泛讀教程_第三冊_cloze_問題詳解_原文

1、Uni t1.The ability to predict what the writer isgoing/ about/ tryingto say n extis both an aid to un dersta nding and a sig n of it.A predictio n beg ins from the mome nt you read the title and from expectati ons of what he book is likely to contain. Even if the expectations/predictions arecontradic

2、ted, they are useful because they have started you thinking about the topic and made you actively in volved.If you formulate your predict ionsas questi ons which you thi nk the text may an swer,you are preparing yourself to read for a purpose: to see which of your questions are in fact dealt with an

3、d whatan swers are offered. If your readi ng is morepurposeful you are likely to understand better.Naturally yourpredictio ns/expectatio nswill not always be correct. This doesnot matter at all as long as you recog nize whe n they are wrong, and why .In fact mistake n predicti ons cantell you the so

4、urce of misun dersta nding and help you toavoid certa in false assumpti ons.Predict ion is possible at a nu mber of levels. From the title of the book you can know/foretellthe topic and the possibly something about the treatment. Fromthe beg inning of the senten ces, you can ofte n predict how the s

5、entence willend.Between these extremes, you can predict what will happen next in a story, or how a writer will develop/presenthis argument, or what methods will be used to testa hypothesis.Because predictionensures the reader s activeinvolvement,it is worthtrai ning.Unit2. Education is not an end, b

6、ut a means to an end. Inother words, we donot educate childre n just/ only for the purpose of educat ing them. Our purpose is to fit them for life.In many moder n coun tries it has for some time bee n fashi on ableto think that,by free educati on for all, one can solve all the problems of society an

7、d build a perfect n ati on. But we can already see that free educati on for all is not eno ugh;we find in some/many countriesa far larger number of people with university degreesthan there are jobs for them to fill. Because of their degrees, theyrefuse to dowhat they think to be low work, and, in fa

8、ct, work with hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such coun tries.But we have only to think a mome nt tosee/know/un dersta ndthat the work of acompletely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor.Wecanlive without education, but we die if we have no food. f no one cle

9、aned our streets and took the rubbish away from our houses, we should get terrible diseases in our tow ns.In fact, when we say that all of us must be educated to fit ourselves for life, it means that we must be ready/willing/educated/taughtto do whatever job suitedto our brain and ability, and to re

10、alize that all jobs are n ecessary to society, that is very wrong/in correct/err on eous to be ashamed of on es work or to scor n some one else s. Only such a type of educati on can be called valuable to society.Unit3. Humanbeings learn to communicate with each other will nonlinguisticmeansas well a

11、s linguisticways/means/ones . All of us are famil iar with the say it wasn twhat he said; it was the way that he said it when, byusing/saying the word way wemean something about the particular vice quality that wasin evidenee., or the setof a shoulder, or the obvious tension of certain muscles. A me

12、ssage may even be sent by the accompanying tone and gestures, so that each of I m ready, you are beautiful, and I don t know where he is can mean the opposite of any such interpretation.Oftenwe have/meet/encounter/experieneedifficulty in finding exactly what in thecom muni catio n causes the cha nge

13、 of mea ning, and any stateme ntwe make leads to thesource of the gap between the literalmeaning of the words and the total messagethat is likely to be expressed in impressi oni stic terms. It is likely to refertosome thing like a“glint ” in a person s eyes , or a “threatening ” gesture, orprovocati

14、ve manner.Uni t4. How do the birds find their way on their eno rmously long journ eys? The young birds are not taught the road by their parents , because often the parents fly off first. We have no idea how the birds find their way, particularly as many ofthem fly at/by night, when Iandmarks could h

15、ardly beseen. And other birds migrateover the sea, where there are noIandmarks at all. A certain kind of plover, forinstance/example, nests in Canada. At the end of the summer these birdsmigratefrom Canada to South America; they fly 2,500 miles, non-stop, over the ocean. Not only is this very long f

16、light an extraord inary feat of en dura nee, but there are noIan dmarks on the ocea n to guide/direct the birds.It has been suggested that birds can sense the magnetic lines of force stretching from the north to south magneticpole of the earth, and so direct themselves. Butall experime nts hitherto

17、made to see whether magn etism has anyeffect/i nflue neewhatsoever on ani mals have give n n egative results. Still, where there is such a biological mystery as migrati on, even improbable experime nts are worth tryi ng.It/this was being done in Poland, before the invasion of that country, on the po

18、ssible in flue neeof magn etism on path- finding.Magn ets were attached to the birds headsto see if/whethertheir direct ion-sense was con fused thereby. These unfini shedexperiments had, of course, to be stopped.Un it5. Man first existed on earth half a millio n years ago. The n he was littlemore th

19、an an animal; but early man had several big advantagesover the animals. Hehad a large head/bra in , he had an upright body, he had clever han ds; he had in his brain special groups of nerve cells, not found in animals, that enabled him to invent a language a nd use it to com mun icate with his fello

20、w men. The ability to speak was of very great use/value/significance/importanee because it was allowed mento shareideas, and to pla n together, so that tasks impossible for asin gle pers on could besuccessfully under-taken by intelligentteam-work. Speech also enabled ideas to bepassed on from genera

