美國商標(biāo)法與中國商標(biāo)法司法保護(hù)之比較外文翻譯

1、美國商標(biāo)法與中國商標(biāo)法司法保護(hù)之比較外文翻譯 美國商標(biāo)法與中國商標(biāo)法司法保護(hù)之比較 【1】劉璐美國商標(biāo)法的保護(hù)范圍美國商標(biāo)保護(hù)來自普通法而非立法或憲法規(guī)定,如版權(quán)和專利。對于商標(biāo)的保護(hù)而言,普通法仍然是一個基本來源,但是,商標(biāo)如今也可以得到聯(lián)邦和州相關(guān)法律的保護(hù)。因此,商標(biāo)出現(xiàn)的問題,往往有一個普通法規(guī)則和法定條文之間復(fù)雜的相互作用。在美國,假定一個商標(biāo)可以得到保護(hù),商標(biāo)權(quán)能夠通過兩種方式獲得:(1)通過優(yōu)先在商業(yè)方面使用標(biāo)記;或(2)通過在美國專利和商標(biāo)辦公室(商標(biāo)局)優(yōu)先注冊標(biāo)記。但是,在美國專利和商標(biāo)辦公室登記并不能獲得對商標(biāo)的保護(hù),然而,登記的確可以賦予登記方一些好處。已登記商標(biāo)的優(yōu)點

2、是,在“不反對”使用五年后,商標(biāo)成為“無可爭辯”的。一個“無可爭辯”的商標(biāo)不能因為其缺乏顯著性而遭受質(zhì)疑。即使存在質(zhì)疑,已登記的商標(biāo)一般被推定為有效的商標(biāo),并將舉證責(zé)任置于原告去指證被告。根據(jù)普通法國家,商標(biāo)基于不正當(dāng)競爭得以保護(hù)時,不需要登記注冊。國家對商標(biāo)的法定規(guī)定有所不同,但大多數(shù)都采用同一版本的“商標(biāo)條例草案”或“欺騙性貿(mào)易行為法”?！吧虡?biāo)條例草案”需要商標(biāo)登記而“欺騙性貿(mào)易行為法”不需要。而根據(jù)聯(lián)邦法律,登記注冊不需要建立在商標(biāo)權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)上,也不需要開始使用商標(biāo)。但是,通過聯(lián)邦注冊獲得的利益遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過僅僅通過使用商標(biāo)而獲得的利益。例如,聯(lián)邦注冊的所有者被推定為登記規(guī)定的貨物和服務(wù)商標(biāo)的所

3、有者,有權(quán)在全國范圍內(nèi)使用該商標(biāo)。雖然國家普通法行之有效,但是聯(lián)邦法律為商標(biāo)保1劉璐parison of well-known marks protection between the United States and ChinaJ.北大法律信息網(wǎng),2010護(hù)提供了最廣泛的來源。總之,在美國商標(biāo)的保護(hù)范圍是比較廣泛的。在某些情況下,商標(biāo)保護(hù)的范圍擴(kuò)展到不僅包括文字、符號、短語,而且包括產(chǎn)品的其他方面,比如其色彩或包裝。Comparison of well-known marks protection between the United States and ChinaLiu LuThe s

4、cope of protection of the U.S. Trademark LawThe United States trademark protection derives from common law rather than from legislation or from constitutional provisions like patents and copyrights. The common law remains a basic source of protection for trademarks, but trademarks today can also be

5、protected by both federal and state statutes. Thus,where trademark problems arise there is often a complex interplay between common law rules and statutory provisions.In the US,assuming that a trademark qualifies for protection,rights to a trademark can be acquired in one of two ways:(1) by being th

6、e first to use the mark in commerce;or(2)by being the first to register the mark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office(“PTO”).But registration with the PTO is not required for a trademark to be protected, however, registration does confer a number of benefits to the registering party. The advant

7、age of having a registered mark is that after five years of unopposed use,the mark becomes “uncontestable”.An uncontestable mark cannot be attacked for the reason that it is descriptive. Even without incontestability,a registered mark has a presumption of being a valid trademark,placing the burden o

8、n the plaintiff to attack the defendant's mark.Under state common law,trademarks are protected as part of unfair competition,and trademark registration is not required.States' statutory provisions on trademarks differ,but most have adopted a version of the Model Trademark Bill (MTB)or the Un

