英語語法-句子成分分析及練習(DOC)

1、英語句子成分分析一個句子至少由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主語和謂語，它們是句子的主要成分。句子 的次要成分包括 賓語（包括雙賓語中的直接賓語和間接賓語）， 表語，定語（包 括前置定語及后置定語），狀語，同位語（包括限制性同位語及非限制性同位語）， 補語。一主語：是一句話的中心，一個句子中需要加以說明或描述的對象如：They were teachers他們曾是老師。）Time flies.（時光飛逝。） 這兩句話中分別由代詞They，名詞Time作主語。主語的位置：一般位于句首，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或相當于名詞的詞、短語等 充當。The school is far from here.名詞做主語She goe

2、s to school by bike.代詞做主語Eight is a lucky nu mber.數(shù)詞做主語The bli nd n eed more help.名詞化的形容詞做主語Predicti ng the future is in terest ing.動名詞做主語To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短語做主語That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeti ng caused lots of trouble.他忘了告訴我開會的時間給我?guī)砹撕芏嗦闊?。（從句）It is very clear that the e

3、lepha nt is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主語，主語從句是真正主語）謂語：是對主語加以陳述，表示人或事物（主語）的動作和存在的狀態(tài)英語中由動詞be、動詞have和行為動詞來充當謂語動詞 謂語動詞往往由一個或一個以上的助動詞或情態(tài)動詞加上主要動詞構(gòu)成。謂語必須由動詞或動詞短語充當， 因此動詞不定式、動名詞、分詞為非謂語動詞， 不能作謂語。且 謂語動詞可以體現(xiàn)時態(tài)，單復數(shù)的語法現(xiàn)象。如:They were teachers.他們曾是老師。）He enjoys singing songs（他喜歡唱歌。） 這兩句話分別由動詞were（are的過去式），en

4、joys singing（enjoy doing動詞 短語）作謂語。 其中were體現(xiàn)出句子的時態(tài)為過去時態(tài)， 且主語的人稱為第一 人稱，enjoys singing體現(xiàn)出句子的時態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時，且主語的人稱為第三人 稱。三.賓語：表示動作的承受者。賓語放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。如：I play with him.（我和他玩。）I like Chinese food.（我喜歡中國菜。）這兩句話中分別由人稱代詞him，名詞food作賓語。直接賓語與間接賓語：有的動詞能夠接雙賓語，直接賓語指的是動詞所涉及的物，間接賓語是指受益 于動詞所表示行為的人。如：He gave me a book.（他給了

5、我一本書）這句話中a book為直接賓語，me為間接賓語。又如：My mother bought a schoolbag to me.我媽媽買了一個書包給我。）這句話中schoolbag為直接賓語，me為間接賓語。及物動詞必須跟賓語.及物動詞：直接接賓語的謂語動詞.不及物動詞：不能直接帶賓語的謂語動詞.賓語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、從句構(gòu)成.I saw a plane in the sky just now.名詞做賓語I want three.數(shù)詞做賓語I like going shopp ing.動名詞做賓語We think predicting the future is ha

6、rd.賓語從句四賓語補足語（賓補）：對賓語的補充有些及物動詞除了要有一個賓語之外，還須加上一個補足語。如果沒有補足語（賓 補）,有時候句子的意思就不完整。這就是補語與定語狀語的關鍵區(qū)別。充當賓補的有：We elected him monitor.（名詞）We will make them happy.（形容詞）We found nobody in.（副詞）Please make yourself at home.（介詞短語）Don t let him do that.（省to不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson（帶t

7、o不定式）Don t keephe lights burning.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Ill have my bikrepaired.（過去分詞）五.表語：用來說明主語的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)接在系動詞之后，其中接在系動詞be后是最常見的情況。如They were teachers.他們曾是老師。）He is kind.（他心地善良。）這兩句話分別由名詞teachers形容詞kind作表語 表語的位置：用在動詞be和系動詞的后面。常見的系動詞1. be動詞:am is are2.與感覺有關的動詞look, sou nd, smell, taste, feel等3.表示狀態(tài)變化的動詞，意為變得”變成”如

8、get, grow, turn等名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、副詞等都可以和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成復合謂語Your pen is onthe desk.My dream is to have a robot.He got very an gry.My sister is a nurse我姐姐是一個護士。 （n urse名詞表身份）This table is long.這個桌子是長的。（Iong形容詞表特征）Children fall asleep easily.（形容詞asleep表狀態(tài)）Seventy-our! You dont Jfcok（代詞）Five and five is ten.（數(shù)詞）T

9、he picture is on the wall.（介詞短語）The questi on is whether they will come.俵語從句）六.定語：是用來說明或限制名詞的成分可分為前置定語和后置定語，常用形容詞或者相當于形容詞的短語或從句擔任。 形容詞放在名詞之前，構(gòu)成前置定語；相當于形容詞的短語或從句放在名詞的后 面，構(gòu)成后置定語。如：This is red sun.這是個紅太陽）這句話由形容詞red作前置定語，修飾sun.又如：Hiswork in the hospital is very hard.他在這個醫(yī)院的工作很辛苦。）這句話由相當于形容詞的介詞短語in the h

10、ospital作后置定語，修飾work。This is a red sun這是個紅太陽。（形容詞red修飾限定sun）He is a tall boy.他是個高個子男孩。（形容詞talI修飾限定boy）Da Ming is a chemistry teacher.（名詞）He is our frie nd.（代詞）We belong to the third world.（數(shù)詞）The man over there is my old friend.副詞）The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.介詞）The trees planted la

