英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法詳解 形容詞和副詞（三）

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法詳解 形容詞和副詞（三）    形容詞和副詞的特殊表達(dá)法一、形容詞與副詞的同級(jí)比較： 由"as(so)as"引出，其否定式為"not so"或"not asas",此外還應(yīng)注意下列含有"as"結(jié)構(gòu)或短語(yǔ)的句子1. as such：表示上文所指明的事或人He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是個(gè)孩子，必須被當(dāng)作孩子對(duì)待。2. as much：表示"與同量"Take as much as you lik

2、e. 拿多少都行。I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是價(jià)格再貴一倍，我也會(huì)愿意把它買下的。He as much as admitted the whole story. 他幾乎全部承認(rèn)了。3. as many：表示"與一樣多"I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中發(fā)現(xiàn)了六個(gè)錯(cuò)。二、表示"幾倍于"的比較級(jí)：用twice (兩倍)，four times (四倍)，ten times (十倍)加上as as 結(jié)構(gòu)This one is four ti

3、mes as big as that one. 這個(gè)是那個(gè)的四倍大。(這個(gè)比那個(gè)大三倍。) Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我們的校園比你們的大兩倍。 He has books twice as many as she does. 他的書比她多一倍。三、"the same 名詞as"表示同等比較四、比較級(jí)前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等詞語(yǔ)表示不定量，far, completely,still表示程度或更進(jìn)一步五、與比較級(jí)有關(guān)的

4、特殊詞用法1. no more than 表示"只不過(guò)"，"并不比"(等于not any more than)Man cannot live without food any more than plants can grow without sunshine. 人沒(méi)有食物不能生存，植物沒(méi)有陽(yáng)光也不能生長(zhǎng)。There is no difficulty with this task any more than with that one. 這項(xiàng)任務(wù)沒(méi)有困難，那項(xiàng)任務(wù)也沒(méi)有困難。2. no less than 表示"不亞于"There a

5、re no less than five hundred people present at the New Year party. 出席新年晚會(huì)的有五百人之多。(出席的人較多)3. not less than 表示"不少于"There are not less than five hundred people present at the New Year party. 出席新年晚會(huì)的只有五百人。(出席的人較不多)4. more often than not 表示"多數(shù)情況下"On Friday mornings, he comes late more

6、 often than not.多數(shù)情況下，他星期五來(lái)得晚。5. all the more 因而更加We really admired him all the more for his frankness. 我們更加欽佩他的坦率。6. (be) better off 較富裕，環(huán)境較好7. had better 最好Come, you had much better have the thing out at once. 來(lái)，你最好把這東西弄出去。8. less than 不到The first steam locomotive could have a top speed of only th

7、irteen mph(miles per hour) and the great sailing ships of the time labored along at less than half that speed.第一列蒸汽火車最快每小時(shí)只有13英里，那時(shí)的大船還不到這個(gè)速度的一半。9. little more than 差不多The grain in their barn is little more than that of ours. 他們倉(cāng)的糧食跟我們倉(cāng)的糧食差不多。10. more than 超過(guò)，不止I have waited for your for more than t

8、wo hours. 我等了你兩個(gè)多小時(shí)。11. more or less 大體上，或多或少The work is more or less finished. 工作大體算完成了。Most of them came here to near money, more or less Mr.Wang worked for his cause.他們大都來(lái)掙錢的，但王先生有點(diǎn)像為事業(yè)而工作。12. other than 除了They imposed no pre conditions other than that the meeting should be held in their capital.

9、 除了會(huì)議要在他們的首都開(kāi)之外，他們沒(méi)有提出任何先決條件。13. rather than 而不是，與其寧愿(rather than表示"與其寧愿"時(shí)，如果位于句首引導(dǎo)句子，有虛擬的成分，相當(dāng)于" would rathe than，"所以rather than后面跟動(dòng)詞原形)Read what interests you; read what you have time for magazines and newspapers rather than novels. 讀你感興趣的東西，讀你有時(shí)間讀的東西，如雜志和報(bào)紙而不是小說(shuō)。Rather than al

