdesignsandsellsinteractiveads,saysinteresthassurged:itexpectsitsrev

28、enuesalmosttotriplethisyear.BSkyB,Britain'sbiggestsatellite-televisionservice,alreadyprovides9millioncustomerswithinteractiveads.Yettherearedoubtswhetherpeoplewatchingtelevision,a“l(fā)eanback”medium,craveinteraction.Click-throughrateshavebeenhighsofar(around3-4%,comparedwithlessthan0.3%online),butt

29、hatmaybearesultofthenovelty.Interactiveadsandviewersmightnotgowelltogether.WhatdoesColinDixonmeanbysaying“It'sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears”(Lines4-5,Para.1)A) Interactivetelevisionadvertisingwillbecomepopularin10-12years.B) Interactivetelevisionadvertis

30、inghasbeenunderdebateforthelastdecadeorso.Interactivetelevisionadvertisingissuccessfulwhenincorporatedintosituationcomedies.C) Interactivetelevisionadvertisinghasnotachievedtheanticipatedresults.46. Whatisthepublic'sresponsetoCablevision'splannedinteractiveTVadvertisingprogramA) Prettypositi

31、ve.B) Totallyindifferent.C) Somewhatdoubtful.D) Rathercritical.47. WhatistheimpactofthewideuseofdigitalvideorecordersonTVadvertisingA) IthasmadeTVadvertisingeasilyaccessibletoviewers.B) Ithelpsadvertiserstomeasuretheclick-throughrates.C) IthasplacedTVadvertisingatagreatdisadvantage.D) Itenablesviewe

32、rstocheckthesalesitemswithease.sinteractivecampaign48. WhatdowelearnaboutUnileverA) ItprovestheadvantageofTVadvertising.B) Ithasdonewellinengagingtheviewers.C) Ithelpsattractinvestmentsinthecompany.D) ithasboostedtheTVadvertisingindustry.49. Howdoestheauthorviewthehithertohighclick-throughratesA) Th

33、eymaybeduetothenovelwayofadvertising.B) Theysignifythepopularityofinteractiveadvertising.C) TheypointtothegrowingcuriosityofTVviewers.D) Theyindicatethefuturedirectionofmediareform.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.WhatcanbedoneaboutmassunemploymentAllthewiseheadsagree:there'

34、;renoquickoreasyanswers.There'sworktobedone,butworkersaren'treadytodoitthey'reinthewrongplaces,ortheyhavethewrongskills,Ourproblemsare"structural,”andwilltakemanyyearstosolve.Butdon'tbotheraskingforevidencethatjustifiesthisbleakview.Thereisn'tany.Onthecontrary,allthefactssug

35、gestthathighunemploymentinAmericaistheresultofinadequatedemand.sayingthatthere'renoeasyanswerssoundswise.Butit'sactuallyfoolish:ourunemploymentcrisiscouldbecuredveryquicklyifwehadtheintellectualclarityandpoliticalwilltoact.Inotherwords,structuralunemploymentisafakeproblem,whichmainlyservesas

36、anexcusefornotpursingrealsolutions.Thefactisjobopeningshaveplungedineverymajorsector,whilethenumberofworkersforcedintopart-timeemploymentinalmostallindustrieshassoared.Unemploymenthassurgedineverymajoroccupationalcategory.Onlythreestates.WithacombinedpopulationnotmuchlargerthanthatofBrooklyn,haveune

37、mploymentratesbelow5%.Sotheevidencecontradictstheclaimthatwe'remainlysufferingfromstructuralunemployment.Why,then,hasthisclaimbecomesopopularPartoftheansweristhatthisiswhatalwayshappensduringperiodsofhighunemploymentinpartbecauseexpertsandanalystsbelievethatdeclaringtheproblemdeeplyrooted,withno

38、easyanswers,makesthemsoundserious.I'vebeenlookingatwhatself-proclaimedexpertsweresayingaboutunemploymentduringtheGreatDepression;itwasalmostidenticaltowhatVerySeriousPeoplearesayingnow.Unemploymentcannotbebroughtdownrapidly,declaredone1935analysis,becausetheworkforceis“unadaptableanduntrained.It

39、cannotrespondtotheopportunitieswhichindustrymayoffer."Afewyearslater,alargedefensebuildupfinallyprovidedafiscalstimulusadequatetotheeconomy'sneedsandsuddenlyindustrywaseagertoemploythose“unadaptableanduntrained”workers.Butnow,asthen,powerfulforcesareideologicallyopposedtothewholeideaofgovernmentactiononasufficientscaletojump-starttheeconomy.Andthat,fundamentally,iswhyclaimsthatwefacehugestructuralproblemshavebeenmultiplying:theyofferareasontodonothingaboutthemassunemploymentthatiscripplingouteconomyandoursociety.Sowhatyouneedtoknowi