工程造價(jià)外文翻譯.doc

1、The stage of the project costmanagementAbstractProject cost managementis the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost manageme

2、nt of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords ： cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy,1、 Project cost managementEven under the WTO and Chin

3、a's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the &quo

4、t;super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stag

5、e by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to

6、 reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.2、 the status of construction cost managementEngineering and cost managementwork of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s, 1980s perfect together. Performanc

7、e of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget, content, methods and approval, the budget will provide the fixed cos

8、t of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation, approval, management authority, and so on.3、 engineering cost management cost management unionWith the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management

9、system. However, as the socialist market economic development, the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking, the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. enterprise is not the actual economic entities.

10、 Due to the characteristics of the planned economy, and, at the time under the conditions of productivity, will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions, as long as a certain level of investment, will be certain outputs. In this environment,

11、the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices, wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment, the budget estimate for the system

12、approved project cost, help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established, requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years, international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-contr

13、ol and in the middle of control. China, the traditional practice in an objective light on the cause decision-making, implementation heavy, light the economy and technology,First, the consequences of victimization,Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a wea

14、k awareness of cost control, cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult toachieve long-term goals.Second, the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances, My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost managemen

15、t and control concept, building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.4、 The decision-making phase of the project cost

16、 managementOur task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal, learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries, and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system, efforts to increase t

17、he project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage, the

18、project's technical and economic decision-making, of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence, The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project managementf

19、or the purpose of clearing price, and focusing only on the construction process of cost control, neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. It

20、 has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects, the information can not be fully, comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small, estimated inadequ

21、ate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the l

22、ower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a number of factors, a combination of practical, comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage, the project's technical and economic decision-making, Cost of the project after

23、 the completion of the project and the economic benefits, with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.5、 In the stage of construction project units i

24、n engineering cost managementIn the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study, the work is done well, returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise, invest more, less effective, resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present,

25、 some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue, false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors, actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the

26、 study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems, lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project and had to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective, even become hopeless completion of the beard works.5.181 dd

27、ing construction unit bidding systemTherefore, in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs, we must do the following aspects:5.182 construction stagei Implementation of the construction project and corporate accountability, Construction of the project f

28、rom planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a m

29、onitoring group to oversee the use of funds.ii A realistic approach to market analysis, to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making, reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness, design task more scientific and reliability.iii C

30、apital financing must have a formal commitment document, the parties must do investment funds in place, and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of i

31、nterest and repayment pressure.iv To strengthen the engineering geology, hydrology, geology and land, water, electricity, transport, environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation an

32、d research, comparison of similar projects, seriously functional analysis, multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation, and the final technologically advanced, functional and reliable. Reasonableeconomic projects, thus calculate a more accurate and rea

33、listic estimation of the amount of investment, so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time, China's building control very effective, - investment projects is not uncommon, this will affect owners of i

34、nvestment returns, it adds to the owners and within budget, as well as difficulties in fund owners, the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears, and so on. Hence, the control of the project cost is of great significance, however the project cost is the primary means of

35、 control design,Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control, and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact,it is wrong, on the contrary, Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines eng

36、ineering design, construction methods, materials and equipment types, models of the project cost is of critical significance, design optimization phase of the program or minor changes, project cost will have a significant impact, Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of

37、70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law:i As the owners must design, the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level, and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Di

38、fferent design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspectsof the project cost on the existence of differences between, We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design, Construction plans after th

39、e completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget, certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same, and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than 30%, and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost, and good

40、design is often low cost, We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels, the design works naturally, therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method, the tender documents to ela

41、borate on this particular aspect of the requirements, cost control targets, and so on.2 設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制長(zhǎng)期以來(lái) , 我國(guó)建筑控制很有效, 因此 , 控制工程造價(jià)具有重要意義, 但工程造價(jià)的主要方法是控制設(shè)計(jì)。目前大部分的業(yè)主在設(shè)計(jì)階段很少工程的成本控制, 而他們認(rèn)為成本的設(shè)計(jì)不會(huì)有太大的影響, 這是不對(duì)的, 相反的 , 設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制是最重要的一步。因?yàn)樗鼪Q定了工程設(shè)計(jì)、施工方法、材料和設(shè)備的種類, 優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)階段的程序或小的變化, 工程造價(jià)將會(huì)產(chǎn)生重大影響, 設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制項(xiàng)目總成本

