定語從句總結(精辟).

1、1.定語從句 :1) 定語從句的定義在復合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。引導定語從句的詞叫關系詞。關系詞包括關系代詞 who( 賓格 whom, 所有格 whose),that, which 和關系副詞 where, when, why 等。The boy who is wearing a black coat bought a dictionary yesterday.The noodles that（ which ） my mother cooked were delicious.The school where I learned judo was

2、 very large.I remember the day when our band was formed.I dont know the reason why she got so angry this morning.2) 定語從句的種類 ：定語從句可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。(1)限定性定語從句： 它是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語， 如果去掉， 主句的意思就不完整或失去意義。 這種從句與主句的關系十分密切，書寫時不可用逗號分開。如果關系代詞在限定性定語從句中作賓語，關系代詞通?？梢允÷?。Do you know the girl who just came in?Shan

3、ghai is a city（that） Ive always wanted to visit.Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane.The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life.(2)非限定性定語從句：它只是對先行詞作附加補充說明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。這種從句與主句的關系不是很密切，書寫時往往用逗號分開。非限定性定語從句一般不用that 引導，而且不可以省略關系詞。The old woman,

4、who lives on her own, has a cat for company.Lori is going to marry Mark, whom she does not love.Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.3) 關系代詞的用法： 在定語從句中， 關系代詞起著連接主句與從句，指代先行詞和在從句中作句子成分的三重作用。關系代詞的選用取決于主句中的先行詞以及關系代詞在從句中作何種成分。一 關系代詞 who, whom 的用法（ 1） who 可以代替人（即它的先行詞必須是人）

5、，在從句中擔任主語，往往也可以代替在從句中擔任賓格的whom, 但它的前面不能有介詞，如果帶介詞則必須用賓格whom ，即“介詞 +whom ”.E.g.Jonny is a person who always has novel ideas.The girl who the first prize in the contest is from Zhejiang.The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp.-The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp. ( 介詞 to 提到定語從句前，只

6、能用whom.)Well go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children.(whom 前常用表示數量的詞none/neither/both/each/all of)(2)在定語從句中，who, that 指人時可以通用，但在下列情況下用who,而不用 that.A) 先行詞是 one, ones, anyone 時，宜用 who. One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.The ones who flatter me don

7、tplease me.Anyone who laughs last laughs best.Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.B) 先行詞為those 時，宜用 who.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.C) 當先

8、行詞有較長的后置定語時，宜用who.I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in Yunnan province.D) 一個句子中帶有兩個定語從句時，其中一個定語從句的關系代詞時that， 另一個宜用who.E.g. The boy that you met last nightis the group leader who studies very hard.E) 在 there be 開頭的句子中，事宜用who.There is a young man who wants to see your father. There was

9、a king who was kind to his people.There are many old men who are against this plan.二關系代詞whose 的用法： 關系代詞whose是關系代詞who的所有格形式，它既可以代人，也可以代物。當whose代物時，相當于 of which. Whose引導的定語從句既可以是限定性定語從句，也可以是非限定性定語從句。Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company?The tourist wanted to book a room

10、whose window faces south.=The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south.=The tourist wanted to book a room . The room s window faces south.We went to see our teacher Miss Styles, whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.Xi an, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of

11、the few cities with city walls.三關系代詞that, which的用法（1）在限定性定語從句中指代物時，which 和 that 一般可通用。(2) 限定性定語從句中只用 that 而不用 which 的情況。A ）先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時B) 先行詞有序數詞修飾時D) 先行詞既有人又有物時G) 有兩個定語從句，其中一個關系代詞以用 which, 另一個宜用 that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.(3) 只用 which 而不用 t

12、hat 的情況A) 引導非限定定語從句時The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden.Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to others, which , of course, made the others e

13、nvy him.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad.(which 前常用 none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of 等詞修飾 )B）在限定性定語從句中，關系帶詞前有介詞時I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.This is the hotel in which you will stay.= That

14、s the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.(此句中，如果介詞in 放在句子的后面，那么關系代詞既可用which, 也可用 that,還可省略。C）在限定性定語從句中，如果有兩個定語從句時，其中一句的關系代詞that時，另一個用which.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.4) 關系副詞的用法（ where, when, why）： 關系副詞和關系代詞一樣，具有數重作用。連接主句與從句，指代先行詞，在從句中作句子成分。