9、iform Deceptive Trade Practices Act (UDTPA).The MTB provides for trademark registration while the UDTPA does not.While under federal law, registration is not required to establish rights in a mark, nor is it required to begin use of a mark. A federal registration, however, can securebenefits beyond

10、the rights acquired by merely using a mark.For example,the owner of a federal registration is presumed to be the owner of the mark for the goods and services specified in the registration,and is entitled to use the mark nationwide.Federal law provides the most extensive source of trademark protectio

11、n,although state common law actions are still available.In brief,the scope of trademark's protection is relatively broad in the US. Under some circumstances, trademark protection even extends the scope to not only covering words,symbols,and phrases,but also including other aspects of a product,

12、such as its color or its packaging與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)定有關(guān)商標(biāo)部分 【1】范高敬譯第二部分 關(guān)于知識產(chǎn)權(quán)效力、范圍和使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)第2節(jié):商標(biāo)第15條可保護(hù)客體1.任何標(biāo)記或標(biāo)記的組合,只要能夠?qū)⒁黄髽I(yè)的貨物和服務(wù)區(qū)別于其他企業(yè)的貨物或服務(wù),即能夠構(gòu)成商標(biāo)。此類標(biāo)記,特別是單詞,包括人名、字母、數(shù)字、圖案的成分和顏色的組合以及任何此類標(biāo)記的組合,均應(yīng)符合注冊為商標(biāo)的條件。如標(biāo)記無固有的區(qū)別有關(guān)貨物或服務(wù)的特征,則各成員可以由通過使用而獲得的顯著性作為注冊的條件。各成員可要求,作為注冊的條件,這些標(biāo)記應(yīng)為視覺上可感知的。2.第1款不得理解為阻止一成員以其他理由拒

13、絕商標(biāo)的注冊,只要這些理由不背離巴黎公約1967的規(guī)定。3.各成員可以將使用作為注冊條件。但是,一商標(biāo)的實際使用不得作為接受1與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)定是關(guān)稅與貿(mào)易總協(xié)定經(jīng)過多邊貿(mào)易談判于1994年簽訂申請的一項條件。不得僅以自申請日起3年期滿后商標(biāo)未按原意使用為由拒絕該申請。4.商標(biāo)所適用的貨物或服務(wù)的性質(zhì)在任何情況下不得形成對商標(biāo)注冊的障礙。5.各成員應(yīng)在商標(biāo)注冊前或在注冊后迅速公布每一商標(biāo),并應(yīng)對注銷注冊的請求給予合理的機(jī)會。此外,各成員可提供機(jī)會以便對商標(biāo)的注冊提出異議。第16條授予的權(quán)利1.注冊商標(biāo)的所有權(quán)人享有專有權(quán),以阻止所有第三方未經(jīng)該所有權(quán)人同意在貿(mào)易過程中對與已注冊商標(biāo)的貨物

14、或服務(wù)的相同或類似貨物或服務(wù)使用相同或類似標(biāo)記,如此類使用會導(dǎo)致混淆的可能性。在對相同貨物或服務(wù)使用相同標(biāo)記的情況下,應(yīng)推定存在混淆的可能性。上述權(quán)利不得損害任何現(xiàn)有的優(yōu)先權(quán),也不得影響各成員以使用為基礎(chǔ)提供權(quán)利的可能性。2.巴黎公約1967第6條之二在細(xì)節(jié)上作必要修改后應(yīng)適用于服務(wù)。在確定一商標(biāo)是否馳名時,各成員應(yīng)考慮相關(guān)部門公眾對該商標(biāo)的了解程度,包括在該成員中因促銷該商標(biāo)而獲得的了解程度。3.巴黎公約1967第6條之二在細(xì)節(jié)上作必要修改后應(yīng)適用于與己注冊商標(biāo)的貨物或服務(wù)不相類似的貨物或服務(wù),只要該商標(biāo)在對那些貨物或服務(wù)的使用方面可表明這些貨物或服務(wù)與該注冊商標(biāo)所有權(quán)人之間存在聯(lián)系,且此類