42、的70% 。以下是如何控制工程從設(shè)計(jì)到管理。2.1 作為業(yè)主, 必須重視設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)選定的質(zhì)量水平直接影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的設(shè)計(jì)水平, 而設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的水平 , 直接影響定價(jià)的工程量。不同的設(shè)計(jì)單位對(duì)同一項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)是不同的。同一項(xiàng)目的不同設(shè)計(jì)研究院工程之間某些方面的工程造價(jià)就存在分歧之間, 我們假設(shè)設(shè)計(jì)由兩個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)院設(shè)計(jì), 施工圖完成后, 所要求的咨詢單位成本做預(yù)算。當(dāng)然不同設(shè)計(jì)院的項(xiàng)目的總成本是絕對(duì)不一樣的, 大部分兩者的差異超過(guò)10%,甚至超過(guò)30%, 而不一定是成本高, 比設(shè)計(jì)成本低, 良好的設(shè)計(jì)往往是成本低, 我們都知道, 每個(gè)人有不同的設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格, 不同層次的設(shè)計(jì)作品自然因此選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位 ,

43、是管制的第一步。通過(guò)招標(biāo)選擇設(shè)計(jì)單位, 是一個(gè)很好的方法, 在招標(biāo)文件中詳細(xì)說(shuō)明這方面的要求, 成本控制目標(biāo)等等。否則 , 在以后的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中設(shè)計(jì)單位會(huì)提出增加成本的設(shè)計(jì)要求；通過(guò)招標(biāo)項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng), 為選擇最好的設(shè)計(jì)單位。2.2 提倡設(shè)計(jì)招投標(biāo)和設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化戰(zhàn)役模式設(shè)計(jì)單位評(píng)估由專家組成, 按照適用 , 經(jīng)濟(jì) , 美學(xué)原理和先進(jìn)技術(shù), 結(jié)構(gòu)合理 , 以滿足建筑節(jié)能和環(huán)保的要求, 綜合評(píng)價(jià)的優(yōu)點(diǎn), 規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì), 擇優(yōu)確定中選方案。成功的投資計(jì)劃估計(jì)將接近一般建設(shè)工程范圍內(nèi)的投資。這意味著兩個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)合約 , 將幫助設(shè)計(jì)方案的選擇和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)會(huì), 以確保獲選設(shè)計(jì)先進(jìn)的技術(shù), 獨(dú)特的新穎性, 適應(yīng)性 , 以

44、及控制工程造價(jià)。設(shè)計(jì)單位要努力提高自身素質(zhì), 該項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)巧妙構(gòu)思, 當(dāng)代降低工程成本上動(dòng)腦筋, 以提高設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量, 力爭(zhēng)把設(shè)計(jì)階段的工程造價(jià)控制批準(zhǔn)的投資上限。2.3 加強(qiáng)設(shè)計(jì)階段, 以確定一個(gè)合理的設(shè)計(jì), 成熟的技術(shù), 減少在施工階段主要設(shè)計(jì)變化和在節(jié)目中, 在有效控制了工程造價(jià)將扮演一個(gè)角色。工程的設(shè)計(jì)如果工程監(jiān)理介入排除不利因素, 一般可排除80%的錯(cuò)誤。在整個(gè)建設(shè)過(guò)程中的成本控制, 在開始施工時(shí)盡量節(jié)約投資20%,關(guān)鍵施工階段的識(shí)別和控制成本。監(jiān)督的設(shè)計(jì)階段, 包括 : 設(shè)計(jì)院的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和說(shuō)明, 協(xié)助業(yè)主處理不同設(shè)計(jì)方案的經(jīng)濟(jì) , 資本開支與發(fā)展的初步估計(jì), 以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利

45、用。與業(yè)主 , 監(jiān)理 , 包括：根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)院提供的設(shè)計(jì)圖紙和說(shuō)明, 協(xié)助業(yè)主處理不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案經(jīng)濟(jì), 資本支出發(fā)展的初步規(guī)劃, 以確保投資能夠得到最有效的利用；與業(yè)主不同的設(shè)計(jì)方案 , 需要計(jì)算自己的材料和設(shè)備進(jìn)行成本分析和研究, 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)人員的費(fèi)用, 以協(xié)助他們?cè)谕顿Y限額范圍內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì), 以節(jié)省投資。尋求一次性投資少, 經(jīng)濟(jì)好的設(shè)計(jì)方案 , 取得最合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)。2.4 積極推動(dòng)所謂的上限限額設(shè)計(jì)即使批準(zhǔn)的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書和投資估算, 在保證功能要求的前提下。初步設(shè)計(jì)和概算控制, 據(jù)初步批準(zhǔn)的預(yù)算總額為設(shè)計(jì)和施工圖設(shè)計(jì)控制。而每一個(gè)專業(yè), 每一個(gè)都有一個(gè)門檻設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)目標(biāo)。在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中, 設(shè)計(jì)師要進(jìn)步多方