21、tion to generationso that the stock of human knowledge slowlyin creased.ahead of all other livingIt was these special adva ntages that put men farcreatures in the struggle forsurvival/existe nee. They can use their in tellige neehandin g/overco mingtheir difficulties and master them.Un it6.Lan guage

22、 varies accord ing to sex a nd occupatio n. The Ian guage of mandifferssubtly from that of women. Men do not usuallyuse expressionssuch as “itsdarling, ” and womentend not to swear as extensivelyas men. Likewise, the Ianguageused in address ing men and wome n differs subtly: we can complime nt a man

23、 on a new necktie with the compliment/words“what a pretty tie, that is! ” but not with “howpretty you look today! ” - an expression reserved for complimentinga woman. Theoccupation of a person causes his Ianguage to vary, particular in the use hemakesof tech nical terms, that is, in the use he makes

24、 of the jarg on of his vacati on.Soldiers, den tist, hairdressers, mecha nics, yachtsme n, and skiers all have their particular special languages . Sometimes the consequenee is that such personshavedifficulty in communicating with people outside the vacation on professional maters because the tech n

25、i cal vocabulary is notunderstood by all. Although we can relatecertainkinds of jargon to levels of occupation and professionaltraining, we mustalso note that all occupations have some jargon, even these of the criminal un derworld. There may well be a more highly developed use ofjarg on in occupati

26、o nsthat require considerableeducation,in which words, and the concepts they use, aremani pulatedrather tha n objects, for example in the legal and teach ingcircle/world/fieldand in the world of finance.Unit7. The space age began on October 4, 1957, when Sputnik I was launched. This first man-made s

27、atellite was followed by many others, some of which went around the sun. Now the conquest of the space between the planets, and between the earth and the sun, con ti nues at a rapid rate.Each mew satellite and space probe gives scie ntists new in formatio n. As men explore outer space, some of the q

28、uestions they have long asked/wondered about will be an swered at last.The greatest questi on of all concerns life itself. Is there in tellige ntlifeout sidethe earth?Are there people, or creatures ofsome sort/kindlivingon Mars,Venus,or someother pla net of the solarsystem? Aretherepla netsorbit ing

29、/goin g/circli ngaround stars other tha n our sun?The only kind of life we know about would have to be upon a planet.Only a planetwould have the temperatures and gas that allliv ingthi ngs seem to n eed. Un til ashort time ago, we thought there were only a few planets. Today, scientists believe that

30、 ma ny stars have pla nets going around them.Weknow that there are nine planets in our own solar system-Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. If any other planets exist in oursolar system, or any where else, our telescopes are not powerful eno ugh to pick up their f

31、eeble reflected light. But astro no mers guess that onestar in a hun dredhas at least one planet where life could exist.We are quite sure that life could begi n on a young pla net. A new pla nt wouldbe likely to con tain great seas, together with heavy clouds of water vapor and other gases. Electric

32、 storms would be com mon .It is possible that simple livingcells mightfrom whe n electricity passed through theclouds. An experime nt made in1952 at theUniversityof Chicago seems to prove this. By passing electricity through nonlivingmaterials, scie ntist made cells like those of living creatures.Un

33、 it8.At the begi nning of the nin etee nth cen tury the onlyacceptable rolesfor women were domestic there was virtually nothing for them to do except stay at home or hire out as maids, governesses,and, before long, teachers. Women were not allowed to own property -in most cases, not even the clothes

34、 they wore. A working wife was not allowed to keep her wages but was required to turn them over to her husband. In case of separation or divorce, a womanhad no legal claims on her husband and was not allowed to keep the children. She had to legal status, which meant that she was not permitted to bri

35、ng suit or to give testim ony in courts. Often, she was not permitted to inherit property or to make a will. She was barred from public officeand excluded form public lifegen erally.For the most part, wome n lackedopportunitiesfor education,vocationaltraining, and professional employment. Then atio

36、nal consen sus was that wome n made to see that they stayed there.Unit9.Sydney s best featurebelong in the home, and determined efforts wereis her harbor. Most Sydneysid ers can see at least a glimpse of blue sea from their win dows. Nearly every one lives within an hour from a beach. On weekends sa

37、ils of all shapes, sizes and colors glide across the water.Watch ing the yacht races is a favorite Saturday activity.The harbor divides Sydney into north and south sect ions. The harbor bridgeconn ects the two. It wasbuilt in 1932 and cost 20 milli on.Another Sydney symbol stands on the harbor shore

38、. Sydney s magnificent operahouse celebrated its 20 th anni versary last year. Danish desig ner Jorn Utzon won an intern ati onal con test with his desig n. The structure contains several auditoria and theaters. But not all con certs are held in the buildi ng. Sun day after noon con certson the buil

39、ding s outer walk attractmany listeners.Sydney s trendy suburb is Paddington. Houses are tightly packed together . Many were first built for Victoria n artists. Now fashi on able shops, restaura nts, arts galleries and interesting people fill the area. The best time to visit is Saturday, whenvendors

