環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)(外文資料及翻譯)

1、環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)(外文資料及翻譯"Environmental ecology, mainly in humanities and social and environmental ecology international wide public concern" the concept of sustainable development ", "environmental protection and sustainable development strategy problem", "harmonious society and c

2、ircular economy", "human survival way and environmental ecological crisis", "China at the beginning of 21 century on the path of sustainable development", "environmental culture and living safety", "global warming the earth's environment and the ecological

3、 security", "ozone depletion of earth environment the ecological influence", "acid rain on the earth's environment the ecological influence", "urbanization on city environment and regional climate effect", "desert-oasis ecosystem water heat transfer and th

4、e interaction numerical simulation", "western China development of water resources and the sustainable development problems".In the 21 st century, the human face of worsening ecological environment and the lack of human resources, clearly recognized that must walk the path of sustaina

5、ble development. From a long-term perspective, the development environment ecological education is to solve the environmental problems and the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development at all. Higher school education is to improve theecological environment of the new century, the env

6、ironment of the builders ecological awareness, to the transportation environment of specialized personnel the ecological protection of important way. As a contemporary college students, must have the living environment and the sense of urgency and have the time should be the new century demand quali

7、ty talent environmental knowledge.Green peace in China and international stage play an active role. In China, the green peace was China's most influential media as "China's best public organization" On the international stage, green peace at the UN conference on climate change, and

8、 in the light of the international society should how to deal with climate change challenge from China put forward the folk organization views.Because of "traditional environmental technology can not to" contemporary environmental biological technology, the development of high level techno

9、logy mainly in the hot, namely to molecular biology technology as the main body, by genetic engineering as the leading pollution diagnosis, pollution monitoring, pollution control and ecological remediation technologies. Among them, the environmental biological new technology, new methods of develop

10、ment and utilization, such as pollution of the environment molecular diagnosis technology ispollution control and repair the premise and basis. Because the current environmental biological technology researchers, still can't very well in biological chip, genetically modified, stem cell, protein

11、group, metabolic group, biological technology, such as the development of light pollution detection and monitoring of the effective method.People and the environment is inseparable relationship. In the past, present and future, human beings are always in constant change the environment, create not o

12、nly use, and beautiful environment space. City imply, is more than just building, streets, shops and construct the accumulation of artificial things and contain in many functional facilities and hard landscape of social culture, accompanied by economic, political and urban residents colorful life. F

13、rom external visual image of the city is to see, by its plane structure, the sky outline, various building, facilities, regional market, open space, landmark plant gardens and indefinite traffic tools through a city, but these are people in choice and the selected behavior formed under the physical

14、form, which contain deep natural law, social psychology, human emotions and historical vicissitudes of life.Urbanization in bring about many benefits for people at the same time, also caused a series of serious ecological environment problems, to natural ecosystem and the people's health effects

15、. These problems isreflected in three aspects: one is the urban climate change (such as heat island effect and environmental pollution, including water, air and noise and solid waste pollution, etc.; 2 it is natural resource depletion and shortages, especially fresh water, fossil fuel, cultivated la

16、nd excessive utilization and biodiversity of the reduced; Three is the city the increase of population, resulting in a large number of social issues, such as housing nervous, heavy traffic, reduce, education and health and green lag and so on. Ecological city is to point to in ecological system, wit

17、hin the scope of carrying capacity of the ecological economy principle and system engineering construction method of the city. And Ecological city construction, change the traditional way of production and consumption, decision-making and management methods, fully mining district inside and outside

18、the resources can be exploited to all potential, has developed economy, ecology and efficient industry, the system is reasonable, the harmony of the society culture and ecological health, landscape suitable environment, to achieve the conditions of the socialist market economy, economic growth and e

19、nvironmental protection, material civilization and the spiritual civilization, natural ecological and human ecological high unification.Ecological city practice methods should be coordinated economic and social development, at the same time ensure long-term ecological healthand future generations, t

20、he resources needed for survival and development. China's ecological city planning with other plan to have two different. Its planning time more than 20 years of general (general layout planning of fixed number of year, for long-term development direction. In addition, ecological city planning t

21、han any other plan covers the content more widely. China's ecological city method can reflect the most need to solve two aspects of the-the economic and ecological, the purpose is to seek for the economic and social benefits, long-term ecological health and resource management and coordination.