10、low the potatoes to go bad, she sold them at half price. 她以半價(jià)把土豆給賣了，而沒(méi)有讓它們爛掉。Rather than cause trouble, he left. 為了不惹事，他還是走了。14. so much the better 就更好了If she will help us, so much the better. 如果他能幫我們，那就更好了。15. so much the worse 就更糟了So much the worse for you if you still are absent from class. 如果你繼續(xù)

11、逃課的話，就對(duì)你更不利了。16. the morethe more(less)"越是，就越"六、比較中的省略1. 在asas中，as從句可省略整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分，保留主語(yǔ)She sings as well as her sister. 她跟她的姐姐唱得一樣好(省去了does)。2. 可以省去謂語(yǔ)部分，保留主語(yǔ)和be、have等助動(dòng)詞Susan has done as much housework as you have. (省去了done。)3. 可以省去主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，只剩下?tīng)钫Z(yǔ)It is not as cold in Beijing as in Datong. 北京的天氣沒(méi)有大同

12、冷。4. than從句也可以省去整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分，保留主語(yǔ)They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. 他們說(shuō)血濃于水，親屬對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)比其他人更重要。5. than從句省去部分謂語(yǔ)，保留主語(yǔ)和be,have或助動(dòng)詞The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do. 白領(lǐng)工人比藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人掙得多。這時(shí) 我們可以進(jìn)行倒裝，即將than后從句中的be,have或助動(dòng)詞移到該從句的前邊Af

13、ter all, big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones. 相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，大變動(dòng)比小變動(dòng)畢竟容易些。The fact is that some drug addicts are much better able to cure addiction in each other than are psychiatrists; some convicts can run better rehabilitation programs for convicts than do correctional officers; s

14、ome patients in mental hospitals are better for each other than is the staff. 事實(shí)上，有些吸毒成癮者與吸毒成癮者之間戒癮比精神病醫(yī)生的作用還好；有些罪犯在改造其他罪犯方面比教改人員強(qiáng)；醫(yī)院里的病人與病人之間的溝通比醫(yī)務(wù)人員與病人間的溝通還強(qiáng)。6. than從句可以省去主語(yǔ)和部分謂語(yǔ)，保留賓語(yǔ)Grandma gives more candies to her grandson than her granddaughter. 奶奶給孫子的糖比給孫女的多。(省去了she gives candies to)7. than從句

15、可以省去主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)，保留狀語(yǔ)There are more books in this library than in that library. 這個(gè)圖書館的書比那個(gè)多。(省去了there are many books) She is much better than yesterday. 她比昨天好多了。(省去了she was) Signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past. 近些年來(lái)在學(xué)校、商業(yè)和政府中欺詐的跡象

16、比以前更多。8. than從句可以省去主語(yǔ)，保留謂語(yǔ)部分His speed of doing the work was much faster than had expected. 他干此事的速度遠(yuǎn)比想象的快。(省去了he或we)9. 有時(shí)可以省去整個(gè)than從句He is much healthier and happier. 她比以往任何時(shí)侯都健康幸福。(省去了than he was ever before)10. 為了避免重復(fù)，我們經(jīng)常用that代替不可數(shù)名詞, those代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞,one代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)七、隱含比較級(jí)有時(shí)比較級(jí)并不一定出現(xiàn)than，這時(shí)通過(guò)上下文可喑示出，如：-Of

17、 the two oranges, which do you choose? -I like the larger one.這里的larger one是指前邊提到的兩個(gè)當(dāng)中的較大的一個(gè)。而且有些形容詞在表示比較的時(shí)候，跟"to"而不用"than"1. prior to 較早的，較重要的The task is prior to all others. 這項(xiàng)任務(wù)比其他所有的任務(wù)都重要。I called on him prior to my departure. 動(dòng)身前我去看了他一趟。2. superior to優(yōu)越，高于In math he felt sup

18、erior to John. 他覺(jué)得自己數(shù)學(xué)比約翰強(qiáng)。They were resolved to rise superior to every obstacle. 他們決心戰(zhàn)勝一切困難。3. inferior to 下等的，次的These apples are inferior in flavour to those. 這些蘋果的味道不如那些。4. senior to 年長(zhǎng)的，地位高的；junior年幼的，地位低的，遲的He is two years senior to me. 他比我大兩歲。Her appointment is junior to mine by six weeks. 她的任

