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1、英文語法拉雜談- 動(dòng)名詞談?wù)剟?dòng)名詞( GERUND)你聽過英文語法有動(dòng)詞(verb )、名詞( noun );但你聽過有動(dòng)名詞(gerund )嗎?在還沒談動(dòng)名詞之前,讓我們先看看下面的句子:1.The girlis singinga song. 2.The girlsingingnow ismy sister.3.Singingis one of her hobbies(愛好)。三個(gè)句子中都有singing.第一個(gè)句子的singing是常見的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式(PresentContinuous ), 是 說 眼 下 正 在 做 什么 ; 第 二 個(gè) 句 子的singing是 現(xiàn) 在 分 詞 ( P

2、resentParticiple),它把 sing 這個(gè)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)為形容詞,但仍有動(dòng)詞的成份(哈哈,這么一說,要把你搞暈了吧:- ) . 關(guān)于分詞,以后有空再談吧,OK?)。好戲在后頭,你看看第三個(gè)句子的singing到底是什么東東呀?原來就是我們的主角動(dòng)名詞(Gerund)了!你看,sing 原本是個(gè)動(dòng)詞,可是現(xiàn)在它加上ing 后,看來竟像是一個(gè)名詞了。怎么,好玩吧?因此記住,不要以為一個(gè)動(dòng)詞加上ing 后都是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式呀!動(dòng)名詞可分為兩大類:一、名詞性的動(dòng)名詞(Nominal Gerund )Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠詞 ( Definitearticle,如 the )或不定

3、冠詞 ( Indefinitearticle,如 a , an ),其他可加在動(dòng)名詞前的還有如:my, this, some ,any, all, no等等。舉例如下:1. The mellow(愉快地)singing of the birds announces the coming of spring.( singing前加定冠詞the及形容詞mellow ; coming 前加 the )2.We knew the robberwas near when we heard a faintrustling(沙沙聲)inthebushes. ( rustling前加不定冠詞a 及形容詞fai

4、nt)從上面的例子可看出如何將一個(gè)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)成名詞;但它和真正的名詞還是有區(qū)別的,那就是沒有單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)之分。不過,有一些動(dòng)名詞是可以變成真正名詞的喔,如:saying , writing, opening, painting, cutting, heading , feeling, being,saving , surrounding, crossing, misunderstanding等等。它們都可以有復(fù)數(shù)的喔,方法就是在它們的后面加個(gè)s,如: paintings.二、動(dòng)詞性的動(dòng)名詞(Verbal Gerund )看看下面的句子:Carelessly writing essays annoys

5、 the teacher.上面的句子里的 writing是動(dòng)名詞,但前面有副詞carelessly(粗心地),后面又有受詞( Object ) essays.因此 writing就有動(dòng)詞的特征。注意: Verbal Gerund 這類動(dòng)名詞的前面可不能加上任何冠詞( the , a , an )喔。好,今天就談到這里,更多關(guān)于動(dòng)名詞的事下回再談。如果諸位不怕頭暈的,請(qǐng)?jiān)賮碓囋?,嘿嘿!談?wù)剟?dòng)名詞( Gerund)(二)動(dòng)名詞的功能與用法一、在句子中用作主語(Subject )或主語的補(bǔ)語( SubjectComplement):1.1作主語1.Listening to music gives m

6、e pleasure.(主語 Listening)2.Running is good exercise.(主語 running )3.Walking to school is a good idea.(主語 walking )1.2作主語的補(bǔ)語1.My cat's favorite activity is sleeping.(補(bǔ)語 sleeping )2.Seeing is believing.(主語 seeing, 補(bǔ)語 believing)1.3主語置于句尾用 It + be +v-ing句型1. It is fun speaking English. 2. It is of gr

7、eat importance fighting againstpollution(污染)。用 It is后接 no use. no good, fun等的句型1. It is no use learning theory without practice. 2. It is no fun being lost inrain.用It is后接useless,nice, good ,interesting, worthwhile等的句型1. It is worthwhile taking this into consideration.用 There + be + no + v-ing的句型1.