15、由于關系副詞在從句中均做狀語，所以具體選用什么關系副詞，主要取決于關系副詞在從句中充當什么類型的狀語。一關系副詞where 的用法：有關系副詞where 引導的定語從句，其先行詞主要是表示地點的名詞，如building, city, room 等，where 在從句中作地點狀語。The hotel where we stayed was very clean.= The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean.=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.I got to the stage wh

16、ere I wasntcoping any more.=I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn tcoping with any more.= I got to the stage with which I wasn tcoping any more.二關系副詞when的用法：有when引導的定語從句，其先行詞主要是表示時間的名詞，如time, day, date,等 ,when在從句中作時間狀語。Ill never forget the time when we first met in London .=Ill never forget the tim

17、e during which we first met in London.The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5 th.(如果按語法來講， 上例中的定語從句只能用when引導，但在口語中， 常用 that 代替when,而且還可以省略。)三關系副詞why 的用法：由 why 引導的定語從句，常用在先行詞reason 后面， whyThe reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.=The reason (that)/for which I got a j

18、ob was that I worked hard.The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane.=The reason (that)/for which she was late was that she missed her plane.Amy didn tget a pay rise, but this wasnt the main reason why she left.=Amy didn tget a pay rise, but this wasntthe main reason (that)/for which

19、she left.(一般說來，在定語從句中，只要先行詞是the reason ，它的關系副詞就是why,但在口語中，和在句中作原因狀語。when 一樣， why常被that代替，也可省略。 )重點比較：帶 reason 的定語從句與表語從句的常用句型：定語從句The reason why/that;the reason why/that表語從句The reason is that(不能用 why ，否則就重復了)I know the reason why she studies so well.The reason is that he is always careless in his wo

20、rk.四關系代詞和關系副詞引導的定語從句的區(qū)別對于同一個先行詞，正確區(qū)分關系代詞和關系副詞，關鍵是要弄清楚它們在定語從句中擔任什么成分，而不僅僅取決于先行詞是什么。如果關系詞在從句中制作主語或賓語，就是關系代詞；如果關系詞在定語從句中做狀語，就是關系副詞，當然上面提到的口語用法除外。例句比較： 1. This is the college (that/which) I visited.2. This is the college where I studied three years ago.3. Ill never forget the day(that/which)we spent tog

21、ether.4. Ill never forget the day when I got married.5) 使用定語從句注意事項一定語從句中的主謂一致A）定語從句中的關系代詞作主語時，從句謂語的人稱，數要與先行詞一致。Is he the man who/that wants to see you?B） as/which 作主語引導非限定性從句指全句時，從句謂語用第三人稱。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.As is usual, Hans came to school late this morning.C

22、) 先行詞為“ one of + 復數名詞“時，關系代詞為從句主語，謂語用復數。D) 先行詞為“ the only one of the+ 復數名詞“時，關系代詞為從句主語，謂語用單數。二. what, how 不能用于定語從句中A）what 不能用作關系代詞來引導定語從句，但是what 引導的賓語從句可以與that 引導的定語從句進行互換。Tell me anything (that) you know.=Tell me what you know.Tell me anything what you know.( wrong)B) how 不能用作關系副詞來引導定語從句，修飾表示方式的way

23、 的定語從句用which 來引導，也可用that 或省略。This is the way (in which/that) I worked out the problem.This is how I worked out the problem.This is the way how I worked out the problem.(wrong)三關系代詞和關系副詞的省略（ 1）關系代詞的省略：A ） 非限定性定語從句中關系代詞不可以省略。Jan Hasek, who was my former English teacher, retired last year.B) 在限定性定語從句中，

24、關系代詞用作動詞賓語時可省略。Sorry, forgot to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.C) 關系代詞作介詞賓語時，如果介詞出現在關系代詞前，關系代詞不可以省略；如果介詞位于定語從句句末，關系代詞可以省略。This is the government building in which my father works.This is the government (which/that) my father works in.This is the government building in my father works. (錯誤 )D ）there be 句型之后的定語從句中，做主語或賓語的關系代詞?？褪÷?。Theres nothing (that) I can do about it.6）定語從句和同位語的區(qū)別A) 根據 that 在從句中是否做成分來判定。引導定語從句的that 是關系代詞，在句中充當主語或賓語，是對先行詞的一個說明。引導同位語從句的that 是連接詞，不充當任何成分，不能省略，也不能用which 代替。同位語從句用來說明名詞或代詞表示的具體內