初中英語命題技術(shù)與測試研究

1、專題講座初中英語命題技術(shù)與測試研究一、為什么要實(shí)行語言測試？ 基于語言測試的目的和功能。 （一）語言測試的目的 全面測試考生對義務(wù)教育階段的英語語言基礎(chǔ)知識的掌握和綜合語言使用水平。 （二）語言測試的功能 1 、診斷功能 了解已達(dá)水平和存有的問題 分析原因 確定措施 設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo) 2 、反饋功能 肯定反饋 滿足 強(qiáng)化積極性 否定反饋 焦慮 動(dòng)因（阻力） 3 、定向功能 測驗(yàn)內(nèi)容、評價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)往往會(huì)成為學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的內(nèi)容和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從而左右學(xué)生努力的方向、學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和時(shí)間的分配。 4 、證明功能 （ 1）測試成績或評價(jià)能夠作為證明學(xué)生掌握水準(zhǔn)、水平水平或?qū)W習(xí)水平的證據(jù)； （ 2）教育行政部門評價(jià)教師工作的依據(jù)；

2、 （ 3）教育科研人員判定某個(gè)教學(xué)改革計(jì)劃是否有效的依據(jù)。 5 、教學(xué)功能 （ 1）測試本身是教學(xué)活動(dòng)的一部分； （ 2）促使學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)、鞏固； （ 3）訓(xùn)練技能、提高分析和解決問題的水平。 二、語言測試的內(nèi)容 主要參考教育部英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)稿）相對應(yīng)級別所規(guī)定的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容和要求及相關(guān)附錄。 如五級技能要求 聽: · 能根據(jù)語調(diào)和重音理解說話者的意圖； · 能聽懂相關(guān)熟悉話題的談話，并能從中提取信息和觀點(diǎn)； · 能借助語境克服生詞障礙、理解大意； · 能聽懂接近正常語速的故事和記敘文，理解故事的因果關(guān)系； · 能在聽的過程中用適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞阶龀龇磻?yīng)；

3、 · 能針對所聽語段的內(nèi)容記錄簡單信息。 三、語言測試的種類 （一）按學(xué)習(xí)階段來分 1 、編班測試 編班測試經(jīng)常用于摸底測試，目的是為了了解學(xué)生的入學(xué)水平，這樣可對比歷年學(xué)生的入學(xué)水平；第二種功能，就是把學(xué)生按不同水平分為不同班級；第三種功能是掌握學(xué)生的語言水平。 2 、隨堂測試 隨堂測試分量小、時(shí)間短、形式多樣，可用于復(fù)習(xí)鞏固本課知識，但是操作中需要長計(jì)劃、分課安排，保證系統(tǒng)性。 3 、期中測試 期中測試是一種為了便于階段性鞏固的測試形式。 4 、期末測試 期末測試主要用于評價(jià)一學(xué)期的教學(xué)效果。 （二）按用途來分 1 、水平測試 主要考查學(xué)生的語言水平，不考慮之前是否學(xué)過，學(xué)了多少

4、，如何學(xué)的，而是為了測試被試者是否達(dá)到了某種語言水平。 2 、成績測試 與所學(xué)的課程直接相關(guān)，目的是考查學(xué)生對所學(xué)知識和技能的掌握與使用。能夠依據(jù)課程內(nèi)容或教材內(nèi)容，也可依據(jù)課程目標(biāo)。 3 、潛能測試 用來預(yù)示學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)某種語言的潛力和天賦 4 、診斷測試 用來發(fā)現(xiàn)教和學(xué)的問題能夠考查單個(gè)項(xiàng)目，也可綜合考查目的是為了改進(jìn)教學(xué)，調(diào)整教學(xué)計(jì)劃，實(shí)行個(gè)別指導(dǎo)。 四、試題設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) （一）效度（ validity） 效度就是測量的有效性，也就是看考試是否考查了想要考查的內(nèi)容。 （二）信度（ reliability） 信度指考試結(jié)果準(zhǔn)確、穩(wěn)定、可靠的水準(zhǔn)。要求由不同的評卷人閱卷，所得分?jǐn)?shù)大致相同；同一個(gè)評

