高中英語語法專題動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)

1、 高中英語語法專題講解與練習(xí) 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài) 織金一中 雷娟秀動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)英語中不同時(shí)間和方式發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)要用謂語動(dòng)詞的不同形式來表示，這種表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)間和方式的動(dòng)詞形式稱作動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)間主要有四個(gè)主要部分，即現(xiàn)在、過去、將來和過去將來。動(dòng)作方面也有四種，即一般、完成、進(jìn)行和完成進(jìn)行。中學(xué)課本中需掌握的時(shí)態(tài)主要有九種：時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表： 按時(shí)間分按方式分現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般I doI didI shall doI should do進(jìn)行I am doingI was doingI shall be doingI should be doing完成I have doneI ha

2、d doneI shall have doneI should have done完成進(jìn)行I have been doingI had been doingI shall have been doingI should have been doing一、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1） 表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2） 客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如： The earth moves around the sun

3、. 3） 表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　?注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4） 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如： I don't want so much.。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now.

4、 我正在做功課。第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。二、 一般過去時(shí) 1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the st

5、reet. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth "到時(shí)間了" "該了"。例如：It is time for you to go to bed. It is time that sb. did sth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該了" ，例如It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。 would （had） rat

6、her sb. did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如：I thought you might have some.比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。） Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著） Mrs. Dar

7、by lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。） Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. （含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me.2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如： Could you lend me your

8、 bike? 典型例題- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- It's 69568442. A. didn'tB. couldn'tC. don'tD. can't答案A. 本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。三、 一般將來時(shí) 1）shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ Will you be a

9、t home at seven this evening? 2）be going to +不定式，表示將來。 a. 主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3）be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report n

10、ext Saturday. 4）be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來 1）下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus star? It

11、 stars in ten minutes. 2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如： When Bill comes （不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure t

12、hat等的賓語從句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來 下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如： I'm leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? 四、 一般現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示過去發(fā)生的對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，也可

13、表示過去某時(shí)間開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have （has） +過去分詞。I have been to shanghai.He hasnt given me any more trouble since then. 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October,

14、just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。共同的時(shí)間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come,

15、go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了）I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了）Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）He has been

16、a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)） 句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：It is the first time

17、that I have visited the city. This is the first time （that） I've heard him sing. 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： This is the best film that I've （ever） seen. 典型例題（1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _

18、 here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。（2） -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, it's the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間

19、的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month. 比較since和for Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如：I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

20、 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。） since的四種用法 1） since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 2） since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 3） since +從句。例如： Great

21、changes have taken place since you left. 4） It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 五、 過去完成時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。-|-|-|-> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris.

22、 b. 狀語從句 在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本，未能"。例如：We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3）過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, a

23、s soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 典型例題 The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office

24、.A. had written, leftB，were writing, has left C. had written, had leftD. were writing, had left 答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。注意：had hardly when還沒等 就。例如：I had hardly opened

25、 the door when I he hit me. had no soonerthan 剛 就。例如：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí) 1）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。2 ） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要

26、若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited.3）敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、 將來完成時(shí) 1） 構(gòu)成will have done2） 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的

27、動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 七、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you.b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel.c. 表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red. It's gettin

28、g warmer and warmer. d. 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind.典型例題 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, don't find B. is missing, don't findC. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, ha

29、ven't found. 答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 1）表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 2）表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize

30、, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help. 3）瞬間動(dòng)詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如： I accept your advice.4）系動(dòng)詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如： You seem a little tired. 八、 過去進(jìn)行

31、時(shí) 1）概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。2）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3） 常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如： My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got t

32、o the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例題1） Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。2） As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read；was fallingB. was reading； fellC. wa

33、s reading； was fallingD. read；fell答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell（fall的過去時(shí)），是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。九、 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 1） 概念：表示將來某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。例如：She'll be coming soon. I'll be meeting him sometime in the fu

34、ture.注意：將來進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.2）常用的時(shí)間狀語有soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí) When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, s

35、o long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，條件句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。例如：He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 典型例題（1）He said he_me a present unless I_ in doing the experiment. A. had not given;

36、had not succeededB. would not give; succeeded C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed. 答案B. 在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時(shí)。本題有He said，故為過去式。主句用將來時(shí)，故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時(shí)。 （2） 表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。例如： The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物館明天10點(diǎn)開門。（實(shí)際上每天如此。） 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般過去時(shí) 1 ） "書上說"，"

37、;報(bào)紙上說"等。例如： The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 2） 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。例如： Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1） 有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如： I hear （= have heard） he will go

38、 to London. 我聽說了他將去倫敦。 I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。2） 用句型 " It is since"代替"It has been since "。例如：It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 從我們上次見面以來，五年過去了。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 在Here comes/There goes等句型里，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。例如： There goes the bell. 鈴響了。 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來時(shí)

39、 1） 表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。例如： Are you staying with us this weekend? We are leaving soon. 2） 漸變動(dòng)詞，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬間動(dòng)詞die等。例如： He is dying. 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài) 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)有兩種：一種是主動(dòng)語態(tài)（主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者），另一種是被動(dòng)語態(tài)（主語是動(dòng)作的承受者）。被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成： 助動(dòng)詞be +（not）+（及物動(dòng)詞的）過去分詞 此時(shí)，由助動(dòng)詞be來反映時(shí)態(tài)的變化，常見有以下八種形式：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am+過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am+being+過去分詞isi