22、Social issue would be in the discussions of the ecological city becomes more and more important. First, pay attention to the exploration of the urban ecology theory, especially the different scale of urban construction and function of; Second, expanding the scope of the city scientific research, tha

23、t is, from the city by a single objective of the study, change is compound ecological system in rural and urban studies, including half of urbanized area research and rural industrialization and urban agglomeration research; Third, the development of ecological city construction applicable technolog

24、y system, and promote the existing technology the ecological; Fourth, for ecological city construction ecological landscape planning and provide the ecological culture methodological guidance; Fifth, establish the corresponding policies and decrees and rewards and punishment system, promote the deve

25、lopment ofecological city; Sixth, strengthen education, training and ecological city construction, enhance the ability of ecological consciousness; Seventh, to strengthen international between cities and communities, cooperation and communication between the."We have a responsibility, which is

26、not only consider the meaning, and open our own to experience the beauty and follows the lead. The urban environment art, a kind of choice and the progress of relief.The current both large and medium cities or towns and villages, the ecological construction practice in our country on booming has. Pe

27、ople are more and more aware of ecological city development and construction of ecological city the importance and the urgency ofEcological city is put forward based on the awakening of the human ecological civilization and to the traditional industrialization and industrial cities, ecological city

28、has not reflect pure natural ecology, but the natural, social and economic compound the symbiosis between the urban ecological, it and sanitation city, garden city, urban landscape, garden city, forest city, different qu co-workers, have distinction to have connection again already, have increase pu

29、blic cultural quality and life quality effect, note that the Chinese ecological environment conditionsdiffer in thousands ways, may not single development type and development model, need to adjust measures to local conditions of ecological city planning create all sorts of type and various developm

30、ent model.Facing the new century, the human orientation and inevitable choice is ecology. Urban ecological development path, construction go ecological city is the inevitable trend of the development of history. The construction of ecological city cannot leave the creative planning and design, creat

31、ive planning and design need forward-looking theoretical guidance. In the research of ecological city became a city plan the forefront of research topic. Change the traditional urban planning values, it is necessary in new ecological values of the current under the guidance of the urban planning the

32、ory to a fundamental reform system, ecological city planning and design theory principle and method, the method, a series of problems, such as technology to meet the need of the time.Ecological city idea contains the sustainable development idea and city and nature coexist aims, the domestic future

33、urban planning work have important significance. In today's science and technology is developed, to transform nature (namely human intervention natural ability of past situation, far beyond human must be aware that any living environment(including city is a global ecological system, part of the

34、human activities within the limit in the ecological necessary, and fully embodied in the planning, this is true in the premise of sustainable development of establishing ecological city, is also the fundamental guarantee.Ecological civilization of moral evaluation standard, in general, that is benef

35、icial to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is good, what things are harmful to the human and the nature harmonious relationship between the behavior of the construction is evil. Of course, consciously abide by the environmental law shall ecolog

36、ical civilization is the base line of ethics standards, specific provision people in dealing with the relationship between man and nature, what should do and what should not do. And active practice ecological ethics behavior may allow have DuoZhong realm. The highest state is "ecological self-s

37、upervision", that is, no matter when and where, regardless of whether supervision, always to ecological moral standard, in the interests of both consciously and ecological benefits, the determination to promote the harmony between human being and nature and prosperity, and the relationship betw

38、een man and nature to solve the crisis with all my heart. In short, ecology theory in China construction of ecological civilization society has the important, not the role of the body, and provide scientific theory.Hope that nature can peace and common forever!環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)主要以人文社會和環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)方面國際社會廣泛關(guān)注的“可持續(xù)發(fā)展的理念”

39、、“環(huán)境保護(hù)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略問題”、“和諧社會和循環(huán)型經(jīng)濟(jì)”、“人類生存方式與環(huán)境生態(tài)危機(jī)”、“中國21世紀(jì)初可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路”、“環(huán)境文化與生存安全”、“全球變暖與地球環(huán)境生態(tài)安全”、“臭氧層破壞對地球環(huán)境生態(tài)的影響”、“酸雨對地球環(huán)境生態(tài)的影響”、“城市化對城市環(huán)境及區(qū)域氣候的影響”、“沙漠-綠洲生態(tài)系統(tǒng)水熱輸送及相互作用數(shù)值模擬”、“中國西部水資源開發(fā)與可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題”。在人類跨入21世紀(jì)之際,面臨不斷惡化的生存環(huán)境生態(tài)和資源的匱乏,人類清醒地認(rèn)識到必須走可持續(xù)發(fā)展的道路。從長遠(yuǎn)觀點來說,發(fā)展環(huán)境生態(tài)教育是解決環(huán)境問題和實施可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的根本。高等學(xué)校的環(huán)境生態(tài)教育,是提高新世紀(jì)建設(shè)者的