19、命比我遲六星期。5. preferable to 更好的Health without riches is preferable to riches without health. 貧窮但健康要比富有卻多病更可取。6. preferto 更傾向于I prefer this to that. 我喜歡這個(gè)而不喜歡那個(gè)。八、最高級(jí)在特殊短語(yǔ)中的使用：在有下列短語(yǔ)的句子中，往往使用最高級(jí)1. one of3. in the world(或群體名詞)九、其他有關(guān)比較的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法1. "as 形容詞(副詞)as possible"結(jié)構(gòu)，表示"最，盡可能"："

20、as quickly as possible"(盡量快)2. " sooner or later"是成語(yǔ)，表示"遲早、早晚"3. "would rather 動(dòng)詞原形than "是慣用句型，表示"寧愿而不愿"，由于連詞than 要求前后所比較的成分要一致十、most表示"非常"： 有時(shí)most并不表示"最"，而是作副詞表示"非常"之意。其實(shí)它是much的最高級(jí)，作形容詞用是"大多數(shù)"之意，前邊不加the。另外much與to構(gòu)成

21、介詞詞組，表示"在很大程度上使"that也可以作副詞用，表示"如此，那么"相當(dāng)于so十一、形容詞與副詞的修飾關(guān)系： 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，形容詞用來(lái)作表語(yǔ)(與系動(dòng)詞連用，注意taste, feel, become等詞作系動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，它們后的表示應(yīng)該是形容詞，包括?ed分詞)或作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，而形容詞不能修飾形容詞包括?ED分詞；但副詞可以修飾形容詞(包括?ED分詞)，副詞還可以修飾副詞、動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)十二、形容詞與副詞的位置1. 當(dāng)幾個(gè)形容詞共同修飾同一名詞時(shí)，它們的先后順序是：限定詞數(shù)詞描述性形容詞大小、長(zhǎng)短、形狀的形容詞色彩形容詞類屬形容詞表材料形容詞+被修飾的名詞；

22、或只記住限定詞像a, the, my, their等詞在最前邊，其他詞根據(jù)它們與被修飾名詞關(guān)系的遠(yuǎn)近進(jìn)行安排2. 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，單個(gè)副詞修飾形容詞時(shí)，副詞放在形容詞前；但enough修飾形容詞時(shí)要放在形容詞之后good enough, mysterious enough3. so修飾的是副詞，而such修飾的是名詞4. 形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)放在前邊，但修飾復(fù)合不定代詞(something, someone, somebody; anything, anyone, anybody; nothing, no?one, nobody)時(shí)，則放在這些詞之后something important, anythi

23、ng possible十三、關(guān)于hardly, rarely, scarcely與seldom的用法hardly"剛剛，不完全"，表示程度：I hardly know him. "我?guī)缀跽J(rèn)不出他了"，表示還是能認(rèn)出或者說(shuō)"我剛剛能認(rèn)出他"；hardly與any連用表示"幾乎沒(méi)有"，與ever連用表示"幾乎從來(lái)不"； scarcely的意思與hardly更接近。rarely"不經(jīng)常"，表示事物發(fā)生的頻率：He rarely goes there. 他很少(不經(jīng)常)去那里。sel

24、dom"很少，不經(jīng)常"，它與rarely更接近。同步練習(xí)1) The five?year deal obligates A the country to buy nine million tons B of grain a year C ， three million more as D the old pact's minimum. 解析：D錯(cuò)。 改為than。2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye. A in the same function B the same function asC th

25、e function is the same as D and has the same function解析：B對(duì)。本句的漢語(yǔ)意思是"照相機(jī)的鏡頭和眼睛的水晶體所起的作用相同"。3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan wouldhave as the amount of money borrowed. A as the same value B the same valueC value as the same D the v

26、alue is the same 解析：B對(duì)。本句的漢語(yǔ)意思是"消除通貨膨漲會(huì)保證還的錢與借時(shí)的錢同值"。4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were. A more sophisticated thanB much more sophisticated C much sophisticated D sophisticated解析：B為正確答案。5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than t

27、hose taken from the Earth. A clearestB the clearestC much clearerD more clearer解析：C為正確答案。 6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered A migratory， although B some do move C to more warmer D waters in winter.解析：D錯(cuò)。 改為warmer。7) During observations made over a fifty?year period， the power output