5、卷人在不同時(shí)間閱卷，分?jǐn)?shù)也大致相同。 （三）區(qū)分度（ discrimination） 區(qū)分的目的主要是為了比較。 （四）實(shí)用性（ practicality） 試題便于使用，試卷印制清晰醒目，措辭簡潔、避免拼法錯(cuò)誤或遺漏，盡量少涉及各種器材設(shè)備。由于設(shè)備不一定處處都有，而且質(zhì)量也不完全一樣。 （五）影響（ back-wash effect） 積極影響:發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，積極督促。 消極影響:考什么，學(xué)什么；不考就不學(xué)。 五、具體試題的命題技術(shù) （一）命題總原則 1 、要依據(jù)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來確定考查內(nèi)容與標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 2 、要著重考查學(xué)生的綜合語言使用水平 3 、要充分考查學(xué)生的實(shí)際生活和身心發(fā)展水平 4 、要選用真實(shí)

6、、地道的語言素材，根據(jù)語言實(shí)際使用情形命題 5 、要確保試題的信度和效度，杜絕繁、偏、舊的試題，控制題量 6 、要根據(jù)試題的考查目的和考查重點(diǎn)，科學(xué)、合理地制定評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) （二）具體題型的命題技術(shù) 1 、如何設(shè)計(jì)聽力測試 （ 1）考查的主要形式 聽對話選圖； 聽對話或獨(dú)白選擇準(zhǔn)確答案； 聽對話或獨(dú)白記錄關(guān)鍵信息。 （ 2）考查的內(nèi)容 理解事實(shí)的水平； 對對話背景、話題、地點(diǎn)、說話者之間的關(guān)系等做出判斷的水平； 理解說話者的意圖觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的水平； 獲取并填寫信息的水平。 （ 3）命題技術(shù) 要根據(jù)原文信息設(shè)計(jì)選項(xiàng)，主要針對關(guān)鍵信息設(shè)問； 選項(xiàng)長度不宜過長，要適當(dāng)均衡； 題干應(yīng)力求語言簡潔、長度適宜；

7、 2 、如何設(shè)計(jì)單項(xiàng)選擇 （ 1）題干的設(shè)計(jì)原則 盡量不要在題干句首設(shè)空； 題干應(yīng)有一定的語境； 題干應(yīng)力求語言簡潔、長度適宜； 難易水準(zhǔn)應(yīng)與考生水平相適合。 （ 2）選項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)原則 首先要保證答案的唯一性； 選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該基本符合語法規(guī)則； 正確選項(xiàng)與干擾項(xiàng)的形式應(yīng)基本一致； 所有選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該都能分別放入題干之中； 每個(gè)選項(xiàng)確實(shí)都能起到干擾作用； 選項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)不應(yīng)背離考查目標(biāo)。 （ 3）其他：避免常識類、腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎的題 3 、如何設(shè)計(jì)完形填空 （ 1）總的原則和要求？ 在語篇層次上把握語言材料，在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行邏輯推理，綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)語言知識。 （ 2）考什么？ 主要考查以下幾方面的知識和技能： 對

8、文章上下文的理解和把握能力； 對詞匯意義及用法的理解和運(yùn)用能力； 根據(jù)生活常識進(jìn)行推理和判斷的能力； 對慣用法和常用搭配的掌握能力。 （ 3）命題技術(shù)？ 所選材料與課標(biāo)要求相當(dāng)，用于完形填空的文字材料應(yīng)略低于閱讀理解的材料； 所選材料含有比較豐富的語言形式和緊湊的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)； 長度適當(dāng)。設(shè)空間隔通常在 5-8個(gè)單詞的范圍內(nèi)，選文過長或過短都不利于設(shè)計(jì)完形填空題； 文章首句和末句一般不宜設(shè)空； 各類考點(diǎn)應(yīng)均衡分布（詞匯、上下文理解、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)）； 考點(diǎn)側(cè)重語篇的意義，而不是一味考查語法或句子結(jié)構(gòu)； 考點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)考慮上下文的呼應(yīng)關(guān)系 設(shè)計(jì)考點(diǎn)時(shí)要避免某一小題的答案出現(xiàn)在文章的其他地方； 其他：每小題只能