8、There isno jokingabout such matters.2. There isno gettingalong withhim.(簡(jiǎn)直無法與他相處)如何?感到頭暈了嗎?不怕的再來吧。再見。談?wù)剟?dòng)名詞( Gerund)(三)二、動(dòng)名詞也可以作賓語(Object )2.1作動(dòng)詞 / 動(dòng)詞短語的賓語(置于動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語的后面)1.I cannot help laughing.(我禁不住笑了起來) (賓語 laughing )2.You should avoid quarrelling with your sister.(賓語 quarrelling)3.You should pract

9、ice speaking English more.(賓語 speaking )注意:上面三個(gè)句子中的動(dòng)詞:help , avoid, practice只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語。這類動(dòng)詞還有:dislike厭惡 admit接受repent后悔acknowledge承認(rèn) enjoy享受escape避 免deny否 認(rèn)postpone延 遲 resent怨 恨 mind介 意miss錯(cuò) 過risk 冒風(fēng) 險(xiǎn) finish完 成avoid 避 免delay 耽 誤consider認(rèn) 為 fancy想 象excuse原諒 include包括 imagine想象 resist抵制suggest建議還有短語類:

10、 keep( on)繼續(xù) don't mind不介意 cannot help不禁 give up放棄put off延遲leave off停止burst out闖出再請(qǐng)注意:有一些動(dòng)詞除了可接動(dòng)名詞外,也可接不定詞(infinitive)。例子如下:1.I prefer livingin an apartment.(動(dòng)詞 prefer接動(dòng)名詞 living)2.I prefer to live in an apartment.(動(dòng)詞 prefer接不定詞 to live)像上面兩個(gè)句子的意思沒什么不同。如prefer這一類的動(dòng)詞還有:allowdeserveneglectattemptf

11、earomitbeginhate permitbotherintendceaselikerecommendcontinuelovestartstopforgetregret propose trycontinueremember need其實(shí)如 hate , love, like之類動(dòng)詞, 接動(dòng)名詞和接不定詞的句子,意思是會(huì)有些不同的,這就留給大家去研究吧,hihi2.2作介詞( Preposition)的賓語( Object)1.I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble.(介詞 for,賓語 giving)2.The book is worth

12、 reading.(介詞 worth , 賓語 reading )3.I reached him by calling his office.(介詞 by, 賓語 calling)4.The police arrested(逮捕) him for speeding.(介詞 for , 賓語 speeding )注意:在下列的句子結(jié)構(gòu)中,介詞in被省略掉:1.She isbusy ( in )correctingher exercises. 2.He spent two hours(in )readingbook. 3. There is no use ( in ) talkingwith hi

13、m now. 4.Is itany good( in ) takingcold water baths?2.3作 " 名詞 +介詞 " 的賓語請(qǐng)看下列的句子:1.I have the pleasure of speaking to the famous author.( pleasure of +賓語speaking )2.He takes a greatinterestinstudyinglanguages. (interestin + 賓語 studying)這一類 " 名詞 +介詞 " 的還有:danger offearofobjectiontod

14、elighttohabitofopportunity for /of excuse forexperience inlove in reason for好了,好了,看到這里, 你是不是需要一點(diǎn)風(fēng)油呢?呵呵!Gerund 還沒談完呢, 再會(huì)吧。談?wù)剟?dòng)名詞( Gerund)(四)三、句子中動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語(Implied Subject)什么是動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語呢?在句子中,除了原有的主語之外,屬于動(dòng)名詞的"主語",也就稱為 " 邏輯主語 " ,一般位于動(dòng)名詞的前面。3.1在動(dòng)名詞前加 " 物主代詞(如: my, his ) " 或 &qu