46、案, 優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì) , 確保設(shè)計(jì)在技術(shù)上是先進(jìn), 合理 , 創(chuàng)新 , 時(shí)尚 , 而不是打破限制投資的目標(biāo),從而杜絕了工程設(shè)計(jì), 提高安全系數(shù)和設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 或只考慮技術(shù)可行性的計(jì)劃,而非經(jīng)濟(jì)理性的現(xiàn)象, 這項(xiàng)工程的費(fèi)用, 以確保有效控制。又稱價(jià)值工程的價(jià)值分析, 是一種現(xiàn)代科學(xué)管理技術(shù), 是一個(gè)新的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)分析的是產(chǎn)品的功能分析, 以節(jié)約資源, 降低成本的目的, 一個(gè)有效的方法。它彌補(bǔ)了傳統(tǒng)的成本管理單純強(qiáng)調(diào)降低成本和質(zhì)量管理只強(qiáng)調(diào)改善質(zhì)量缺陷, 建設(shè) ,有利于解決長(zhǎng)期存在的時(shí)間長(zhǎng), 浪費(fèi)大 , 質(zhì)量差 , 成本高的問(wèn)題。價(jià)值工程法一般分為三個(gè)步驟：評(píng)估的面向?qū)ο蠹夹g(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)分評(píng)分；計(jì)算對(duì)象的技術(shù)和

47、經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo) ; 計(jì)算幾何設(shè)計(jì)的物體, 平均從比較中選擇最佳的設(shè)計(jì)。3 建設(shè)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的單位工程造價(jià)管理控制工程成本, 是合理的該項(xiàng)目達(dá)到質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前提下, 在投資決策階段,設(shè)計(jì)及建造階段的項(xiàng)目, 把項(xiàng)目審批出現(xiàn)在管制范圍內(nèi), 力爭(zhēng)在各項(xiàng)建設(shè)工程合理使用人力, 物力和財(cái)力資源, 以取得良好的投資效益和社會(huì)效益。項(xiàng)目成本控制和管理是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的過(guò)程。動(dòng)態(tài)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì), 使投資在確定與控制變得更為復(fù)雜, 這將要求施工單位對(duì)工程造價(jià)管理的項(xiàng)目貫穿整個(gè)過(guò)程中,它必須有一個(gè)全面的焦點(diǎn)。執(zhí)行階段的項(xiàng)目。實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理是實(shí)施全過(guò)程項(xiàng)目管理。項(xiàng)目實(shí)施階段的工程造價(jià)管理可分為三個(gè)部分：投標(biāo)管理施工管理和結(jié)算管

48、理。3.1 招標(biāo)施工階段的施工單位招標(biāo)制度控制工程造價(jià)的有效手段, 申辦組織 , 可以提高成本效益的工程, 并確保工程質(zhì)量 , 縮短建設(shè)周期, 投資回報(bào), 施工單位可充分利用招標(biāo)的手段, 有效控制成本。施工編號(hào)10 月 7 部令發(fā)布了“合同與施工合同定價(jià)管理”明確指出, 在工程招標(biāo)使用庫(kù)存。這就要求建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行招標(biāo), 在招標(biāo)文件中, 不僅包括通常的內(nèi)容如債券投標(biāo)前附表, 招標(biāo)債券合同的條件、合同協(xié)議條款、合同格式、技術(shù)規(guī)格、圖紙、招標(biāo)文件及其他參考格式, 還必須提供工程清單招標(biāo)作為參考文件的重要組成部分。建設(shè)單位在招標(biāo)文件中的工程量清單, 按照國(guó)家或地方頒布的規(guī)則的計(jì)算方法 , 統(tǒng)一的項(xiàng)目劃分

49、, 統(tǒng)一計(jì)量單位, 統(tǒng)一的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則按設(shè)計(jì)圖紙加以計(jì)算和統(tǒng)計(jì)安排, 取得名單。數(shù)量應(yīng)遵循的籌備工作客觀, 公正 , 科學(xué) , 合理的原則。編寫者必須有一定的知識(shí)的工程設(shè)計(jì)和施工經(jīng)驗(yàn), 以及材料與機(jī)械施工技術(shù)全面的科學(xué)知識(shí), 為了計(jì)算容積的工程無(wú)重大遺漏。此基礎(chǔ)上 , 必須符合國(guó)家規(guī)定的工程計(jì)算規(guī)則與分包工程處工程單位, 并按照設(shè)計(jì)圖紙, 設(shè)計(jì)必不可少的愛(ài)情招標(biāo)文件規(guī)定計(jì)算量的項(xiàng)目應(yīng)該有一個(gè)綜合測(cè)試, 作品必須簡(jiǎn)單, 雖然不露出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤定價(jià)項(xiàng)目, 要保證正確的工程。應(yīng)該要求的不同等級(jí)分開工程部, 情況則有所不同 , 我們可能有不同的價(jià)格, 為項(xiàng)目分開。這就要求編寫清單編制人員, 認(rèn)真研究設(shè)計(jì)圖紙

