高三英語語法總復(fù)習(xí)英語中的五個(gè)基本句型

1、2012屆高三英語語法總復(fù)習(xí)：英語中的五個(gè)基本句型 葉中高三英語備課組編寫組基本概念：與漢語相似，英語句子是由主語(subject), 謂語動(dòng)詞(verb),賓語(object), 表語(predicative),狀語(adverbial),賓語補(bǔ)足語(object complement)等成分組成，按照這些成分的組合方式英語句子可分為五種基本句型。句子包含主要句子成分(主語、謂語)和次要句子成分(表語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語),按照動(dòng)詞的性質(zhì)將英語簡單句劃分為以下五種基本句型：1、基本句型的詞序： 2、劃分符號(hào)(沒有統(tǒng)一規(guī)定,僅供參考)：主語： 定語：( )謂語： 狀語： 賓語： 賓補(bǔ)： 表語：

2、1、主謂句型：SVi。2、主系表句型：SVlinkP3、主謂賓句型：SVt.O4、主謂雙賓句型：SVtO間賓O直5、主謂賓補(bǔ)句型：SVtOC3、例句： Jim is working very hard now.（他現(xiàn)在正非常努力地工作。） She is young. （她年輕。） It looks like rain. （天看上去要下雨。） The boy always kicked the dog with his feet. （這男孩老是用腳踢那只狗。） He has never bought me a toy since last year. （從去年起他沒給我買過一個(gè)玩具。） He f

3、elt something (cold) <moving up his leg>.（他感到有個(gè)冰冷的東西順著腿上爬。）3、英語詞類與句子成分關(guān)系圖： 句子成分 詞類或短語主語*謂語賓語*表語*定語*狀語*賓語 補(bǔ)足語名詞××代詞×××形容詞××××數(shù)詞××動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)形式××××××動(dòng)詞不定式×動(dòng)名詞×××動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞×××動(dòng)詞過去分詞×

4、;××副詞×××介詞短語××× 注釋 1、“”表示某種詞類可以充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分, “”表示某種詞類經(jīng)常充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分, “”表示某種詞類最經(jīng)常充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。 “×”表示某種詞類不能充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分。 2、“ * ”表示該成分可以由從句充當(dāng),如主語從句、賓語從句、狀語從句等。句型一：主語+不及物動(dòng)詞不及物動(dòng)詞本身就可以表達(dá)完整的意念， 不需要賓語及補(bǔ)語， 但有時(shí)可有副詞， 介詞短語等狀語修飾語。e.g. The rain stopped . The old man walks in the park . 句型一的擴(kuò)展

5、：1.主語+不及物動(dòng)詞+狀語e.g. The machine works smoothly. (機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)正常。)2.There +不及物動(dòng)詞+主語e.g. There is some milk in the bottle . There comes the bus . 3. 主語+不及物動(dòng)詞+ 動(dòng)詞不定式e.g. They stopped to take a short rest . (他們停下來稍作休息)特別提醒動(dòng)詞stop 可用作不及物動(dòng)詞，也可用作及物動(dòng)詞。作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí), 通常后接動(dòng)詞不定式,表示停下來的目的是做另一件事。作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，通常后接動(dòng)名詞,表示停止做這件事。 e.g. Th

6、ey stopped taking a rest . 句型二 ：主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語系動(dòng)詞本身不能表達(dá)完整的意念沒，需要形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等來補(bǔ)充說明主語，也叫主語補(bǔ)語。e.g. My sister is a nurse .I feel quite hungry . The ball is under the desk . 句型三：主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語及物動(dòng)詞本身需要一個(gè)動(dòng)作的接受者（賓語），才可以表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意念。e.g. We are learning English . Do you know him ? Your radio needs repairing . She hopes

7、to see her uncle. 句型四：主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 有些及物動(dòng)詞需要兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整意念。e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt. Give me the book, please.特別提醒A. 在此句型中， 通常是間接賓語（人）在前，直接賓語（物）在后，有時(shí)直接賓語和間接賓語可以對(duì)調(diào)，這時(shí)間接賓語前應(yīng)加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。e.g. Her mother bought a skirt for her . Give the book to me , please . 直接賓語與間接賓語對(duì)調(diào)時(shí)，間接賓語前加介詞to的動(dòng)詞有：give(給)