15、ot; 名詞所有格(如:Mary's,Dog's ) "1.His coming here helped us a lot.(主語 / 邏輯主語 his , 動(dòng)名詞 coming )2.Tom's escaping from the prison made trouble for the jailer.(主語 / 邏輯主語Tom,動(dòng)名詞 escaping )3.2作賓語( Object )的動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語時(shí),在動(dòng)名詞前加"物主代詞 "或"名詞所有格 "1.Do you mind my smoking in the

16、 romm? (邏輯主語 my, 動(dòng)名詞 smoking )2.He insisted on Mary's staying there.(邏輯主語 Mary, 動(dòng)名詞 staying)注意:作為邏輯主語的名詞/ 代詞為無生命時(shí),則用通格(of the ):1.I cannotsaythere is no fear of the news spreading among intimate friends.(邏輯主語 news)3.3在下列情況中,不能使用所有格:3.3.1代詞為 all, both , each , few , several, some, this等作為邏輯主語時(shí):1.

17、I remember all of them saying it .3.3.2數(shù)詞、名詞化形容詞(如the three, the old )作邏輯主語時(shí):1.In spite of the three telling the same story, I could not believe it.3.3.3結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語是名子或短語,或受從句或短語修飾時(shí):1.Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a littlelouder?真是煩死人了!還好, " 動(dòng)名詞 " 最難的一關(guān)要算是&

18、quot; 邏輯主語 " 了。如果你闖過后,接下來的就輕松得多了。哈哈 談?wù)剟?dòng)名詞( Gerund)(五)四、動(dòng)名詞的語態(tài)4.1被動(dòng)式( being + v-ed)當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語所表示的是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí),動(dòng)名詞要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。1.He dislikesbeing interrupted(被打岔) inhis speech. 2.They couldn'tstandbeing treated (被對(duì)待) like that.4.2完成式 ( having + v-ed)動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞之前,要用完成式。1. We regret having been unable t

19、o inform you of the meeting. 2. The students' having done (完成) the work so well made us very happy.4.3完成式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)( having been + v-ed)1.I heard of his having been chosen(被選為) to be the coach ofthe team. 2.Some of our customers complained of having been treated(被對(duì)待)rudely.4.4在動(dòng)詞 need , want , requir

20、e , deserve之后的動(dòng)名詞(作為賓語) ,要用主動(dòng)語態(tài)來表示被動(dòng)的意思。1.The flowers in the garden want watering(需要澆水) 。2.That's one of those questions that really don't need answering(不需回答)。五、作定語 ( Attribute)動(dòng)名詞放在所修飾的名詞前面作為定語,表示該名詞的用途或有關(guān)的動(dòng)作。1.sleeping car臥車 2. walking stick手杖 3.printingshop 印務(wù)館 4. readingroom閱讀室5. swimmi

21、ng pool泳池 6. washing machine洗衣機(jī) 7. dining room飯廳六、在英文正式語體里,動(dòng)名詞可放在前置詞(Preposition )后,以替代副詞 / 狀語的子句( Adverbial Clauses)例: 1. In case customersencounter difficulties, theyshouldringthe followingnumber: 2.In case ofencounteringdifficulties, customersshould ringthe followingnumber: 第二個(gè)句子的 "Incase of

22、" 動(dòng)名詞短句 ( Gerund Phrase ) 取代第一個(gè)句子的 "Incase"副詞子句。下列都是這類例子:1.In spite of doing his best, the pupil was reproached.( In spite of)2.Despite coming in time, the visitors were not admitted.( despite)3.For all his arguing, the teacher could not convince us.( for all )4.The fireman distinguis

23、hed himself by doing his duty to the utmost.(by)5.In sending us the book you proved to be reliable.( In )6.Instead of blaming the boy, the teacher encouraged him.( instead of)7.The girl left without saying a word.( without )8.The boy was blamed for breaking the window.(for )9.The children got tired from learning too much.( from )10.After spending the holidays with us, ournephew went back toEngland. ( after)11.Before going to bed, I opened the win

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