9、有一個(gè)正確選項(xiàng)；正確選項(xiàng)和干擾項(xiàng)的外在形式特征要一致；干擾項(xiàng)要起到一定的干擾作用。 4 、如何設(shè)計(jì)閱讀理解？ （ 1）考查什么 主要考查學(xué)生理解常用體裁和不同題材的書面材料的能力。 （ 2）主要體裁 主要有說明文、議論文、敘述描寫、應(yīng)用文等。 （ 3）命題原則 所選語言材料應(yīng)具有教育性和思想性； 試題應(yīng)體現(xiàn)生活化、實(shí)用化的特征，逐步趨向真實(shí)性語言測試； 組題方式應(yīng)有所創(chuàng)新； 題目的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該靈活多樣。 （ 4）考查內(nèi)容 具體信息； 信息判斷； 主旨大意； 詞匯猜測； 作者意圖； 邏輯推理； 信息歸總。 （ 5）考查形式 正誤判斷； 多項(xiàng)選擇； 完成句子或文段； 重新排序； 簡答； 信息轉(zhuǎn)化； 匹

10、配； 摘要填空； 完形填空。 （ 6）命題技術(shù) 閱讀理解考查的重點(diǎn)是學(xué)生獲取和處理信息的能力； 要注意試題的科學(xué)性和答案的唯一性； 要注意題目和閱讀材料的關(guān)聯(lián)性； 應(yīng)該盡可能避免帶有否定的題干； 閱讀理解試題的選項(xiàng)應(yīng)保持一致性。 5 、如何設(shè)計(jì)書面表達(dá)？ （ 1）命題原則 提供的信息要清楚、準(zhǔn)確，保證學(xué)生都能理解題意和寫作要求； 考查重點(diǎn)是學(xué)生表達(dá)思想、再現(xiàn)生活經(jīng)歷、描述事物、發(fā)表觀點(diǎn)的能力，而不是純粹的語法知識和詞匯知識的掌握情況； 試題提供的情景要真實(shí)可信，符合學(xué)生的年齡特點(diǎn)，貼近學(xué)生的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活和社會(huì)實(shí)際； 不應(yīng)該考查學(xué)生寫作之外的能力； 給出的提示不能太多。 （ 2）考查技能 敘事、說明

11、與議論相結(jié)合，對人物或事件進(jìn)行描述，并表達(dá)觀點(diǎn) 能根據(jù)圖示或表格寫出段落，并說明或發(fā)表看法 能使用信件、日記、演講稿等實(shí)用文體傳達(dá)信息 能描述系列圖片，編寫或續(xù)寫簡單的故事。 （ 3）考查形式 有命題作文、寫信、寫請假條、留言、看圖作文、多給出提示信息和參考詞匯等。 案例評析一、案例:2009 學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期末考試試卷二、試卷簡要評析 案例（光盤）及評析文本2009 學(xué)年第二學(xué)期期末考試試卷初 二 英 語第 I 卷 機(jī)讀卷 58 分 聽力 ( 共 11 分 )  一、 聽對話，選擇與對話內(nèi)容相符的圖片。 每段對話讀兩遍（共 4 分，每小題 1 分）。1.

