漢英句子翻譯基本原理及主要方法

1、漢英句子翻譯基本原理及主要方法1. 句子處理：漢英翻譯重要環(huán)節(jié) 剛接觸漢英翻譯的人，最擔(dān)心的往往是哪個字不會說，于是查漢英詞典成為翻譯的不二法門。而在難詞查詢完畢之后，便依據(jù)原文語序進行翻譯。 實際情況是，即使一個生字也沒有，如果句子組織不好，也無法達(dá)到翻譯的目的。n有經(jīng)驗的漢英譯者往往對句子處理的基本原則和方法一般都能做到心中有數(shù)，即從宏觀上把握翻譯的方向，對宏觀圖景有一定的預(yù)見。漢英句子的基本原理n1. 結(jié)構(gòu)差異n2. 語篇意識n3. 信息焦點：找準(zhǔn)主語n4. 句子平衡：分清主次 1. 結(jié)構(gòu)差異連接方式：n漢語隱形，即連接詞很少出現(xiàn)或不出現(xiàn)，這體現(xiàn)為意合(parataxis);n英語顯性，

2、即連接詞出現(xiàn)，體現(xiàn)為形合(hypotaxis)1. 結(jié)構(gòu)差異組句方式：n漢語：動詞多，短句多，常按時間順序或前因后果的邏輯關(guān)系排列，呈鏈狀；n英語：常按句內(nèi)主次從屬關(guān)系排列，在句子主體上添加修飾語以及限定語，形成嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)臉錉罱Y(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)構(gòu)差異帶來的啟示n1. 正確判斷句子之間的關(guān)系，補充連接手段，實現(xiàn)顯性連接。ne.g. 在這一年半中，她抄寫、背寫英語單詞的紙，累起來可達(dá)桌子高。n思路：SVO=紙+達(dá)到+桌子高。n問題：累起來怎么處理？結(jié)構(gòu)差異帶來的啟示ne.g. 在這一年半中，她抄寫、背寫英語單詞的紙，累起來可達(dá)桌子高。nIn that year and a half, the paper on

3、which she had copied English words or written them down from memory, if stacked up, could reach the table from the floor. n2. 掌握內(nèi)在聯(lián)系正確斷句n我們的班主任姓王，五十開外，方臉，一臉的胡子。nMr. Wang, the head teacher responsible for our class, was over fifty. He had a square-shaped face with a full beard. n3. 正確安排句子基本框架，主次清楚，符合

4、原意。n原文：大家都記得1979年秋天，當(dāng)這個總共只念過八年書、連英文字母也認(rèn)不全，而且已有三個孩子的女工，竟然報名上電大英語班時，招來了多少驚訝的目光。n難點分析： n大家都記得1979年秋天，當(dāng)這個總共只念過八年書、連英文字母也認(rèn)不全，而且已有三個孩子的女工，竟然報名上當(dāng)?shù)仉姶笥⒄Z班時，招來了多少驚訝的目光。nThey remember how many astonished looks were cast at her in the autumn of 1979, when this woman worker with only 8 years schooling, little acq

5、uaintance with the English alphabet and three children to look after, actually enrolled in the English class offered by the local TV university. 2. 語篇意識n語篇意識是指把整個語篇視為一個整體，注重其內(nèi)在連貫性(coherence)，也就是注重文章思路和邏輯，注意上下文聯(lián)系。連貫性是通過Cohesion來實現(xiàn)的，就是把上下文聯(lián)系起來的那些詞匯和語法手段，如連詞、代詞、指示詞以及起連接作用的短語和句式等。n如果缺乏整體觀，翻譯中只會盯住一個個孤立的句

6、子，譯出來的句子語法正確，但上下文無法串聯(lián)或明顯累贅，頭緒混亂，看不出來龍去脈。舉例1n外高橋保稅區(qū)是中國大陸第一個自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，她是以出口加工和自由貿(mào)易相結(jié)合的一個綜合型對外開放區(qū)域。位于浦東新區(qū)東北端，瀕臨長江口，距市中心20公里。n直譯：Waigaoqiao Bonded Area, situated at the northeast end of Pudong New Area, bordering on the estuary of the Changjiang River, and from the Bonded Area, city proper being 20km., is t

7、he first free trade area in the Mainland of China, which is a comprehensive open area combining export processing with free trade.舉例1n外高橋保稅區(qū)是中國大陸第一個自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，她是以出口加工和自由貿(mào)易相結(jié)合的一個綜合型對外開放區(qū)域。位于浦東新區(qū)東北端，瀕臨長江口，距市中心20公里。n改譯：Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone is the first of its kind on Chinas mainland, or rathe