15、使用有可能損害該住冊商標(biāo)所有權(quán)人的利益。第17條例外各成員可對商標(biāo)所授予的權(quán)利規(guī)定有限的例外,如合理使用描述性詞語,只要此類例外考慮到商標(biāo)所有權(quán)人和第三方的合法權(quán)益。第18條保護(hù)期限商標(biāo)的首次注冊及每次續(xù)展的期限均不得少于7年。商標(biāo)的注冊應(yīng)可以無限續(xù)展。第19條關(guān)于使用的要求1.如維持注冊需要使用商標(biāo),則只有在至少連續(xù)3年不使用后方可注銷注冊,除非商標(biāo)所有權(quán)人根據(jù)對商標(biāo)使用存在的障礙說明正當(dāng)理由。出現(xiàn)商標(biāo)人意志以外的情況而構(gòu)成對商標(biāo)使用的障礙,例如對受商標(biāo)保護(hù)的貨物或服務(wù)實施進(jìn)口限制或其他政府要求,此類情況應(yīng)被視為不使用商標(biāo)的正當(dāng)理由。2.在受所有權(quán)人控制的前提下,另一人使用一商標(biāo)應(yīng)被視為為維

16、持注冊而使用該商標(biāo)。第20條其他要求在貿(mào)易過程中使用商標(biāo)不得受特殊要求的無理妨礙,例如要求與另一商標(biāo)一起使用,以特殊形式使用或要求以損害其將一企業(yè)的貨物或服務(wù)區(qū)別于另一企業(yè)的貨物或服務(wù)能力的方式使用。此點不排除要求將識別生產(chǎn)該貨物或服務(wù)的企業(yè)的商標(biāo)與區(qū)別該企業(yè)的所涉具體貨物或服務(wù)的商標(biāo)一起使用,但不將兩者聯(lián)系起來。第21條許可和轉(zhuǎn)讓各成員可對商標(biāo)的許可和轉(zhuǎn)讓確定條件,與此相關(guān)的理解是,不允許商標(biāo)的強(qiáng)制許可,且注冊商標(biāo)的所有權(quán)人有權(quán)將商標(biāo)與該商標(biāo)所屬業(yè)務(wù)同時或不同時轉(zhuǎn)讓。第三部分 知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的實施第1節(jié):一般義務(wù)第41條1.各成員應(yīng)保證其國內(nèi)法中包括關(guān)于本部分規(guī)定的實施程序,以便對任何侵犯本協(xié)定所

17、涵蓋知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的行為采取有效行動,包括防止侵權(quán)的迅速救濟(jì)措施和制止進(jìn)一步侵權(quán)的救濟(jì)措施。這些程序的實施應(yīng)避免對合法貿(mào)易造成障礙并為防止這些程序被濫用提供保障。2.有關(guān)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的實施程序應(yīng)公平和公正。這些程序不應(yīng)不必要的復(fù)雜和費用高昂,也不應(yīng)限定不合理的時限或造成無理的遲延。3.對一案件是非曲直的裁決,最好采取書面形式并說明理由。至少應(yīng)使訴訟當(dāng)事方可獲得,而不造成不正當(dāng)?shù)倪t延。對一案件是非曲直的裁決只能根據(jù)已向各方提供聽證機(jī)會的證據(jù)作出。4.訴訟當(dāng)事方應(yīng)有機(jī)會要求司法機(jī)關(guān)對最終行政裁定進(jìn)行審查,并在遵守一成員法律中有關(guān)案件重要性的司法管轄權(quán)規(guī)定的前提下,至少對案件是非的初步司法裁決的法律方面進(jìn)行審

18、查。但是,對刑事案件中的無罪判決無義務(wù)提供審查機(jī)會。5.各方理解,本部分并不產(chǎn)生任何建立與一般法律實施制度不同的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)實施制度的義務(wù),也不影響各成員實施一般法律的能力。本部分的任何規(guī)定在實施知識產(chǎn)權(quán)與實施一般法律的資源分配方面,也不產(chǎn)生任何義務(wù)。第2節(jié):民事和行政程序及救濟(jì)第42條公平和公正的程序各成員應(yīng)使權(quán)利持有人11可獲得有關(guān)實施本協(xié)定涵蓋的任何知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的民事司法程序。被告有權(quán)獲得及時的和包含足夠細(xì)節(jié)的書面通知,包括權(quán)利請求的依據(jù)。應(yīng)允許當(dāng)事方由獨立的法律顧問代表出庭,且程序不應(yīng)制定強(qiáng)制本人出庭的過重要求。此類程序的所有當(dāng)事方均有權(quán)證明其權(quán)利請求并提供所有相關(guān)證據(jù)。該程序應(yīng)規(guī)定一種確認(rèn)和