8、, tell(告訴) , lend(借給) , sell(賣), teach(教) , send(寄給), write(寫給), show(出示) , return(還給), bring(帶給), pass(遞給), leave(留給), offer(提供), hand(交給) 間接賓語前加介詞for的動(dòng)詞有：buy(買), choose(選擇), get (弄到), make(做), order(訂購), sing (唱歌), do (做), play(演奏) B. 如果直接賓語為人稱代詞那么必須把直接賓放在間接賓語前，且間接賓語前要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。e.g. I handed it to o

9、ur teacher . 不能說：I handed our teacher it .C. 此句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，可分為兩種情況。e.g. Her mother bought her a skirt .a. She was bought a skirt by her mother . b. A skirt was bought for her by her mother. 句型五：主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語及物動(dòng)詞本身需要一個(gè)賓語外， 還需要一個(gè)名詞，形容詞，副詞, 動(dòng)詞不定式，分詞來補(bǔ)充說明賓語，才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意念。e.g. We elected Li Yang our monito

10、r. The news made us sad. She saw the thief steal into the shop . The teacher asked me to answer the question .I found the man stealing the money . I found my money stolen .特別提醒A. 現(xiàn)在分詞為賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，賓語與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系；過去分詞為賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí),賓語與過去分詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。B. 在let(讓)，make(使得)，have（請(qǐng)，讓，使得），see(看)，hear(聽到)，watch(觀看)，feel(感覺到

11、)，listen to (傾聽)，look at (看到)，notice(注意到)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語如果為不定式， 則省掉”to”,但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)， 則要帶”to”.e.g. We hear her sing next door. She is heard to sing next door .C. 此句型變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，只有一種情況。e.g. They saw him steal the old mans money. He was seen to steal the old mans money .【五個(gè)基本句型的基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練習(xí)題專項(xiàng)一】一、S + V（主語不及物動(dòng)詞）這種句型簡稱為主謂

12、結(jié)構(gòu)。不及物動(dòng)詞是指那些本身意義已完整，后面不需要接賓語的動(dòng)詞，如come, go, swim, appear, run, arrive, fall等。如： Did you go by sea？你們走的是海路嗎？ No, we flew. 不，我們是坐飛機(jī)去的。有時(shí)，不及物動(dòng)詞后面會(huì)跟副詞、介詞短語等作狀語。如：Why dont you come at once when I call you? 我叫你時(shí)，你為什么不馬上來？【練習(xí)導(dǎo)航】. 根據(jù)漢語完成下列英語句子，每空一詞。1. 他在聽。 He _ _.2. 昨晚你睡得好嗎？Did you _ _ last night?3. 這場雨持續(xù)了兩個(gè)

13、小時(shí)。 The rain _ _ two hours. 4. 事物總是變化的。 Things always _.5. 他來中國的夢(mèng)想實(shí)現(xiàn)了。 His dream to China _ _ _. . 單項(xiàng)選擇( )6. An MP5 player of this type costs too much. Youd better _. A. wait B. waiting C. waited D. to wait( )7. It _ outside. I have to stay at home.A. rain B. is raining C. rained D. has rained( )8.

14、Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?Yes, I did. My uncle _ in the match. A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. will play( )9. What did your father say just now?Sorry, I dont know. I _ on the phone.A. am talking B. talk C. was talking D. have talked ( )10. You _ first and I _ behind.