8、r a comprehensive free trade zone open to the outside world characterized by free trade along with export processing. Overlooking the Yangtze River estuary, the zone is located in the northeast end of the Pudong New Area of Shanghai, 20 kilometers from the downtown district of the city proper. 舉例2n離

9、開道路數(shù)十丈處有座大屋，屋檐下站著一個中年文士，一個十一二歲的小孩。那文士見到這等情景，不禁長嘆一聲，眼眶也紅了，說道：“可憐，可憐！”舉例2n離開道路數(shù)十丈處有座大屋，屋檐下站著一個中年文士，一個十一二歲的小孩。那文士見到這等情景，不禁長嘆一聲，眼眶也紅了，說道：“可憐，可憐！”nUnder the eaves of a large house, some hundred yards from the road, a middle-aged scholar was standing with a ten- or eleven-year-old boy at his side. He was

10、evidently affected by this little scene, for a groan escaped his lips and he appeared to be very close to tears.Poor creatures! he murmured to himself.舉例3n我常常遺憾我家門前的那塊丑石呢:它黑黝黝地臥在那里，牛似的模樣;誰也不知道是什么時候留在這里的，誰也不去理會它。只是麥?zhǔn)諘r節(jié)，門前攤了麥子，奶奶總是要說:這塊丑石，多礙地面喲，多時把它搬走吧。（五分鐘時間理思路）分析：n我常常遺憾我家門前的那塊丑石呢:它黑黝黝地臥在那里，牛似的模樣;誰也不

11、知道是什么時候留在這里的，誰也不去理會它。只是麥?zhǔn)諘r節(jié)，門前攤了麥子，奶奶總是要說:這塊丑石，多礙地面喲，多時把它搬走吧。分析：n我常常遺憾我家門前的那塊丑石呢:它黑黝黝地臥在那里，牛似的模樣;誰也不知道是什么時候留在這里的，誰也不去理會它。只是麥?zhǔn)諘r節(jié)，門前攤了麥子，奶奶總是要說:這塊丑石，多礙地面喲，多時把它搬走吧。n直譯：I used to be sorry for the ugly stone in front of our door. It is black and looks like an ox. Nobody knew when it was left there and pa

12、id any attention to it. Only when the season for harvesting wheat arrived and the grains of the wheat were spread over the ground beyond the door, would my grandma always say: “l(fā)ook at this ugly stone! It takes so much space. And someday it will be moved away.”參考譯文n我常常遺憾我家門前的那塊丑石呢:它黑黝黝地臥在那里，牛似的模樣;誰也

13、不知道是什么時候留在這里的，誰也不去理會它。只是麥?zhǔn)諘r節(jié)，門前攤了麥子，奶奶總是要說:這塊丑石，多礙地面喲，多時把它搬走吧。nI used to feel sorry for that ugly black piece of stone lying like an ox in front of our door; none knew when it was left there and none paid any attention to it，except at the time when wheat was harvested and my grandma，seeing the grain

14、s of wheat spread all over the ground in the front yard of the house，would grumble: “This ugly stone takes so much space. Move it away someday.”3. 信息焦點:找準(zhǔn)主語n英語主謂賓的基本結(jié)構(gòu)n英語主語的構(gòu)成：名詞；動名詞；不定式；形式主語主語選定n例一：看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌。n1. On seeing this miserable scene, people got panic-stricken very soon.n2. At the si

15、ght of this miserable scene, people was seized with panic/overwhelmed by panic/great terror, or people were thrown in panic.n3. The sight of this miserable scene threw people in panic. n看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了撤退的心思。原文思路：n1. 改寫為歐化中文：大家如此驚慌以致于 (sothat & such that)n2. 理清邏輯：整體與部分（大家-有人）譯文一n看到這慘狀，大家立即

16、陷入了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。nThe sight of the miserable scene threw people into such a panic that some of them even had the idea of making a retreat. nThe sight of the miserable scene made people so panic-stricken that some of them even conceived of/entertained the idea of making a retreat. 譯文二n看到這慘狀，大家立即陷入

17、了恐慌，有人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。nThe sight of the miserable scene terrified the people, some of whom even harbored the intention of making a retreat. 例2n1953年，英美兩國計劃對中國援朝部隊使用原子彈，并準(zhǔn)備用核武器進攻中國。當(dāng)這個消息由第三國外交官轉(zhuǎn)告北京時，新中國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人深感憂慮，立即作出了建立和發(fā)展原子彈和導(dǎo)彈事業(yè)的決定。nIn1953, AmericaandEnglandplannedtouseatomicbombsagainstChineseaidingtro