19、保護(hù)機(jī)密信息的方法,除非此點會違背現(xiàn)有的憲法規(guī)定的必要條件。第43條證據(jù)1.如一當(dāng)事方己出示可合理獲得的足以證明其權(quán)利請求的證據(jù),并指明在對方控制之下的與證實其權(quán)利請求有關(guān)的證據(jù),則司法機(jī)關(guān)在遵守在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下可保證保護(hù)機(jī)密信息條件的前提下,有權(quán)命令對方提供此證據(jù)。2.如一訴訟方在合理期限內(nèi)自行且無正當(dāng)理由拒絕提供或不提供必要的信息,或嚴(yán)重阻礙與一實施行動有關(guān)的程序,則一成員可授權(quán)司法機(jī)關(guān)在向其提供信息的基礎(chǔ)上,包括由于被拒絕提供信息而受到不利影響的當(dāng)事方提出的申訴或指控,做出肯定或否定的初步或最終裁決,但應(yīng)向各當(dāng)事方提供就指控或證據(jù)進(jìn)行聽證的機(jī)會。第44條禁令1.司法機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)責(zé)令一當(dāng)事方停止

20、侵權(quán),特別是有權(quán)在結(jié)關(guān)后立即阻止涉及知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)行為的進(jìn)口貨物進(jìn)入其管轄范圍內(nèi)的商業(yè)渠道。如受保護(hù)的客體是在一人知道或有合理的根據(jù)知道從事該客體的交易會構(gòu)成知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)之前取得或訂購的,則各成員無義務(wù)給予此種授權(quán)。 11在本部分中,“權(quán)利持有人”一詞包括具有在法律上主張這種權(quán)利的資格的聯(lián)盟和協(xié)會。2.盡管有本部分其他條款的規(guī)定,但是只要符合第二部分專門處理未經(jīng)權(quán)利持有人授權(quán)的政府使用或政府授權(quán)的第三方使用而做出的規(guī)定,各成員可將針對可使用的救濟(jì)限于依照第31條h項支付的報酬。在其他情況下,應(yīng)適用本部分下的救濟(jì),或如果這些救濟(jì)與一成員的法律不一致,則應(yīng)采取宣告式判決,并應(yīng)可獲得適當(dāng)?shù)难a(bǔ)償。第45

21、條賠償費1.對于故意或有充分理由應(yīng)知道自己從事侵權(quán)活動的侵權(quán)人,司法機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)責(zé)令侵權(quán)人向權(quán)利持有人支付足以補(bǔ)償其因知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)所受損害的賠償。2.司法機(jī)關(guān)還有權(quán)責(zé)令侵權(quán)人向權(quán)利持有人支付有關(guān)費用,其中可包括有關(guān)的律師費用。在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下,各成員可授權(quán)司法機(jī)關(guān)責(zé)令其退還利潤和/或支付法定的賠償,即使侵權(quán)人故意或有充分理由知道自己從事侵權(quán)活動。第46條其他補(bǔ)救為有效制止侵權(quán),司法機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)在不給予任何補(bǔ)償?shù)那闆r下,責(zé)令將己被發(fā)現(xiàn)侵權(quán)的貨物清除出商業(yè)渠道,以避免對權(quán)利持有人造成任何損害,或下令將其銷毀,除非此點會違背現(xiàn)有的憲法規(guī)定的必要條件。司法機(jī)關(guān)還有權(quán)在不給予任何補(bǔ)償?shù)那闆r下,責(zé)令將主要用于制造侵

22、權(quán)貨物的材料和工具清除出商業(yè)渠道,以便將產(chǎn)生進(jìn)一步侵權(quán)的風(fēng)險減少到最低限度。在考慮此類請求時,應(yīng)考慮侵權(quán)的嚴(yán)重程度與給予的救濟(jì)以及第三方利益之間的均衡性。對于冒牌貨,除例外情況外,僅除去非法加貼的商標(biāo)并不足以允許該貨物放行進(jìn)入商業(yè)渠道。第47條獲得信息的權(quán)利各成員可規(guī)定,司法機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)責(zé)令侵權(quán)人將生產(chǎn)和分銷侵權(quán)貨物或服務(wù)過程中涉及的第三方的身份及其分銷渠道告知權(quán)利持有人,除非此點與侵權(quán)的嚴(yán)重程度不相稱。第48條對被告的賠償1.如應(yīng)一當(dāng)事方的請求而采取措施且該當(dāng)事方濫用實施程序,則司法機(jī)關(guān)有權(quán)責(zé)令該當(dāng)事方向受到錯誤禁止或限制的當(dāng)事方就因此種濫用而受到的損害提供足夠的補(bǔ)償。司法機(jī)關(guān)還有權(quán)責(zé)令該申請當(dāng)