40、 sell everything. So there is one of the world s most attractive cities -Sydn ey, Austria n.Unit 10 Architectural desig n in flue nces how privacy is achieved as well as how social con tact is made in public places. The con cept of privacy is not unique to a particular culture but what it means is c

41、ulturally determ ined.People inthe UnitedStates tend toachieve privacy by physicallyseparatingthemselves from others. The expression“good fences make good neighbors ” is aprefereneefor privacyfrom neighbors homes.If a family can afford it,each childhas his or her own bedroom. When privacy is needed,

42、 family members may close their bedroom doors.In some cultures whe n in dividuals n eed privacy, it is acceptable for them simplyto look into themselves. That is, they do not n eed to removethemselves physicallyfrom a group in order to achieve privacy.Young American childrenlearn the rule “ knock be

43、fore you enter ” which teaches themto respect others privacy.Parents, too, often follow this rule prior to enteringtheir children s rooms. Whena bedroom door is closed it may be a(n) sign to others saying, “I need privacy, ”“I m angry, ” or “Do not disturb. I busy. ” ForAmerica ns, the physical divi

44、si on of space and the use of architectural features permit a sense of privacy.The way space is used to help the in dividual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to desig n cities if culturally in flue need. Dr. Hall summarizes the relati on ship betwee n in dividuals and their physical surroundin

45、gs:Man and his exte nsions con stitute one in terrelated system. It is a mistake to actas though man was one thing and his house or his cities, or his Ian guage wee someth ing else.Unit11. The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world. Its books, pamphlets, documents, manuscripts,offic

46、ial, papers, photographs, and prints amountto some 86 milli on items-a nu mber that swells day by day-housed on 535 miles of shelves.Congress authorized a library in 1800, which amounted to three thousand books and a few maps when it was destroyed when the British burned the Capitol in 1814. to repl

47、ace it, Thomas Jeffers on sold the gover nment hisown library of almost 6500volumes-the finest in the nation at the time. The collection,again housed in theCapitol, had grown to 55000 when a fire burned more than half of it.In 1866 a portionof the Smithsonian Institution s library was added to the l

48、ibraryof Congress, andin the same year the government entered an international programby which copiesof U.S. docume nts were excha nged for those of othercoun tries . The copyright lawof 1870 en sured the library would always be up to date by requiri ng publishers to send two copies of each book pub

49、lished to the library in order to obtain copyright.By 1870 the collectionshad outgrown its Capitol quarters.Asuggestion to raisethe Capitol dome and fill it with bookshelves was rejected, and in 1873 Congress authorized a competition for the design of a librarybuilding.A variety of disputesdelayed c

50、on struct ion for more tha n a decade, but the library s Thomas Jeffers onBuildi ng was fin ally ope ned in 1897.Unit12. As a nation, we starting to realize that we can t solve the solid waste dilemma just by findingnew places to put trash. Across the country, many individuals,communities a nd bus i

51、n ess have found creative ways to reduce and better man age their trash through a coord in ated mix of practices that in eludes source reducti on.Simply put source reduct ion is wastepreve ntio n.It in cludes many actions thatreduce the disposal amount and harmfu In ess of waste created. Source redu

52、cti on can con serve resources , reduce pollutio n,and help cut waste disposal and handing costs(it avoids the costs ofrecycli ng , la ndfilli ng, and combusti on).Sourcereduct ion isa basic soluti on to too much garbage: lesswaste mea ns lessof a waste problem. Because source reduct ion actually pr

53、eve nts the in crease of waste in the first place , it comes before othermeasures that deal with trash after itis already gen erated. After source reducti on, recycli ng is the preferred waste management option because it reduces theamount of waste going to Iandfills andcon serves resources.Un it13.

54、 The first step in help ing the patie nt is to accept andack no wledge hisill ness. The cause of symptoms must be found, and measures to relieve them and to preve nt recurre nee must be take n. Thorough exam in ati ons areessen tial . Althoughthe physician may suspect that the illness is due to emot

55、ional rather than physical cause, he must search carefully for any evide nee ofphysical disease. It is notunknown for an illness consideredpsychosomatic to be later diagnosed as canceror some other disease . The thorough search for physical causes of the symptoms helps to gain the patie nt scon fide

56、 nee . He knows that his con diti on andsymptoms arebeing take nseriously. If no orga nicbasis for his compla ints isfound, he usuallywill find this n ews easier to accept whe n he knows he has had a thorough exam in ati on. Finding no physical cause for the disorder points the way to un dersta ndin

57、g the patient s condition. What is the cause? Is it emotional stress? If so, what kind? What are the problems which areupsett ingthe patie nts?Unit14. The work of French scientistJean BaptisteLamarck (1744-1829) hascontributed to the theory of evolution.Lamarck believed that the environment shapedth

58、e nature/trait/characteristicof plant and animal life. he believed that thebodies of pla nts and ani malscha nged/had to fit their en viro nment and a usefulphysical change would be passed on _t the plant s or animal s offspring.For example, Lamarck thought that giraffes developed long necks because they had to stretch to get/eat the leaves of tall trees for food. L