18、opsinKoreaandtoattackChinawithnuclearweapons. WhenthenewswastransferredtoBeijingfromdiplomaticsourcesofathirdcountry, theleadersofnewChinafeltdeeplyworriedandimmediatelydecidedtosetupanddevelopatomicbombandmissilecause. 例2n1953年，英美兩國計劃對中國援朝部隊使用原子彈，并準(zhǔn)備用核武器進攻中國。當(dāng)這個消息由第三國外交官轉(zhuǎn)告北京時，新中國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人深感憂慮，立即作出了建立和發(fā)展

19、原子彈和導(dǎo)彈事業(yè)的決定。n順句推動法：In1953, AmericaandEnglandplannedtouseatomicbombsagainstChineseaidingtroopsinKoreaandtoattackChinawithnuclearweapons. WhenthenewswastransferredtoBeijingfromdiplomaticsourcesofathirdcountry, theleadersofnewChinafeltdeeplyworriedandimmediatelydecidedtosetupanddevelopatomicbombandmiss

20、ilecause. n1953年，英美兩國計劃對中國援朝部隊使用原子彈，并準(zhǔn)備用核武器進攻中國。當(dāng)這個消息由第三國外交官轉(zhuǎn)告北京時，新中國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人深感憂慮，立即作出了建立和發(fā)展原子彈和導(dǎo)彈事業(yè)的決定。n活譯法：In1953， whentheylearnedfromdiplomaticsourcesofathirdcountrythattheUnitedStatesandBritainwerepreparedtoattackmainlandChinaandtheChinesetroopsinKoreawithnuclearweapons, theleadersofnewChina, deeply

21、concerned, decidedthatChinamustdevelopitsownatomicbombsandmissiles. 4. 句子平衡：分清主次 一、一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) Nominative AbsoluteNominative Absoluten1. n. + present participle phrasen到處都可以看見人們穿著節(jié)日服裝，滿臉笑容。nEverywhere you can see people in their holiday dresses, their faces shining with smiles.n天氣要是合適的話，我們明天要到西山去

22、玩。nWeather permitting, well go on an excursion to the Western Hill tomorrow.2. n. + past participle phrase2. n. + past participle phrasen他臉朝天，頭枕著手躺著。nHe lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head.n他做完作業(yè)后回家去了。nHis work done, he went home.nAfter his work had been done, he went h

23、ome.3. n. + adjective phrasen他鼻子凍得通紅地走進房來。nHe came into my room, his nose red with cold.n老頭坐了下來，由于痛苦臉色發(fā)白，兩頰上還帶有淚痕。nThe old man sat down, his face pale with pain and traces of tears on his cheeks.4. n. + adverbial phrasen她伸出雙手，掌心向上。nShe put out her hands, palms up.n他襪子穿反了。nHe put on his socks, wrong

24、side out.5. n. + n.n數(shù)以千計的船民被淹死，其中許多是小孩。nThousands of boat people were drowned, many of them children.n他的第一個劇本成功后，又寫了另一個劇本。nHis first play a success, he wrote another.6. n. + infinitiven來客也不少，有送行的，有拿東西的，有送行兼拿東西的。nWe also had quite a host of visitors, some to see us off, some to fetch things, and some

25、 to do both.n他為這家雜志寫了兩篇稿子，一篇即將本期發(fā)表，另一篇將在下期刊載。nHe has contributed two articles to the journal, one to be published in this issue, the other to come out in the next.7. n. + prepositional phrasen他們歡快地一手拿著鞭子，一手扯著韁繩，催馬向前。nIn jolly spirits, they urged the horses on, whip in one hand and reins in the other

26、.n他端著槍，走進那間黑屋子。nHe entered the dark room, gun in hand.二、過去分詞短語二、過去分詞短語 Past Participle PhrasePast Participle Phrasen錯誤與挫折教訓(xùn)了我們，使我們變得聰明起來，我們的事情就辦得好一些。nTaught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our problems better.n我一直坐到十一點多鐘，全神貫注地看著一本小說。nI sat until eleven, absorbed/immersed in

27、 a fiction.三、形容詞短語三、形容詞短語 Adjective PhraseAdjective Phrasen周總理是那樣謙遜、隨和、易于接近，使大家很快就不緊張了。nModest, unassuming, easy to approach, Premier Zhou soon put everyone there completely at ease.n這些藝術(shù)品豐富多彩，栩栩如生，而且別出心裁，具有鮮明的民族特色和地方色彩。nColorful, lifelike and original, these works of art had/assumed distinctive national and local characteristics.四、名詞短語四、名詞短語 Noun PhraseNoun Phrasen他是一位天才的語言學(xué)家，同樣精通法、德、英等多種語言。nA gifted linguist, he was equally at home in French, German and English.n中國是