23、事方支付辯方費用,其中可包括適當(dāng)?shù)穆蓭熧M。2.就實施任何有關(guān)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)或?qū)嵤┑姆啥?只有在管理該法過程中采取或擬采取的行動是出于善意的情況下,各成員方可免除公共機(jī)構(gòu)和官員采取適當(dāng)救濟(jì)措施的責(zé)任。第49條行政程序如由于行政程序?qū)Π讣欠乔钡牟脹Q而導(dǎo)致責(zé)令進(jìn)行任何民事救濟(jì),則此類程序應(yīng)符合與本節(jié)所列原則實質(zhì)相當(dāng)?shù)脑瓌t。第5節(jié):刑事程序第61條各成員應(yīng)規(guī)定至少將適用于具有商業(yè)規(guī)模的蓄意假冒商標(biāo)或盜版案件的刑事程序和處罰?？墒褂玫木葷?jì)應(yīng)包括足以起到威懾作用的監(jiān)禁和/或罰金,并應(yīng)與適用于同等嚴(yán)重性的犯罪所受到的處罰水平一致。在適當(dāng)?shù)那闆r下,可使用的救濟(jì)還應(yīng)包括扣押、沒收和銷毀侵權(quán)貨物和主要用于

24、侵權(quán)活動的任何材料和工具。各成員可規(guī)定適用于其他知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)案件的刑事程序和處罰,特別是蓄意并具有商業(yè)規(guī)模的侵權(quán)案件。AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OFINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSSECTION 2: TRADEMARKSArticle 15Protectable Subject Matter1.Any sign, or any combination of signs, capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those

25、of other undertakings, shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Such signs, in particular words including personal names, letters, numerals, figurative elements and combinations of colours as well as any combination of such signs, shall be eligible for registration as trademarks. Where signs ar

26、e not inherently capable of distinguishing the relevant goods or services, Members may make registrability depend on distinctiveness acquired throughuse. Members may require, as a condition of registration, that signs be visually perceptible.2.Paragraph 1 shall not be understood to prevent a Member

27、from denyingregistration of a trademark on other grounds, provided that they do not derogate from the provisions of the Paris Convention 1967.3.Members may make registrability depend on use. However, actual use of a trademark shall not be a condition for filing an application for registration. Anapp

28、lication shall not be refused solely on the ground that intended use has not taken place before the expiry of a period of three years from the date of application.4.The nature of the goods or services to which a trademark is to be applied shall in no case form an obstacle to registration of the trad

29、emark.5.Members shall publish each trademark either before it is registered or promptly after it is registered and shall afford a reasonable opportunity for petitions to cancel the registration. In addition, Members may afford an opportunity for the registration of a trademark to be opposed.Article

30、16Rights Conferred1.The owner of a registered trademark shall have the exclusive right to prevent all third parties not having the owners consent from using in the course of trade identical or similar signs for goods or services which are identical or similar to those in respect of which the tradema

31、rk is registered where such use would result in a likelihood of confusion. In case of the use of an identical sign for identical goods or services, a likelihood of confusion shall be presumed. The rights described above shall not prejudice any existing prior rights, nor shall they affect the possibi

32、lity of Members making rights available on the basis of use.2.Article 6bis of the Paris Convention 1967 shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to services. In determining whether a trademark is well-known, Members shall take account of the knowledge of the trademark in the relevant sector of the public,incl

33、uding knowledge in the Member concerned which has been obtained as a result of the promotion of the trademark.3.Article 6bis of the Paris Convention 1967 shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to goods or services which are not similar to those in respect of which a trademark is registered, provided that us

34、e of that trademark in relation to those goods or services would indicate a connection between those goods or services and the owner of the registered trademark and provided that the interests of the owner of the registered trademark are likely to be damaged by such use.Article 17ExceptionsMembers m

