大學英語語法被動態(tài)

1、被動態(tài)被動態(tài)（一）（一）主主動動態(tài)態(tài)與與被被動動態(tài)態(tài)詞詞組組動動詞詞被被動動態(tài)態(tài)非非限限定定動動詞詞被被動動態(tài)態(tài)主動句變被動句的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則主動句變被動句的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則(以句型的方式）以句型的方式）1.SVO結(jié)構(gòu)：*帶否定情態(tài)助動詞的轉(zhuǎn)換 People mustnt leave bikes in the hall.= Bikes must not be left .2.SVoO結(jié)構(gòu)：轉(zhuǎn)換時可以直賓或間賓做主語，但直賓做主語比較常見。3.SVOC結(jié)構(gòu)：一般規(guī)律。主動句變被動句的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則（以時態(tài)的方式）主動句變被動句的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則（以時態(tài)的方式）主動句主動句主詞主詞過去式動詞過去式動詞受詞受詞被動句被動句主詞

2、主詞was/ were+ p.p+by受詞受詞過去式主動句主動句主詞主詞Will+動詞原型動詞原型受詞受詞被動句被動句主詞主詞Will be+ p.p+by受詞受詞將來式主動句主動句主詞主詞Has/have + p.p受詞受詞被動句被動句主詞主詞Has/have been +p.p + by受詞受詞現(xiàn)在完成式關(guān)于by有時為了避免中途變更主語，不得不用被動句而把施動者置于有時為了避免中途變更主語，不得不用被動句而把施動者置于by-詞組中。詞組中。He arrived at London where he was met by his friend.如前所述，當主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，有時用如前所述，

3、當主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，有時用by-by-詞組，有時不用，這是詞組，有時不用，這是有多種因素決定的。有多種因素決定的。 一般說來，當一般說來，當施動者為誰不太清楚、不甚重要或施動者為誰不太清楚、不甚重要或不愿說出來時，通常不用不愿說出來時，通常不用by-by-詞組詞組但有時為了強調(diào)施動者，則須用但有時為了強調(diào)施動者，則須用by-by-詞組。詞組。Hamlet was written by Shakespeare有時，由于主語太長，不得不用被動句而把施有時，由于主語太長，不得不用被動句而把施動者置于動者置于by-by-詞組中。詞組中。The picture was painted by a ver

4、y good friendof mine whom Id like you to meet sometime.主動句和被動句相互轉(zhuǎn)換的限制性主動句和被動句相互轉(zhuǎn)換的限制性賓語的限定1、當賓語是反身代詞、相互代詞或具有類似相互代詞的關(guān)系時。 Each should help the other. 2、當賓語前有指主語的屬格代詞（形容詞性物主代詞）時。 The little boy washes his face every morning. 3、當賓語是同源賓語時。 She smiled a sweet smile. 4、當賓語是動名詞或動詞不定式時。 Many students enjoy p

5、laying football. 5、當賓語表示地點或處所時。 The brave man swam the wide river. 6、賓語為不表示實意的不定代詞時We will battle it together動詞的限制動詞的限制1、表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞become， fail(缺少)， hold(容納)， have(有)， lack(缺少)， last(持久、夠.用)， posses(擁有)， resemble (類似)，suit ， want，lack 2、有一些詞具有原詞義以外的新意思時 (1).實義動詞have表示“知道、明白、患病、吃飯等意思時不能用被動。 He has no

6、French.（2）cost表示“犧牲”、owe表示“欠、應(yīng)付給” take表示“懂得、知道” get His careless driving cost him his life . 3、及物動詞和其賓語構(gòu)成了一個不可分割的短語時 He went to cinema to kill time with some of his friends. 詞組動詞的被動態(tài)詞組動詞的被動態(tài)1.1.一般詞組動詞的被動態(tài)一般詞組動詞的被動態(tài) “動詞+介詞” “動詞+副詞小品詞” “動詞+副詞小品詞+介詞” 三種形式2.“動詞動詞+名詞名詞+介詞介詞”的被動態(tài)的被動態(tài)把整個詞組動詞當作一個及物動詞處理 He t

7、ook great care of his books. 主 動 賓 His books were taken great care of. 主 動把詞組動詞看作把詞組動詞看作“動詞動詞+ +賓語賓語+ +介詞詞組介詞詞組”結(jié)構(gòu)處理結(jié)構(gòu)處理 He took great care of his books. 主 動 賓 Great care was taken of his books. 主 動 采用第二種形式時要把整個介詞詞采用第二種形式時要把整個介詞詞 組放到被動態(tài)動詞的后面去組放到被動態(tài)動詞的后面去。They had made a mess of the house.1.The house

8、 had been made a mess of.2.A mess had been made of the house.并不是所有此類動詞都有兩種變化方式并不是所有此類動詞都有兩種變化方式Mary realized that they were making fun of her.Mary realized that she was being made fun of.We must put an end to this state of things as soon as possible.This state of things must been put an end as soon

9、as possible.非限定動詞的被動態(tài)非限定動詞的被動態(tài)不定式的被動態(tài)不定式的被動態(tài) 當不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者時當不定式的邏輯主語是動作的承受者時1.*get- 型被動態(tài) It was nasty for Mary to get hurt.2.在有些場合，即可用不定式的主動態(tài)，也也用不定式的被動態(tài)There is so much work to do/ to be done.3.有時在there + be結(jié)構(gòu) 不定式用主動態(tài)和被動態(tài)是不同的There was nothing to see. 沒什么可看的There was nothing to be seen. 要看的東西不在這里4.在以下場合，