50、, 分析招標(biāo)文件中包括的工作內(nèi)容及不同的技術(shù)要求, 大家熟悉的過(guò)程 , 并到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)認(rèn)真調(diào)查, 預(yù)計(jì) , 以使施工的情況下, 會(huì)對(duì)價(jià)格項(xiàng)目得以打破。此外,因?yàn)轫?xiàng)目清單計(jì)算數(shù)額的項(xiàng)目是不完整的工程, 并考慮利益施工單位, 顯然付出代價(jià)相同的總體價(jià)格該工程量清單的數(shù)量, 實(shí)際建設(shè)是一個(gè)具有實(shí)際意義。在評(píng)價(jià)和審查的投標(biāo)應(yīng)做的單位, 個(gè)人總報(bào)價(jià)和綜合評(píng)估價(jià)格不符合要求的個(gè)體顯示物價(jià)符合要求, 與最低總價(jià)不能解釋單一, 價(jià)低。投標(biāo)人往往知道總成本 , 以維持相同的情況下, 該計(jì)劃很可能會(huì)改變較小的項(xiàng)目, 以降低價(jià)格。變化可能較大項(xiàng)目的價(jià)格上升, 以達(dá)到竣工結(jié)算工程, 將增加為目的。我們也做價(jià)格和相應(yīng)數(shù)量的工

51、程技術(shù)綜合評(píng)估的大批量項(xiàng)目注重價(jià)格分析。價(jià)格會(huì)做與工作內(nèi)容,施工計(jì)劃, 是一個(gè)全面的技術(shù)評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程中, 因而傾向于選擇施工單位。建設(shè)施工階段的合同成本控制基礎(chǔ)。簽訂嚴(yán)密的施工合同, 同時(shí)加強(qiáng)施工合同管理, 可以保證合同價(jià)是合理的, 合法性 , 減少履行合同的糾紛, 維護(hù)雙方利益的合同, 有效地控制了工程投資費(fèi)用。在簽約前 , 做好管理合同文件, 合同及補(bǔ)充合同協(xié)議。工作往來(lái)等單一內(nèi)容提出了延長(zhǎng)合同, 并解釋完整必須得到維護(hù), 除了建立了技術(shù)檔案, 執(zhí)行合同的動(dòng)態(tài)分析分析結(jié)果采取積極主動(dòng)的措施。3.2 施工階段施工階段的施工方案, 是基于預(yù)算或建安工程合同價(jià)的目標(biāo), 控制工程造價(jià)?，F(xiàn)階段養(yǎng)護(hù)余地小

52、, 但可能性是浪費(fèi)很大。從而控制成本的項(xiàng)目給予足夠的重視。3.2.1 建筑計(jì)劃加強(qiáng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較施工方案是施工組織設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行了重新的工作內(nèi)容, 合理的施工方案, 縮短建設(shè)工期, 確保三峽工程質(zhì)量, 提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率, 施工方案正確, 從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)進(jìn)行了比較, 通過(guò)定性和定量分析, 質(zhì)量 , 時(shí)間 , 成本三項(xiàng)技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo), 是理智的, 并有效地使用人力, 物力和財(cái)力, 取得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益, 良好的施工管理人員之間的關(guān)系, 全面成本管理是一個(gè)重要途徑。3.2.2 嚴(yán)格涉及更改項(xiàng)目預(yù)算控制在概算內(nèi)施工造成的變化, 原因有很多, 包括工程設(shè)計(jì)不良, 使工程合同與圖紙不符規(guī)定； 當(dāng)前市場(chǎng)供應(yīng)的材料不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)格的設(shè)計(jì)要求。這些問(wèn)題已離開初級(jí)工程造價(jià)的因素。因此, 在施工過(guò)程中, 我們必須加緊海關(guān)變化通過(guò)任何更改設(shè)計(jì), 擴(kuò)大建設(shè)規(guī)模, 提高設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn), 增加建設(shè)內(nèi)容, 最好實(shí)行“分級(jí)控制 , 限額簽證”制度。 有權(quán)變更設(shè)計(jì), 尤其是涉及到成本的設(shè)計(jì)變更, 必須經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)單位, 建設(shè)單位現(xiàn)場(chǎng)代表 , 監(jiān)理工程師共同簽字, 并應(yīng)提前這種變化, 減少損失 , 因?yàn)橐淹瓿苫虿糠滞瓿傻捻?xiàng)目將進(jìn)行拆除工作的內(nèi)容, 這勢(shì)必造成重大變更損失。因此, 建設(shè)單位應(yīng)指派工程造