不同品種小白菜對(duì)鎘的吸收積累差異

1、不同品種小白菜對(duì)鎘的吸收積累差異*陳 瑛1,2*李廷強(qiáng)2楊肖娥2金葉飛1(1紹興文理學(xué)院生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,浙江紹興312000;2浙江大學(xué)環(huán)境與資源學(xué)院污染環(huán)境修復(fù)與生態(tài)健康教育部重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,杭州310029摘 要 通過盆栽試驗(yàn),研究了60個(gè)小白菜品種在不同程度鎘污染土壤中吸收和積累鎘能力的差異.結(jié)果表明:在土壤鎘濃度為016m g #kg -1時(shí),小白菜鎘含量超過國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的為8133%;而在土壤鎘濃度為112m g #kg -1文章編號(hào) 1001-9332(200903-0736-05 中圖分類號(hào) S634 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼 AD ifferences i n cad m iu m absorpti

2、o n and accu m ulation of Brassica varieties on cad m iu m-poll u -ted soil 1C H EN Y i n g 1,2,L I T ing -q iang 2,YANG X iao -e 2,JI N Y e -fei 1(1C ollege of Life Sciences ,Shaox ing College of Arts and S ciences ,Shaoxing 312000,Zhejiang,China;2The resu lts sho w ed thatw hen the so ilCd concent

3、rati o n w as 016m g #kg -1and 112m g #kg -1,the percentage of test B rassica varieties w hose Cd con tent exceeded the N ational Ed i b le Standard w as 8133%and 66167%,respectively ,suggesti n g that B rassica w as easy to be Cd -po ll u ted .The shoot Cd con tent of all test varieti e s w as belo

4、 w the N ationalE di b le Standard ,and the b i o m ass of the var-i eties Changgengbaica,i Shanghaiqing ,A ijisuzhouqing ,Q ingyou 4,A ijiaoku i p ianhe i y ebaica,i Zhouye -heiyoudonger ,G aohuaq i n ggengba ica,i Zaoshenghuajing ,Ji n guanqing ji a ngba,i X ia w angqinggengca,i L ifengqinggengbai

5、ca,i and H angzhouyoudonger w as not affected .These 12Brassica varieties cou l d be planted on the so ils w ith light Cd po ll u ti o n .K ey words :B rassica ;cad m i u m-polluted so i;l l o w accum ulati o n ;difference a m ong varieties .*國(guó)家/8630計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2006AA06Z386、浙江省科技廳項(xiàng)目我國(guó)農(nóng)田土壤中的重金屬含量持續(xù)增加1,在全國(guó)第二

6、次污灌普查中,鎘(Cd污染面積達(dá)重金屬污染超標(biāo)土壤面積的5619%2.由于Cd 的生物有效性高,與其他重金屬元素相比更易在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中積累3,因而重金屬含量超標(biāo)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品中Cd 超標(biāo)者排在首位4.Cd 的生物毒性強(qiáng),超過一定限度不僅嚴(yán)重影響作物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì),而且可通過食物鏈富集危害人體健康5-7.降低植物產(chǎn)品重金屬含量可以從兩個(gè)方面著手:1降低土壤重金屬的濃度和活性;2選用在食用部位累積量小的作物品種.在現(xiàn)階段土壤污染問題不能較快解決的情況下,篩選Cd 低積累品種對(duì)人民健康和無公害蔬菜生產(chǎn)顯得極其重要和迫切.據(jù)估計(jì),人體中的Cd 70%來自于食品中的蔬菜8-9.普通白菜(不結(jié)球白菜(B rassica

7、chinensis 又稱小白菜、青菜,屬于十字花科蕓苔屬蕓苔種小白菜亞種,原產(chǎn)我國(guó),為長(zhǎng)江流域普遍栽培的一種大眾化蔬菜,北方亦栽培,品種眾多,在蔬菜周應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào) 2009年3月 第20卷 第3期 Ch i nese Journa l of A pp lied E co logy ,M ar .2009,20(3:736-7401材料與方法111試驗(yàn)材料試驗(yàn)所用白菜品種購(gòu)自各地多個(gè)蔬菜種子公司,具體品種與編號(hào)見表1.112試驗(yàn)方法11212Cd的測(cè)定土壤樣品用鹽酸、硝酸、高氯酸、氫氟酸消煮,用電感耦合等離子體分光光度計(jì)(安捷倫7500a I CP-MS測(cè)定.白菜樣品干燥后粉碎(UDY旋轉(zhuǎn)式磨樣