15、 A. go; was following B. will go; follow C. will go; followed D. go; will follow二、S + V + P（主語系動(dòng)詞表語）系動(dòng)詞通常與表語一起構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，用來說明主語的性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)或狀態(tài)等。表語通常由名詞、形容詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等充當(dāng)。常見的系動(dòng)詞有be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, get, grow, turn, become, stay, seem等。如：All her friends are now outside the door. 她的

16、所有朋友現(xiàn)在都在門外。The milk turned sour. 牛奶變酸了?！揪毩?xí)導(dǎo)航】翻譯下面的漢語句子。1. 他感到有點(diǎn)累。_2. 這聽起來是個(gè)好主意。_3. 海倫在家嗎？_4. 我的電腦在書房里。_5. 他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。_6. 我最喜歡的運(yùn)動(dòng)是游泳。_7. 問題是你想干什么。_8. 他總是樂于助人。_9. 這盤菜聞起來不錯(cuò)。_10. 那個(gè)女孩是我的妹妹。_三、S + V + O（主語及物動(dòng)詞賓語）及物動(dòng)詞后面必須接賓語才能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思。賓語是動(dòng)作的承受者，一般由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng)。如：Hes having lunch. 他正在吃午餐。 I prefer

17、standing. 我寧愿站著。He promised to lend me some books. 他答應(yīng)借給我?guī)妆緯?。【練?xí)導(dǎo)航】. 找出下列句子的賓語。1. He handed in his homework this morning. _2. Help yourself to some soup, Jim. _3. He forgot which way to go. _4. Would you mind waiting for a few minutes? _5. Ill do what I can. _. 根據(jù)漢語完成下列英語句子，每空一詞。6. 你認(rèn)識(shí)這些人嗎？Do you _

18、_ _?7. 今天早上他完成了報(bào)告。He _ _ _ this morning.8. 現(xiàn)在我來自我介紹一下。Now Ill _ _. 9. 他已經(jīng)決定搬到北京去了。He has decided _ _ _ Beijing.10. 我不記得事故是什么時(shí)候發(fā)生的。I dont remember _ the accident _.四、S + V + IO + DO（主語及物動(dòng)詞間接賓語直接賓語）有些及物動(dòng)詞，如hand, give, throw, lend, sing, read, write, buy, leave, make, pass, tell, get 等可以帶雙賓語，一個(gè)賓語指人，稱為間

19、接賓語；另一個(gè)指物，稱為直接賓語。及物動(dòng)詞帶雙賓語通常有以下兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：1. 及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 2. 及物動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+to / for+間接賓語【練習(xí)導(dǎo)航】. 找出下列句子中的直接賓語。1. She gave me her telephone number. _2. Bring me some water, please. _3. Ill make you some fresh tea. _4. He sang us a folk song. _5. She showed me her paintings. _. 將下列句子改為同義句。6. Tom gave me a nice

20、pen. Tom _ a nice pen _ me. 7. My mother bought my little sister a pink skirt. My mother _ a pink skirt _ my little sister.8. She cooked us a delicious meal. She _ a delicious meal _ us. 9. Tim showed me his nice T-shirt. Tim _ his nice T-shirt _ me. 10. She made me a cup of coffee. She _ a cup of c

21、offee _ me.【溫馨提示】某些動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的間接賓語可改為to引導(dǎo)的短語，這類動(dòng)詞有g(shù)ive, hand, show, send, bring, pass, lend, teach, tell, write, throw, sell, email等。如：Can you lend us your car? 你能把車借給我們嗎？Can you lend your car to us? 某些動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的間接賓語可改為for引導(dǎo)的短語，這類動(dòng)詞有buy, play, get, make, order, choose, sing, pay等。如：My uncle bought me a watch.

22、我叔叔給我買了一塊表。My uncle bought a watch for me.五、S + V + O + OC（主語及物動(dòng)詞賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語）有些及物動(dòng)詞加上賓語后，它的意思表達(dá)還是不完整，這就需要再加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語來使句子的意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語通常由形容詞、副詞、名詞、介詞短語、動(dòng)詞不定式、V-ing形式等充當(dāng)。如：Please dont call me Lucy. 請(qǐng)不要叫我露西。I found the box empty. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子是空的。The teacher told us to do some exercises. 老師要我們做一些練習(xí)題。【練習(xí)導(dǎo)航】. 找出下列句子中的賓語補(bǔ)