12、2. 3.4.二、 聽對話或獨(dú)白，根據(jù)對話或獨(dú)白的內(nèi)容，從下列各題所給的 A 、 B 、 C 三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。每段對話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍（共 7 分，每小題 1 分）。請聽一段對話，回答第 5 至第 6 小題。 5. What does the man want? A. A ticket. B. A jacket. C. A story book. 6. How much does the man pay for it? A. 50 yuan. B. 55 yuan. C. 85 yuan. 請聽一段對話，回答第 7 至第 8 小題。 7. What kind of show d

13、oes Cindy like ? A. Sports show. B. Game show. C. News show. 8. When can Cindy watch her favourite show Families? A. On Fridays. B. On Saturdays. C. On Sundays. 請聽一段對話，回答第 9 至第 11 小題。 9. What is the speaking doing? A. Telling something about the school trip. B. Inviting the students to have a picnic

14、. C. Introducing Dong Jiang Park to the students. 10. When are the students leaving? A. At 5:00. B. At 7:40. C. At 8:00. 11. How many students will go to Dong Jiang Park? A. 20 students. B. 60 students. C. 80 students.  請打開第二卷，看第一大題聽力試題。該試題需要在第二卷第一大題的相應(yīng)位置上作答。 基礎(chǔ)知識運(yùn)用 （共 25 分）三、選擇填空（共 15 分，每

15、小題 1 分）從下列各題所給的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選擇可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。12. Is this your pen, Tom? No, its not _. I think its Jims.A. I B. me C. mine D. my  13. _ is your hero? Norman Bethune. He gave his life to helping Chinese people. A. What B. Who C. When D. Where14. Labour Day is on the first day _ September i

16、n the USA.A. in B. at C. on D. of15. He didnt come to the evening party _ he was ill. A. but B. so C. or D. because16. Mary and I often visit the old man, so he doesnt feel _ at all. A. honest B. lonely C. brave D. funny 17. Your son has changed a lot. Yes, he is as _ as me.A. tall B. taller C. tall

17、est D. the tallest 18. I _ my homework when my mum got home yesterday afternoon. A. will do B. did C. am doing D. was doing 19. Please _the lights when you leave the room. A. turn on B. take off C. turn off D. come on 20. Hobbies can make you _ as a person and help you learn new skills. A. grow B. g

18、rowing C. to grow D. grew 21. He got up early _ he could get to school on time . A. if B. until C. so that D. after22. The king became angry because Ma Liang _ to draw anything for him. A. warned B. explained C. promised D. refused 23. I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me _ in bed.A. stay B. to sta

19、y C. stayed D. staying24. We are going to visit CCTV Tower if it _ fine tomorrow. A. will be B. was C. is D. be25. Could you tell me _ tomorrow? Sorry, I dont know either.A. when will the meeting start B. when the meeting will start C. when did the meeting start D. when the meeting started 26. Would

20、 you please pass me todays newspaper? _.A. Yes, please B. Thats rightC. Youre welcome D. Here you are四、完形填空 （共 10 分，每小題 1 分）閱讀下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后從短文后各題所給的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。For a long time, I dreamed of doing something in Western China and last year I finally became a volunteer 27 . It has chang

21、ed my life completely! I traveled a long way to a small village school in Long Zhou, Guang Xi Zhuang Autonomous Region. On my way there, I thought about the village, the school, the first day, and the children there. 28 , my heart sank （下沉） when I arrived there. It wasnt what I 29 . It didnt look li

22、ke a school at all! The school had only 30 rooms, one for Grade1, Grade 2 and 3, and one for Grades 4, Grade 5, and 6. There was a third classroom for me. The children welcomed me warmly on my first day. They asked me a lot of questions, and I told them stories about 31 and my life in Shanghai. The

23、next day, I gave them a test to 32 their level （水平） . To my surprise, more than half of the students didnt pass the 33 , but they all wanted to learn things. I knew they 34 me. I spent many nights preparing lessons, reading test papers, and marking homework. I 35 teaching these lovely and hardworkin