28、 of the Sun has than a few tenths of one percent. A varied by no more B varied no more by C not varied more by D more varied by not 解析：A為正確答案。8) Few of the people who live on the cooperatives than they were as laborers. A is well off financialB financially well offC are better off finanicallyD finan

29、cial better off解析：C為正確答案。9) He came all the way to China for promoting friendship for making money. A other than B better than C more than D rather than解析：D為正確答案。10) He preferred to write the letter by hand . A to typing itB than type itC to type itD rather than type it解析： D為正確答案。11) The harder he t

30、ried， A the worst B he danced C before the large D audience.解析：B錯(cuò)。 改為worse。 12) The quicker a loan A is repaid B ， the least C it will D cost. 解析： C錯(cuò)。 改為less。13) Hot objects emit do cold objects. A rays more than infrared(紅外線) B rays are more infrared thanC more than infrared rays D more infrared ra

31、ys than解析：D對(duì)。本句中的比較級(jí)為形容詞more (much 的比較級(jí))，被比較的兩個(gè)事物為"hot objects"和"cold objects"，在所釋放(emit)的紅外線(infrared rays)的量上，前者多于后者。其中more修飾infrared rays，它們不能被分開(kāi)，故只有D在詞序上正確?？瞻缀竺鏋榈寡b語(yǔ)序，其中的do代替動(dòng)詞emit，本句空白后也可用正常語(yǔ)序，即"cold objects do"。 14) Last year the country had A fewer imports as B di

32、d the year before last C due to D the energy crisis. 解析： B錯(cuò)。 改為than。15) Long Island， an A island that forms the B southeastern part of New York， has a C greater population than which D of forty?two of thefifty states.解析： D錯(cuò)。 改為that，代替population。16) The grain of rye is longer A and slenderer B than C

33、 those of D wheat.解析：D錯(cuò)。 改為that。這里比較的"The grain"不是復(fù)數(shù)，不能用復(fù)數(shù)代詞those。17) The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than . A the domestic marketer has B the domestic marketer doesC those of the domestic marketer D that which has the domestic marketer

34、解析：C為正確答案。比較句中，連詞than前后，即所比較的成分要一致，應(yīng)該在同種事物間進(jìn)行比較。本句所比較的是兩種 activities ，故C正確，代詞those 代替"the activities"。18） The grape is cultivated plants. A one of the oldest B the oldest oneC one which the oldest D the one is the oldest of解析：A對(duì)。"one of the oldest"表示"(歷史)最長(zhǎng)的栽種植物之一"，C和D均

35、不合語(yǔ)法，而B(niǎo)選項(xiàng)中的one多余。19) ， William Shakespeare is the most widely known. A With all writers in EnglishB All writers in EnglishC All of the writers in EnglishD Of all writers in English解析：D為正確答案。20) The crane is of the wading birds. A the tallestB the tallest that isC which is the tallestD which the tall

36、est is解析：A為正確答案。21) The Appalachians Trail， extending A approximately 2，020 miles B from Maine to Georgia， is the longer C continuous D marked footpath in the world. 解析：C錯(cuò)。只有在兩者相比較時(shí)才使用比較級(jí)，而本句出現(xiàn)了狀語(yǔ)in the world，明顯表示不止兩者相比，故應(yīng)改用最高級(jí) (the) longest 。 22) La Paz， Bolivia is the higher A capital city in B th

37、e western hemisphere and C the second?highest D in the world. 解析：A錯(cuò)。 改為the highest。 23) The best way to control rats is by seeing that they have as . A possibly little nourishment B nourishment possibly littleC little as possible nourishment D little nourishment as possible 解析：D 為正確答案，"as littl

38、e nourishment as possible "意為"盡可能少的養(yǎng)料"。24) Earlier A or later， all lakes are influenced B by eutrophication， a process in which lake sediment(沉積物) lowers the depth C of the water and drains(除去) oxygen from it D . 解析： A錯(cuò)。改為sooner。25) Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he w

39、ould rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf of the telephone. A than inventing B than as the inventorC the invention D as the inventor解析：B 為正確答案，兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)"as a teacher of the deaf"和" as the inventor of the telephone"相比。26) Wool is characteristic on which to classify breeds of sheep. A most obviousl