23、足語。1. They call their daughter Mary. _2. Dont leave me behind. _3. I wish you to be happy. _4. I saw her chatting with Nancy. _5. Good food keeps you healthy. _. 翻譯下面的漢語句子。6. 他們請(qǐng)我和他們一道去。_7. 我剛才看見她在跟簡談話。_8. 你認(rèn)為這部電影精彩嗎？_9. 你建議我做什么？ _10. 你注意到他進(jìn)來了嗎？_六、there be句型 there be句型主要用來表示“某地有某物或某人”。如果be動(dòng)詞后面有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)

24、以上的主語，be動(dòng)詞的選用需要遵循“就近原則”。如： There is a dictionary, three books and a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一本字典，三本書和一支鋼筆?！揪毩?xí)導(dǎo)航】. 單項(xiàng)選擇( ) 1. There _ ice on the road last week.A. was B. were C. will be D. are( ) 2. There _ a football match on the playground this afternoon.A. will have B. is going to have C. is have D.

25、is going to be ( ) 3. There _ to be something wrong with him.A. is B. was C. seems D. are ( ) 4. There will be enough food for everybody, _?A. wont it B. wont there C. isnt it D. arent there( ) 5. There_more than two hundred people killed in road accidents since last month. A. was B. were C. have be

26、en D. are . 根據(jù)漢語完成下列英語句子，每空一詞。6. 一個(gè)男孩正在院子里和一只小狗玩。_ _ a boy _ with a dog in the yard. 7. 以前在街道拐角處有一家商店。_ _ _ _ a shop on the corner of the street. 8. 可能會(huì)有一個(gè)更好的辦法來做這件事。_ _ _ a better way to do this. 9. 沒有空氣就沒有聲音._ _ _ sound without air. 10. 沒有時(shí)間再等你了。_ _ no time _ _ _ ou.【五個(gè)基本句型的基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練習(xí)題專項(xiàng)二】練習(xí)一：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型

27、 漢譯英練習(xí)說明：本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語加不及物的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成, 常用來表示主語的動(dòng)作。如，The sun rises.主語可有修飾語-定語，如，The red sun rises.謂語可有修飾語-狀語，如，The red sun rises in the east翻譯下面的練習(xí)題：1. 你應(yīng)當(dāng)努力學(xué)習(xí)。 2. 她昨天回家很晚。 3. 那天早上我們談了很多。 4. 會(huì)議將持續(xù)兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 5. 在過去的十年里，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 練習(xí)二：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型 漢譯英練習(xí) 說明：本結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語組成，主要用以說明主語的特征，類屬，狀態(tài)，身份等。系動(dòng)詞有（1）表示特征和存在狀態(tài)的 be

28、, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound. （2）表示狀態(tài)延續(xù)的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand. （3）表示狀態(tài)變化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow.翻譯下面的練習(xí)題：1. 我的兄弟都是大學(xué)生。 2. 冬季白天短，夜晚長。 3. 布朗夫人看起來很健康。 4. 十五歲他就成為有名的鋼琴家了。 5. 孩子們，請(qǐng)保持安靜。 練習(xí)三：主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型（一）漢譯英練習(xí) 說明： 此結(jié)構(gòu)是由主語+謂語+賓語夠成。其中的謂語動(dòng)詞須是及物的動(dòng)詞或及物的動(dòng)詞

29、詞組。賓語須是名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的成分。翻譯下面的練習(xí)題：1. 昨晚我寫了一封信。 2. 今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3. 這本書他讀過多次了。 4. 他們成功地完成了計(jì)劃。 5. 你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。 練習(xí)三：主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型（二）漢譯英練習(xí) 說明： 此結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動(dòng)詞常常是動(dòng)詞詞組,分兩種情況:1.及物動(dòng)詞+副詞，2.不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞。翻譯下面的練習(xí)題：1. 我不信任那個(gè)人。 2. 他指出了我的作文中的錯(cuò)誤。 3. 圣誕節(jié)我們將去看望外籍教師。 4. 你們必須在課后把練習(xí)本交上來。 5. 五分鐘內(nèi)我們是不可能解出這道題來的。 練習(xí)四：雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型漢譯英練習(xí) 說明：此結(jié)構(gòu)由主語+及