8、機(jī),UDY公司Fort Co lli n s Co過215mm篩,準(zhǔn)確稱取各品種01300g,用硝酸、高氯酸(5B1消煮,定容后用電感耦合等離子體分光光度計(jì)(安捷倫7500a I C P-M S測(cè)定.113統(tǒng)計(jì)處理采用Ex cel進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的基本處理,采用DPS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行方差分析和多重比較(Tukey 法17.2結(jié)果與分析211不同品種小白菜生物量的差異從表1可以看出,品種長(zhǎng)梗白菜(編號(hào)4,下同、矮腳葵翩黑葉白菜(24、科興小白菜(27、紹興矮黃頭(30、上海矮抗青(41、誼禾夏寶(47、大頭清江白(48、紅明青(518個(gè)品種的鮮質(zhì)量隨土壤鎘濃度增加而有明顯增加(P<0105,對(duì)白

9、菜鮮質(zhì)量有促進(jìn)作用的品種占1313%;而七寶青菜(10、黑葉五月慢(11、上海白葉四月慢(16、伏豹抗熱青(19、綠星青菜(20、五峰抗熱青(22、綠秀91-1(23、金夏王青梗菜(26、黃金小白菜(28、臺(tái)灣青秀(29、華山青梗菜(34、華皇青梗菜(35、日本綠冠(36、黑大頭(40、特抗半高白菜(42、四季青白菜(44、揚(yáng)子熱抗青(5917個(gè)品種的鮮質(zhì)量隨土壤鎘濃度增加而明顯下降(P<0105,占2813%;其余35個(gè)品種無明顯變化(P>0105,占5813%.不同鎘濃度對(duì)植物生物量的影響依品種而異,這與前人的研究結(jié)果18相同.212不同品種白菜地上部分鎘含量的差異從表1可知,

10、同一品種小白菜地上部鎘含量均隨土壤鎘濃度的增加而增加,但多數(shù)品種增加率低于土壤鎘含量增加率.同一鎘濃度下,不同品種間鎘含量差異顯著,最高相差413倍,且外界鎘濃度越高,品種間差異越大,變異系數(shù)(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差/平均值 100%由26159上升到33197%(表2,說明基于不同品種的遺傳特性的鎘吸收積累能力發(fā)揮了重要作用,可作為篩選鎘低積累品種的生理基礎(chǔ).我國(guó)國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB23884和GB1520194均規(guī)定蔬菜中鎘最高允許限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為50L g#kg-1.本研究中,在土壤鎘含量為016m g#kg-1時(shí),60個(gè)品種中鎘含量超標(biāo)率為8133%,土壤鎘含量為112m g #kg-1時(shí),超標(biāo)率為66167%.表

11、明白菜為易積累Cd 的蔬菜品種.在Cd2+含量為016mg#kg-1和112mg#kg-1土壤中,小白菜地上部分鎘含量均不超標(biāo)的品種有:長(zhǎng)梗白菜(4、上海青(5、矮箕蘇州青(7、青優(yōu)四號(hào)(18、伏豹抗熱青(19、綠星青菜(20、矮腳葵翩黑葉白菜(24、四季清江白菜(25、金夏王青梗菜(26、黃金小白菜(28、皺葉黑油冬兒(31、高華青7373期陳瑛等:不同品種小白菜對(duì)鎘的吸收積累差異表160個(gè)小白菜品種全株鮮質(zhì)量和地上部鎘含量Tab.1Fresh mass and Cd con cen tration of shoot in60B rassica cu ltivars編號(hào)Code 品種Cuti

12、 va r單株鮮質(zhì)量F resh m ass pe rpl ant(gÑÒ地上部Cd含量Cd2+conce n t ra ti on ofshoo t(L g#kg-1ÑÒ編號(hào)Code品種Cut i var單株鮮質(zhì)量Fresh m ass perpla nt(gÑÒ地上部Cd含量Cd2+conce ntrat i o n ofshoot(L g#kg-1ÑÒ1矮抗青A i ka ngqi ng 28197?312125136?412540166?210561115?31082四月慢Si yue m an 19181

13、?210222146?413747112?2136109148?41673蘇州青Suzho uqi ng 46148?516841134?516941140?211765117?31164長(zhǎng)梗白菜Changgengbaicai 42150?611952162?618825138?210444163?21515上海青Sha ngha i qi ng 35161?419540176?516430123?216937148?11926日本皇冠Ja panhuangguan 29171?314729101?412531185?211058180?21697矮箕蘇州青A iji suzhouq i n