24、g children, and I could see that they were making progress with my 36 . I have also learned a lot from them. I understand their lives better, and we are now good friends. 27. A. doctor B. teacher C. driver D. reporter 28. A. However B. And C. So D. Also 29. A. saw B. understand C. remembered D. expe

25、cted 30. A. one B. two C. three D. four 31. A. themselves B. ourselves C. myself D. himself 32. A. look at B. find out C. give up D. get to 33. A. exam B. question C. lesson D. homework 34. A. needed B. worried C. understood D. moved 35. A. forgot B. stopped C. finished D. enjoyed 36. A. choice B. d

26、ream C. help D. stories  閱 讀 （共 22 分） 五、閱讀理解 （共 22 分，每小題 2 分）閱讀下面的三篇短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后各題所給的 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選擇最佳選項(xiàng)。A Sandy s telephone message Sandy : l am going to have a party next Saturday Are you coming? Grace Sandy : I found a new kind of dog food My dog Tim just loves it Would you ge

27、t some for your dog Lucky? Wu Sandy : Mr Brown said your car was OK And now you can go and get it from 9: 00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Steve Sandy : The nice film “The Ship” is on show at Sunny Theater Want to see it? Please call me back. Chris Sandy : Ring me up ， and buy some bread and juice o n your way

28、home Sue 37. Grace is going to have a party _. A. this Saturday B. this Friday C. next Saturday D. next Friday 38. “The Ship” is the name of _. A. a book B. a film C. a song D. a dog 39. Mr. Brown helped Sandy mend her _. A. car B. telephone C. dog D. ship  B The pine tree is a special kind of

29、tree. Some people call the pine tree a Christmas tree. This is because many people put pine trees in their homes at Christmas time. They decorate ( 裝飾 ) the tree with coloured lights, and put Christmas presents under the tree.Pine trees are different from other trees because most other trees lose th

30、eir leaves in the winter. Pine trees stay green all year long, even in the winter. Pine trees are also called evergreens because they are always green.Pine trees do not have soft leaves like the maple tree. They have hard, thin leaves called needles （針葉） . Pine trees also have pine cones. If you wal

31、k in a forest, you will see many pine cones on the ground. Inside the pine cones are seeds （種子） . When the seeds fall to the ground, a new tree starts to grow.Pine trees are useful for many reasons. They are used to make tables, desks, beds, and also boats. Many kinds of birds build their houses in

32、pine trees. The seeds of pine trees are food for small animals such as squirrels and mice and for bigger animals such as rabbits and black bears. The needles are good food for large animals such as deer and moose when they cannot find anything to eat in the winter.If you walk in a forest of pine tre

33、es, the air has a wonderful smell. In winter, the white snow on the dark green trees looks very beautiful. 40.A pine tree is also called _.A. a needle tree B. a winter tree C. a Christmas tree D. a maple tree41.Pine trees are different from most other trees because_.A. they have soft leaves B. they

34、are green all year longC. they have many seeds D. they lose their leaves in winter 42. What is inside a pine cone?A. Needles. B. Maple leaves. C. Christmas presents. D. Seeds. 43. Which of the following is NOT the reason that pine trees are useful?A. The pine cones fall to the ground.B. They can be

35、used to make tables and boats.C. Many birds build their houses in pine trees.D. The seeds and needles are food for many animals. CWhat would you do if you found a snake in your house? Many people might be frightened （受驚的） or try to kill it. However, if you live in North Carolina in the USA, one thin

36、g you can do is to call the Snake Catchers. The Snake Catchers are four men who love snakes. Their newspaper poster says, “Snake Catchers: free snake moving - please do not kill them - Call us.” The Snake Catchers, who started their job in 1998, dont ask people to pay the money for helping. “We do t

37、his as a hobby,” explained Fred Johnson, one of the Snake Catchers. Because of their love of snakes, the Snake Catchers try to keep them alive. “One man asked us to kill a python , so he could make a pair of shoes from the skin . We refused, because we like snakes, and we dont want to see them kille