40、sareare一般過去時(shí)was+過去分詞過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was+過去分詞werewere一般將來時(shí)will+be+過去分詞過去將來時(shí)would+be+過去分詞shallshould現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have+been+過去分詞過去完成時(shí)had+been+過去分詞has 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +（not）+ be +（及物動(dòng)詞的）過去分詞can+be+過去分詞maymust3主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的方法：主動(dòng)語態(tài)： 主語 + 謂語動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 （執(zhí)行者） （承受者）被動(dòng)語態(tài)： 主語 + be + 過去分詞（+ by + 執(zhí)行者） （承受者） 一般省略 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：1. 當(dāng)不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作

41、的執(zhí)行者時(shí)（如例句1）。2. 當(dāng)需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者而不是執(zhí)行者時(shí)（如例句2）。 附例句：1. 自從1988年以來，工人們建造了三座大橋。The workers have built three bridges since 1988.（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）Three bridges have been built (by the workers) since 1988.（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）（推薦）2. 那個(gè)學(xué)校教日語。 Japanese is taught in that school. 注意：感官動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)語態(tài)的賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to 的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"。例如：

42、The teacher made me go out of the classroom. -> I was made to go out of the classroom （by the teacher）. We saw him play football on the playground.-> He was seen to play football on the playground.被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的特殊用法：1.短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài) 短語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)整體，不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞。例如：My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such

43、 a thing has never been heard of before. 2. 表示"據(jù)說"或"相信" 的詞組，基本上由believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand等組成。例如： It is said that 據(jù)說It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道 It is believed that大家相信It is hoped that大家希望It is well known that 眾所周知It is thou

44、ght that大家認(rèn)為It is suggested that據(jù)建議It is taken granted that 被視為當(dāng)然It has been decided that 大家決定 It must be remember that 務(wù)必記住的是3. 不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)的情況 1） 不及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞短語，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 結(jié)束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose

45、heart, take place等沒有無被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如： After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比較：rise, fall, happen是不及物動(dòng)詞；raise, seat是及物動(dòng)詞。 （錯(cuò)） The price has been risen. （對(duì)） The price has risen. （錯(cuò)） The accident was happened last week.（對(duì)） The accident happened last week. （錯(cuò)） The price has raised.（對(duì)） The price has

46、 been raised. （錯(cuò)） Please seat. （對(duì)） Please be seated.要想正確地使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，就須注意哪些動(dòng)詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動(dòng)詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學(xué)習(xí)過程中多留意積累。 2） 不能用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語，如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, wa

47、lk into, belong to等。例如：This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3） 系動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good. 4） 帶同源賓語的及物動(dòng)詞如die/death, dream/dream， live/life等，以及反身代詞，相互代詞，不能

48、用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如：She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5） 當(dāng)賓語是不定式時(shí)，很少用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。例如： （對(duì)） She likes to swim. （錯(cuò)） To swim is liked by her.4.主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義 1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如： The book sells well.這本書銷路好。 This knife cuts easily. 這刀子很好用。2）blame, let（出租）, rem

49、ain, keep, rent, build等。例如： I was to blame for the accident. 事故發(fā)生了，我該受指責(zé)。 Much work remains. 還有許多活要干。3） 在need, require, want, worth （形容詞）, deserve后的動(dòng)名詞必須用主動(dòng)形式。例如： The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 門該修了。 This book is worth reading.這本書值得一讀。4）特殊結(jié)構(gòu)：make sb. heard / understood （使別

50、人能聽見/理解自己）等。例如： Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。5. 被動(dòng)形式表示主動(dòng)意義，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如： He is graduated from a famous university. 他畢業(yè)于一所有名的大學(xué)。注意：表示同某人結(jié)婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如：H

51、e married a rich girl. 他與一個(gè)富妞結(jié)婚了。He got married to a rich girl.6. need/want/require/worth 當(dāng) need, want, require, be worth后面接doing時(shí)，表示的是被動(dòng)意義。例如： Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發(fā)該理了。 The floor requires washing. 地板需要沖洗。典型例題The library needs_, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.A. cleaning B. be cleane

52、d C. clean D. being cleaned答案A. need （實(shí)意） +n /to do，need （情態(tài)）+ do，當(dāng)為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，還可need + doing. 本題考最后一種用法，選A。如有to be cleaned 則也為正確答案。練習(xí)：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)1. When I saw Mary, she _ on the piano. A. is playing  B. plays   C. was playing   D. played2. She _ the door before she goes aw

53、ay.A. had locked  B. is locking   C. has locked.   D. was locking.3. A hunter is a man who _ animals. A. catch    B. catches   C. will catch   D. was catching4. What _ if I drink this? A. happens   B. is happening  C. wi

54、ll happen  D. is happened5. I will visit you if Father _ me. A. let    B. lets    C. is letting   D. will let6. Look out! That tree _ fall down. A. is going to   B. will be   C. shall    D. would7. My uncle _ to see me.

55、He'll be here soon.A. comes   B. is coming   C. had come   D. came8. They can't leave until they _ their work.A. did    B. are doing   C. have done   D. has done9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He _ it sev

56、eral days ago. "A. saw    B. has seen   C. had seen   D. was seeing10. Now Mike isn't here. He _ Mr Green's. Perhaps he _ back in a few minutes.A. went to; is coming           B. has gone to; will comeC

57、. has been to; will be           D. is going to; has come11. That day he ._ his clothes before he came to see me.A. has washed  B. washed  C. had been washing  D. was washed12. I haven't finished my composition. 

58、0;I _ for two hours and a half.A. have written it                  B. have been writing itC. wrote it                   

59、     D. am writting it13. I will take my daughter with me when I _ ShangHai,A. go to      B. will go to     C. have been to    D. have gone to14. This bright girl _ the truth in front of the enemy.A. didn't say  B. couldn't speak to  C. said       D. didn't tell15. The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful.A. was built   B. built    C. was set up   D. had been built16. " Whe