14、g 47160?518451185?610321114?112842128?21238蠶白菜Canba i cai 56159?610354161?511225120?113653172?21649紹興油冬兒Shao x i ngyoudo nger 52185?612747118?610439100?119456117?215910七寶青菜Q i baoqi ngca i 41170?513331111?318545151?2157108155?418811黑葉五月慢H e i ye wuyue m a n 62137?711642156?411652152?2168112111?51101

15、2特矮青T eai q i n g 39140?419834113?412851183?217972114?316613抗熱605Kangre60549196?516052166?615031162?211356122?217814申寶冠青She nbaoquanqi ng 33194?414930143?416740148?212565195?310515上海夏青Sha ngha i x i aqi ng 56193?512859151?510624146?116387197?411016上海白葉四月慢Sha ngha i bai y esi yue m an 66120?616156150

16、?512035149?119056140?215717矮腳蘇州青A iji aosuzhouq i n g 56148?518055111?614341145?213383172?411318青優(yōu)四號(hào)Q i ngyo u436181?411833146?412225138?116238168?119219伏豹抗熱青Fubaokangre q i n g 50119?510538119?410731189?116844163?213120綠星青菜L x i ngqi ngca i 64190?618851145?415921151?111140134?210121綠領(lǐng)火青菜L li n ghuo

17、qi ng cai 39177?517244130?518728194?115054169?215422五峰抗熱青W uf engkang reqi ng 59122?614650138?514234198?118656172?216323綠秀91-1L x i u91-166133?619846144?511437120?117256149?214824矮腳葵翩黑葉A iji aokui p i anhei y e 46104?517551133?513722162?113226122?116425四季清江Siji qi ng ji ang 21128?315120116?411027105

18、?114547195?215126金夏王青梗菜j i nx i a wangq i n ggeng c a i 48187?416938174?312830118?113936169?118327科興小白菜K e x i ng x ia oba i ca i 51148?618760132?619237175?117658180?219028黃金小白菜H uang ji x i aobaic a i 55170?512446118?511326154?112239188?116529臺(tái)灣青秀T ai wa nqi ng x i u 63144?617453130?517752157?21857

19、4158?310430紹興矮黃頭Shao x i nga i hua ngtou 28167?411236144?416130137?116655134?218431皺葉黑油冬兒Zho uyehei youdong er25167?414928157?415325166?114944172?215032高華青梗白菜G aohuaqi ngg e ngba i ca i41188?410542172?411727137?113740134?210733早生華京Zaoshenghua ji ng35163?411639135?419625152?113132195?115634華山青梗菜H uas

20、hanqi nggengca i57114?617844132?516847195?212594102?512335華皇青梗菜H ua hua ngqi ngg e ngca i45160?513038144?412348155?216885189?411836日本綠冠Japanl guan59108?511945156?411726172?116944140?212537清江456Q i ng ji ang45630171?414628119?410246120?216686126?411938金冠清江Ji ngua nqi ngji ang34110?311934116?316725185

21、?110840102?210839矮腳大頭青A ij ia odato uqi ng45191?412243144?514543180?216763146?316640黑大頭H e i dat ou54160?617648155?413330146?119535191?118541上海矮抗青Shangha i a i k angq i n g48111?410860101?612927128?114452152?216742特抗半高白菜Teka ngbangaoba i ca i59179?610044142?516727118?115685106?415043抗熱805K ang re805

22、56103?616261119?611533128?118452138?214944四季青S i ji qi ng53150?612841126?512146102?213690151?416245華青H uaqi ng47130?510642119?411935126?115857169?215946臺(tái)灣明珠Ta i w an m i ngzhu38173?414234146?317855148?2151104122?511047誼禾夏寶Y i hex i abao35173?411344136?516953103?216467102?316448大頭清江白Datouqi ng j ia n

23、gba i47163?411750162?614538168?116758148?215949夏王青梗菜X i a wangqi nggeng c a i40154?416243115?517626103?113142109?215150利豐青梗白菜L if engqi nggengbaicai40198?515938177?411225180?112442142?216251紅明青H ong m i ngqi ng34153?419047108?514340129?210258175?310452杭州小白菜H angzhoux i aoba i ca i55155?516157133?515