38、d,” said Fred. Some of the snakes that they catch are given to the North Carolina State University. Most are released in the wild, usually in a national park. Fred suggests that people should treat snakes with care. “Actually snakes are shy. They will bite if they are frightened. However, you have t

39、o know how to do with them properly. One day, the Greenwood family found a snake skin in the kitchen. They looked very carefully and saw a snake sleeping behind a cupboard . They thought about what to do. Then Steve Greenwood remembered the poster for the Snake Catchers. He called them. “The Snake C

40、atchers arrived an hour later and they finished the job quickly too,” said Steve Greenwood. “One of them went into the kitchen, found the snake and caught it first by the tail, then around the head. He took it out alive. The Snake Catchers did a very good job.” Last year, they caught more than seven

41、ty snakes from houses in North Carolina.   44. How many people are there in the Snake Catchers? A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Five. 45. The Snake Catchers catch snakes because _. A. they like helping people . B. they want to make money . C. they want to kill the snakes themselves. D. they dont

42、want people to hurt snakes . 46. What does the underlined word released mean in Paragraph 5? A. Broken out. B. Set free. C. Seen off. D. Come out. 47. The writer writes this passage mainly to _.A. tell people not to kill the snakes B. introduce some ways to catch snakes C. describe a true picture of

43、 the Snake Catchers D. encourage people to join the Snake Catchers 第 II 卷 非機(jī)讀卷 42 分 一、 聽對話，記錄關(guān)鍵信息。 請根據(jù)所聽到的對話內(nèi)容，將所缺的關(guān)鍵信息填寫在下面的表格中。對話讀兩遍 （共 4 分，每小題 1 分）。  Information Card Name: David JohnsonAge: 1. _ Favourite subject: 2. _ Favourite sport: running Usual transport: 3. go to school by _

44、 Future plan: 4. _.    二、詞匯運(yùn)用 （共 6 分，每空 1 分）根據(jù)對話內(nèi)容，用方框中所給的詞填空。follow , such as , relax , welcome , special , write downNew Years Day is often a family day. Some people 5._ at home. Some families get together for a 6. _ meal. When the weather is fine, many families go out for a walk.On New

45、Years day, many people make resolutions for the new year. They 7._ a list of things, 8._ “Ill help out more at home.” Or “I will work harder at school.” When they have made their list, they read it to their family or friends and promise to 9._ their resolutions. So it doesnt matter how they celebrat

46、e, for people in countries all over the world, its a time to say goodbye to the old year, and to 10._ the new.三、完成句子。根據(jù)中文意思完成句子（ 共 10 分，每小題 2 分 ）。11. 讓我們停下來休息一會(huì)吧。Lets _ a rest. 12. 我父親持續(xù)工作了好幾個(gè)小時(shí)。 My father _ for hours. 13. 他說話如此之快，以至于我根本聽不清。 He speaks _ I cant hear clearly at all. 14. 我每天花一個(gè)小時(shí)做家庭作業(yè)。

47、 I _ an hour _ my homework every day.15. 你一回來就幫我學(xué)英語，好嗎？ Will you please _ you come back? 四、閱讀與表達(dá)（共 10 分，每小題 2 分）閱讀短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容回答問題。If you dont know how much water you need, Im not surprised. Different advice in recent newspapers appears to be against the old “8-a-day” advice we all grew up with. Is it n

48、ecessary to drink down eight glasses of water every day, or is this already out of date? Weve heard for years that eight glasses of water every day is necessary for a person to keep healthy. Your weight loss and health depend on it. Drink eight glasses of water every day and see clearer skin, better

49、 sleep, and improve eyesight. Were warned of losing water without at least eight glasses. But, there are some new ideas of examining your daily diet, including what you eat, as well as what you drink. The answer is you need what you need! If its summer, you need more. If youre exercising, you need more. If youre a “normal” inactive person, and not exercising more than 15-20 minutes every day, you need no more than four g