35、ay provide limited exceptions to the rights conferred by a trademark, such as fair use of descriptive terms, provided that such exceptions take account of the legitimate interests of the owner of the trademark and of third parties.Article 18Term of ProtectionInitial registration, and each renewal of

36、 registration, of a trademark shall be for a term of no less than seven years. The registration of a trademark shall be renewable indefinitely.Article 19Requirement of Use1.If use is required to maintain a registration, the registration may be cancelled only after an uninterrupted period of at least

37、 three years of non-use, unless valid reasons based on the existence of obstacles to such use are shown by the trademark owner. Circumstances arising independently of the will of the owner of the trademark which constitute an obstacle to the use of the trademark, such as import restrictions on or ot

38、her government requirements for goods or services protected by the trademark, shall be recognized as valid reasons for non-use.2.When subject to the control of its owner, use of a trademark by another person shall be recognized as use of the trademark for the purpose of maintaining the registration.

39、Article 20Other RequirementsThe use of a trademark in the course of trade shall not be unjustifiably encumbered by special requirements, such as use with another trademark, use in a special form or use in a manner detrimental to its capability to distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking

40、from those of other undertakings. This will not preclude a requirement prescribing the use of the trademark identifying the undertaking producing the goods or services along with, but without linking it to, the trademark distinguishing the specific goods or services in question of that undertaking.A

41、rticle 21Licensing and AssignmentMembers may determine conditions on the licensing and assignment of trademarks, it being understood that the compulsory licensing of trademarks shall not be permitted and that the owner of a registered trademark shall have the right to assign the trademark with or wi

42、thout the transfer of the business to which the trademark belongs.PART IIIENFORCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTSSECTION 1: GENERAL OBLIGATIONSArticle 411.Members shall ensure that enforcement procedures as specified in this Part are available under their law so as to permit effective action aga

43、inst any act ofinfringement of intellectual property rights covered by this Agreement, including expeditious remedies to prevent infringements and remedies which constitute adeterrent to further infringements. These procedures shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to

44、 legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.2. Procedures concerning the enforcement of intellectual property rights shall be fair and equitable. They shall not be unnecessarily complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time-limits or unwarranted delays.3. Decisions on th

45、e merits of a case shall preferably be in writing andreasoned. They shall be made available at least to the parties to the proceedingwithout undue delay. Decisions on the merits of a case shall be based only on evidence in respect of which parties were offered the opportunity to be heard.4.Parties t

46、o a proceeding shall have an opportunity for review by a judicialauthority of final administrative decisions and, subject to jurisdictional provisions in a Member's law concerning the importance of a case, of at least the legal aspects of initial judicial decisions on the merits of a case. Howev

47、er, there shall be no obligation to provide an opportunity for review of acquittals in criminal cases.5.It is understood that this Part does not create any obligation to put in place a judicial system for the enforcement of intellectual property rights distinct from that for the enforcement of law i

48、n general, nor does it affect the capacity of Members to enforce their law in general. Nothing in this Part creates any obligation with respect to the distribution of resources as between enforcement of intellectual property rights and the enforcement of law in generalSECTION 2: CIVIL AND ADMINISTRA

49、TIVE PROCEDURES AND REMEDIES Article 42Fair and Equitable ProceduresMembers shall make available to right holders1 civil judicial procedures concerning the enforcement of any intellectual property right covered by this Agreement. Defendants shall have the right to written notice which is timely andc

50、ontains sufficient detail, including the basis of the claims. Parties shall be allowed to be represented by independent legal counsel, and procedures shall not impose overly burdensome requirements concerning mandatory personal appearances. All parties to such procedures shall be duly entitled to su

51、bstantiate their claims and to present all relevant evidence. The procedure shall provide a means to identify and protect confidential information, unless this would be contrary to existing constitutional requirements.Article 43Evidence1. The judicial authorities shall have the authority, where a pa

52、rty has presented reasonably available evidence sufficient to support its claims and has specifiedevidence relevant to substantiation of its claims which lies in the control of theopposing party, to order that this evidence be produced by the opposing party, subject in appropriate cases to condition

53、s which ensure the protection of confidential information.2.In cases in which a party to a proceeding voluntarily and without good reason refuses access to, or otherwise does not provide necessary information within a reasonable period, or significantly impedes a procedure relating to an enforcement action, a Member may accord judicial authorities the authority to make preliminary and final determinations, affirmative or negative, on the basis of the infor