40、環(huán)境生態(tài)意識,向社會輸送環(huán)境生態(tài)保護(hù)專門人才的重要途徑。作為當(dāng)代大學(xué)生,必須具有生存環(huán)境的時代緊迫感和具備應(yīng)有的新世紀(jì)人才環(huán)境知識的需求素質(zhì)。環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)研究重點是環(huán)境污染的生態(tài)學(xué)原理和規(guī)律、環(huán)境污染的綜合治理、自然資源的保護(hù)和利用、廢棄物的能源化和資源化技術(shù),研究目的是改善不斷惡化的生態(tài)環(huán)境,達(dá)到資源的永續(xù)利用,促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境和人類社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展.環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)的研究對象是污染的環(huán)境對整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)(以生物為主的影響。它是研究生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的生物與污染的環(huán)境兩者之間作用與反作用、對立與統(tǒng)一、相互依賴與相互制約、物質(zhì)的循環(huán)與代謝等一系列相互作用的規(guī)律,以及支配這些規(guī)律的內(nèi)在機(jī)理。生命系統(tǒng)與人為干預(yù)的環(huán)境

41、系統(tǒng)兩者之間的相互作用,可以表現(xiàn)為各級水平,所以,環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)的研究對象既包括從宏觀上研究環(huán)境中污染物和人為干預(yù)的環(huán)境對生物的個體、種群、群落和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生影響的基本規(guī)律,也包括從微觀上研究污染物和人為干預(yù)的環(huán)境對生物的分子、細(xì)胞和組織器官產(chǎn)生的毒害作用及其機(jī)理。環(huán)境污染是指由于對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)有害的物質(zhì)進(jìn)入環(huán)境后對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成的干擾和損害的現(xiàn)象,簡稱污染。具體來說就是,有害物質(zhì)或有害因子進(jìn)入環(huán)境并在環(huán)境中發(fā)生擴(kuò)散、遷移、轉(zhuǎn)化,并跟生態(tài)體統(tǒng)的諸要素發(fā)生作用,使生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能發(fā)生變化,對人類以及其它生物的生存和發(fā)展產(chǎn)生不利影響。環(huán)境污染除了給生態(tài)系統(tǒng)造成直接的破壞和影響外,污染物的積累和遷移轉(zhuǎn)化還

42、會引起多種衍生的環(huán)境效應(yīng),給生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人類社會造成間接的危害,有時這種間接的環(huán)境效應(yīng)的危害比當(dāng)時造成的直接危害更大,也更難消除。例如,溫室效應(yīng)、酸雨、和臭氧層破壞就是由大氣污染衍生出的環(huán)境效應(yīng)。這種由環(huán)境污染衍生的環(huán)境效應(yīng)具有滯后性,往往在污染發(fā)生的當(dāng)時不易被察覺或預(yù)料到,然而一旦發(fā)生就表示環(huán)境污染已經(jīng)發(fā)展到相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重的地步。當(dāng)然,環(huán)境污染的最直接、最容易被人所感受的后果是使人類環(huán)境的質(zhì)量下降,影響人類的生活質(zhì)量、身體健康和生產(chǎn)活動。例如城市的空氣污染造成空氣污濁,人們的發(fā)病率上升等等;水污染使水環(huán)境質(zhì)量惡化,飲用水源的質(zhì)量普遍下降,威脅人的身體健康,引起胎兒早產(chǎn)或畸形等等。嚴(yán)重的污染事件不僅帶

43、來健康問題,也造成社會問題。隨著污染的加劇和人們環(huán)境意識的提高,由于污染引起的人群糾紛和沖突逐年增加。目前在全球范圍內(nèi)都不同程度地出現(xiàn)了環(huán)境污染問題,具有全球影響的方面有大氣環(huán)境污染、海洋污染、城市環(huán)境問,環(huán)境污染也日益呈現(xiàn)國際化趨勢,近年來出現(xiàn)的危險廢物越境轉(zhuǎn)移問題就是這方面的突出表現(xiàn)。綠色和平在中國和國際的舞臺都扮演著積極的角色。在中國,綠色和平被中國最有影響力的媒體評為“中國最佳公益組織”;在國際舞臺,綠色和平出席聯(lián)合國氣候變化大會,并針對國際社會應(yīng)當(dāng)如何應(yīng)對氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)提出來自中國的民間組織的見解?！皻夂蜃兓谌蚍秶鷥?nèi)造成越來越嚴(yán)重的影響,我們甚至有了緊迫感?，F(xiàn)在缺乏的是政治上的意