24、233146?116584118?416553杭州油冬兒H angzhouyoudong er37180?318040199?516421151?110836146?119154西子綠小白菜X i zil x i aobaicai23166?317121109?319838126?118359135?314055滬青一號(hào)H uqi ng138134?410940157?516126154?112949194?216256特矮青Tea i qi ng37150?410437120?413046106?213186108?415057揚(yáng)州青Y ang zhouqi ng29167?31462616

25、7?319536137?116865163?316158高梗白G aogengba i24167?311823100?314233151?115979115?319559揚(yáng)子抗熱青Y ang zi kang reqi ng66124?616952174?411733100?116472146?316760綠揚(yáng)春L y a ngchun70115?516767128?613039197?211165177?3149Ñ:016m g#kg-1Cd2+;Ò:112m g#kg-1Cd2+.738應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào)20卷表2不同類型白菜鎘含量統(tǒng)計(jì)值Tab.2S tatistics of

26、Cd conten t i n d ifferent B rassica cu lt-i vars土壤鎘濃度C d2+con tent i n soil(m g#kg-1類平均M ean ofcluster變幅Range(L g#kg-1變異系數(shù)Coeffici en tof vari ati on(%梗白菜(32、早生華京(33、日本綠冠(36、金冠清江白(38、黑大頭(40、夏王青梗菜(49、利豐青梗白菜(50、杭州油冬兒(53、滬青一號(hào)青菜(55,共20個(gè)品種.3討論一個(gè)值得推廣的低積累品種應(yīng)具有以下特性:鎘含量相對(duì)值較低、對(duì)鎘濃度增加有較大的抗性(其鎘含量遞增率低于土壤鎘含量遞增率,以

27、及基本不受影響的生物量.鎘含量遞增率高,說明該品種極易隨土壤鎘濃度的增加而大量增加地上部鎘含量,在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中危險(xiǎn)系數(shù)增加,而鎘含量遞增率低的品種則可在不同的鎘污染土壤中種植,安全性高,值得推廣.而如果白菜在鎘污染土壤中生長(zhǎng)不良,影響產(chǎn)量,不易被菜農(nóng)所接受,也不適合推廣.對(duì)鎘含量不超標(biāo)的20個(gè)品種進(jìn)行鎘含量遞增率和生物量分析發(fā)現(xiàn),伏豹抗熱青(19、綠星青菜(20、金夏王青梗菜(26、黃金小白菜(28、日本綠冠(36、黑大頭(406個(gè)品種的生物量有明顯下降(P<0105,四季清江白菜(25和滬青一號(hào)青菜(55品種的鎘含量雖然平均值低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但多份測(cè)定中有個(gè)別高于或等于標(biāo)準(zhǔn),故也不適合推廣,其

28、余品種的遞增率均2,即白菜鎘含量的增加率不大于土壤鎘的增加率.研究發(fā)現(xiàn):長(zhǎng)梗白菜(4、上海青(5、矮箕蘇州青(7、青優(yōu)四號(hào)(18、矮腳葵翩黑葉白菜(24、皺葉黑油冬兒(31、高華青梗白菜(32、早生華京(33、金冠清江白(38、夏王青梗菜(49、利豐青梗白菜(50和杭州油冬兒(5312個(gè)品種為可在鎘輕度污染土壤中種植的安全系數(shù)較高的小白菜品種.試驗(yàn)所設(shè)定的土壤鎘含量之一016m g#kg-1,為5土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)6(GB156181995中的二級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),是可以控制利用的土壤.在這樣的土壤鎘濃度下,部分白菜地上部分的鎘含量也超出了食用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),表明白菜為易積累Cd的蔬菜品種,此與前人有關(guān)工作相符19-

29、21,因此在污染環(huán)境中種植白菜應(yīng)該慎重選擇.試驗(yàn)證明,白菜不同品種間在Cd的吸收和積累上存在明顯差異,在輕、中度鎘污染的土壤上可利用鎘低積累白菜品種進(jìn)行安全經(jīng)濟(jì)的蔬菜生產(chǎn).參考文獻(xiàn)1Sun J-Y(孫建云,Shen Z-G(沈振國(guó).E ffects ofCd stress on pho tosynt hetic cha racte ristics and nutrientuptake of cabbages w ith d ifferent Cd-to l erance.Ch i neseJ ournal of App lied E cology(應(yīng)用生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2007,18(11:2605-

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