30、物謂語動(dòng)詞+間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（事物）組成。如，He brings me cookies every day.She made me a beautiful dress.但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for,如，He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me. 用to側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對(duì)著某人。用for 側(cè)重指動(dòng)作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer,

31、pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask,等。（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等。翻譯下面的練習(xí)題：1. Johnson 先生去年教我們德語。 2. 奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。 3. Mary把錢包交給校長了。 4. 請(qǐng)把那本字典遞給我好嗎？ 5. 他把車票給列車員看。 練習(xí)五：復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型漢譯英練習(xí) 說明: 此結(jié)構(gòu)由主語+及物的謂語動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成

32、。賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語有邏輯的主謂關(guān)系，若無賓語補(bǔ)足語，則句意不完整?？梢杂米鲑e補(bǔ)的有，名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，動(dòng)詞不定式，分詞。如， The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. You must get your hair cut. 用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補(bǔ)足語的后面，是英語常用句型。即 主語 + 謂語 + it + 賓補(bǔ) + 真正賓語。如， I found it very pleasant to be with your family.翻譯下面的練習(xí)題：1. 我們叫她Alice. 2. 他的父母給他取名為John. 3.

33、我們大家都認(rèn)為他是誠實(shí)的。 4. 他們把門推開了。 5. 他們把小偷釋放了。 練習(xí)六：There be 句型基本句型漢譯英練習(xí) 說明： 此句型是由 there + be + 主語 + 狀語 構(gòu)成，用以表達(dá)存在有，一種無主語的有。 它其實(shí)是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動(dòng)詞 be 之后，there 僅為引導(dǎo)詞，并無實(shí)際語。Be 與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，有時(shí)態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如， 現(xiàn)在有 there is/are 過去有 there was/were 將來有 there will be/there is /are going to be. 現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有 there has/have been 可能

34、有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 過去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 此句型有時(shí)不用be動(dòng)詞，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等。翻譯下面的練習(xí)題：1. 今晚沒有會(huì)。 2. 這個(gè)村子過去只有一口井。 3. 這個(gè)學(xué)校有一名音樂老師和一名美術(shù)老師。 4. 客人當(dāng)中有兩名美國人和兩名法國人

35、。 5. 天氣預(yù)報(bào)說下午有大風(fēng)。 2012屆高三英語語法總復(fù)習(xí)：英語中的五個(gè)基本句型【五個(gè)基本句型的基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練習(xí)題專項(xiàng)一】答案一、. 1. is listening 2. sleep well 3. lasted for 4. change 5. has come true . 6-10 ABBCD二、 1. He feels a little tired. 2. It sounds a good idea. 3. Is Helen in? 4. My computer is in the study. 5. His dream is to become a doctor. 6. My fav

36、orite sport is swimming.7. The question is what you want to do. 8. He is always ready to help others.9. The dish smells good. 10. The girl is my sister.三、. 1. his homework 2. yourself 3. which way to go 4. waiting 5. what I can. 6. know these people 7. finished his report 8. introduce myself 9. to m

37、ove to 10. when; happened四、. 1. her telephone number 2. some water 3. some fresh tea 4. a folk song 5. her paintings. 6. gave; to 7. bought; for 8. cooked; for 9. showed; to 10. made; for 五、. 1. Mary 2. behind 3. to be happy 4. chatting with Nancy 5. healthy . 6. They asked me to go with them. 7. I

38、saw her talking with Jane just now.8. Do you think the movie wonderful?9. What do you advise me to do? 10. Did you notice him come in? 六、. 1-5 ADCBC. 6. There is; playing 7. There used to be 8. There might be 9. There is no 10. There is; to wait for【五個(gè)基本句型的基礎(chǔ)過關(guān)練習(xí)題專項(xiàng)二】答案練習(xí)一：主謂結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型 漢譯英練習(xí)1. You shoul

39、d study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday evening. 3. That morning we talked a great deal. 4. The meeting will last two hours. 5. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 練習(xí)二：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)基本句型 漢譯英練習(xí) 1. My brothers are all college students. 2. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4. At the age