44、愿。我們需要你們綠色和平,需要你們來匯聚民意,促使政治家們能夠去施行這件正確的事情。你們準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?”現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)與環(huán)境保護(hù),現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)是以DNA分子技術(shù)為基礎(chǔ),包括微生物工程,細(xì)胞工程,酶工程,基因工程等一系列生物高新技術(shù)的總稱?，F(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)不僅在農(nóng)作物改良、醫(yī)藥研究、食品工程方面發(fā)揮著重要作用,而且也隨著日益突出的環(huán)境問題在治理污染、環(huán)境生物監(jiān)測等方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。自20世紀(jì)80年代以來生物技術(shù)作為一種高新技術(shù),已普遍受到世界各國和民間研究機(jī)構(gòu)的高度重視,發(fā)展十分迅猛。與傳統(tǒng)方法比較,生物治理方法具有許多優(yōu)點。正因為要“能傳統(tǒng)環(huán)境技術(shù)之不能”,當(dāng)代環(huán)境生物技術(shù)的發(fā)展熱點主要集中在高層

45、次技術(shù),即以分子生物學(xué)技術(shù)為主體,以基因工程為主導(dǎo)的污染診斷、污染監(jiān)測、污染控制及污染生態(tài)修復(fù)技術(shù)上。其中,環(huán)境生物新技術(shù)、新方法的開發(fā)和利用,如污染環(huán)境的分子診斷技術(shù)是污染控制與修復(fù)的前提和基礎(chǔ)。因為當(dāng)前環(huán)境生物技術(shù)研究人員,仍不能很好地用生物芯片、轉(zhuǎn)基因、干細(xì)胞、蛋白質(zhì)組、代謝組、生物發(fā)光等技術(shù),發(fā)展出有效的污染檢測與監(jiān)測方法。人與環(huán)境有著密不可分的關(guān)系。無論過去、現(xiàn)在還是未來,人類總是在不斷地改造環(huán)境,創(chuàng)造不僅使用,而且美觀的環(huán)境空間。城市所意味的,不僅僅是建筑、街道、商店等人工建構(gòu)物的堆積,而蘊(yùn)涵著在諸多功能性設(shè)施及硬質(zhì)景觀相伴下的社會文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和城市居民多姿多彩的生活。從外在的

46、視覺影像來看，城市是由其平面結(jié)構(gòu)、天際輪廓、各色建筑、街市設(shè)施、區(qū)域地標(biāo)、開放 的空間、植栽園林及穿梭不定的交通工具所構(gòu)成，然而這些都是城市人在選擇和 被選擇的行為方式下形成的物質(zhì)形態(tài)，其間蘊(yùn)涵著深厚的自然法則、社會心理、 人文情感及歷史滄桑。 城市化在為人們帶來許多益處的同時，也產(chǎn)生一系列嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)環(huán)境問題，對自 然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和人民健康產(chǎn)生影響。這些問題主要表現(xiàn)在三個方面：一是城市的氣 候變化（如熱島效應(yīng)）和環(huán)境污染，包括水、空氣、噪聲和固體廢棄物污染等； 二是自然資源的耗竭與短缺，特別是淡水、化石燃料、耕地的過度利用和生物多 樣性的減少； 三是城市人口的增加導(dǎo)致大量的社會問題， 如住房緊張、 交通擁擠、 綠地減少、教育與衛(wèi)生滯后等。生態(tài)城市是指在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)承載能力范圍內(nèi)，運(yùn)用 生態(tài)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理和系統(tǒng)工程方法建設(shè)起來的城市。生態(tài)市建設(shè)，改變了傳統(tǒng)的生 產(chǎn)和消費方式、決策和管理方法，充分挖掘市域內(nèi)外一切可以利用的資源潛力， 具有經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)、生態(tài)高效的產(chǎn)業(yè)，體制合理、社會和諧的文化以及生態(tài)健康、景 觀適宜的環(huán)境，實現(xiàn)了社會主義市