11、st year are growing well now過去分詞）I have an idea to do it well（不定式）You should do everything that I do.（定語從句）七.狀語：是用來修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或整個句子的成分。常由副詞擔任。修飾動詞時可以放在動詞之前， 也可以放在動詞之后；修飾形容 詞或副詞時放在它們之前。區(qū)別狀語與定語的關鍵就是看其所修飾的部分，定語 修飾名詞，且起說明、限制作用。狀語是修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞或整個句子的成分。它可以表示時間、地點、方 式、比較、程度、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件和讓步等。充當狀語的有副詞、介詞 短語、動詞

12、不定式、分詞短語、形容詞、名詞詞組和從句等）常由副詞擔任。修 飾動詞時可以放在動詞之前，也可以放在動詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞時放在它 們之前。如：The students study hard學生努力學習）這句話由副詞hard作study的狀語。又如：Pan das only live in Chi na.（熊貓僅生活在中國。） 這句話由介詞短語in China作live的狀語。再如：In the afternoo n, I we nt to swim.下午，我去了游泳。）這句話由介詞短語in theafternoon作整個句子的狀語。I will go there tomorrow.（時間狀

13、語）The meeting will be held in the meeting room.（地點狀語）The meat went bad becauseof the hot weathe（原因狀語）He studies hard to learn English well.（原因狀語）Hedidnt study haerd that he failed in the exam.（結(jié)果狀語）If you study hard, you willpass the exam.（條件狀語）He goes to school by bike.（方式狀語）狀語的位置1.在一般情況下，用于句末。We l

14、ike our school very much.2.為了強調(diào)狀語,可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3.表頻度的副詞通常用于句中，如always, usually, often, hardly, never,用于行為動詞前，be動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞后I usually get up early.He is ofte n late.一些副詞,如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly,ce

15、rtainly等用法相似/ sometimes, now可以位于句首，句中或句末/ only在句中的 位置比較靈活，但位置不同，意義也不同.The actor only sang a song. Only the actor sang a song.The actor sang only one song.兩個或多個狀語同時修飾時的 順序1.地點狀語在前，時間狀語在后.We will have a meet ing in Room 202 tomorrow.2.較小單位的狀語在前，由小到大Mr. Li lives at 88 Chon gwe n Rd., Suzhou, Jia ngsu.3

16、.一個句子有幾個不同種類的副詞作狀語，其順序大都是：程度副詞，方式副詞，地點副詞，時間副詞She sang very well at the meeting last night.時間和地點狀語也可以位于句首，表示強調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.八.同位語：一個名詞（或其它形式）對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾,限定或說明.同位語與被它限定的詞常常緊挨在一起。限制性同位語與非限制性同位語：限制性同位語中同位語與被它限定的詞之間不用逗號隔開

17、，非限制性同位語則用逗號隔開。如：My uncle Mike is kind.（我的叔叔馬克心地善良）這句話中，Mike作my uncle的限制性同位語。又如：He is interested in sports, especially ball games.（他對運動感興趣，特別是球類運動。）這句話中ball games作sports的非限制性同位語。綜上所述，通常情況下，句子的成分分布如下:（定語） 主語 （狀語） 謂語 （定語） 賓語 （狀語）女口：(The tall) boy (often) go to the ( big) zoo. (Thehappy) child went (hi

18、s) home(yesterday).英語句子成分歌主謂賓表真呀真實在；定語同位（語）專把名詞踹。（踹表示修飾的意思） 忽右忽左英語句子八呀八大塊，補語跟著賓語表語跑， 狀語的位置它自由自在, 渾身的毛病真呀真不少,隨心所欲擺。前后亂竄它還會加塞。劃分句子成分練習題（1）I. They are working on the farm now.2.See ing is believ ing3.AII of us like Kobe Brya nt very much4.She became a doctor in 19985.The book lying on the floor are min

19、e6.Sudde nly it beg ins to rain7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday8always find her happy9. He wonders If I still study English10. Theletter whichI received the day before yesterdaywas a friend ofmineII.We always work hard at En glish.12. He said he did nt come.13. They love each other.14.

20、 What did you bye?15.She watched her daughter play ing the pia no.16.your job today is to help the old.17.Speak ing does nt mean doing.18. Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left.19. The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary oftheir marriage.20.lt takes me an hour

21、 to get there.劃分句子成分練習題（2）（一）挑出下列句中的賓語1My brother hasnt done his homework.2People all over the world speak English.3You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.4How many new words did you learn last class?5Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how aboutyou?6The old man sittin

22、g at the gate said he was ill.7They made him monitor of the class.8Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.9You will find it_useful after you leave school.10They did nt know who Father Christmas really is.（二）挑出下列句中的定語1They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name.2What is your given n

23、ame?3On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.4I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.5The man downstairs was trying to sleep.6I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!（三）挑出下列句中的賓語補足語1She likes the children to read newspapers and books inthe reading-room.2He asked her to take the boy

24、out of school.3She found jt difficult to do the work.4They call me Lily sometimes.5saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.6Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?（四）挑出下列句中的狀語1There was a big smile on her face.2Every night he heard the noise upstairs.3He began to learn English when he w

25、as eleven.4The man on the motorbike was travelling to fast.5With the medici ne box un der her arm, Miss Li hurried off.6She loves the library because she loves books.7I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it.8The stude nts followed Un cle Wang to see the other machi ne.（五）劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓

26、語1Please tell us a story.2My father bought a new bike for me last week.3Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.4Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.5Did he leave any message for me?答案：練習一仃hey（主語）are working（系表結(jié)構(gòu)做謂語）on the farm（地點狀語）now（時間狀語）.2.Seeing（動詞ing做主語）is（謂語）believing（賓語）3.AII of us（主語）like（謂語）Kobe Bryant（賓語）very much（程度副詞狀語）4.She（主語）became（謂語）a doctor（賓語）