新托福綜合寫(xiě)作考點(diǎn)解析及應(yīng)對(duì)策略-XiaoMaGuoHe

1、新托福綜合寫(xiě)作考點(diǎn)解析及應(yīng)對(duì)策略一些托?？忌J(rèn)為， 寫(xiě)作是相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的拉分項(xiàng)， 至少也是不需要花太多時(shí)間的平分項(xiàng)。 實(shí)際上， 考生在大作文上容易拿到相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的得分， 而在綜合寫(xiě)作部分， 考生時(shí)常因?yàn)槁?tīng)力和閱讀等方面的原因使得得分限制在limited 的分階。 因此，朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家， 根據(jù)綜合寫(xiě)作的考試形式和評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在本文中為各位考生解析考點(diǎn)并給出應(yīng)對(duì)方案。一、解題技巧1. 考試基本介紹綜合寫(xiě)作是托福寫(xiě)作考試的第一部分。該部分要求考生在3 分鐘內(nèi)閱讀一段學(xué)術(shù)短文章，然后再聽(tīng)一段長(zhǎng)度在2 分鐘左右的針對(duì)于同一學(xué)術(shù)話題但從不同視角討論的聽(tīng)力材料?？荚囈蟾鶕?jù)閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料是如何一一對(duì)應(yīng)的

2、為內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇150 字至 225 字的學(xué)術(shù)短文章。文章中不應(yīng)體現(xiàn)作者的主觀意見(jiàn)。2. 閱讀與聽(tīng)力練習(xí)托福綜合寫(xiě)作的聽(tīng)力和閱讀是整個(gè)考試的核心部分。 這里筆者建議考生多加練習(xí)。 在開(kāi)始的一段時(shí)間里專攻聽(tīng)力和閱讀的主旨把握，也就是寫(xiě) main idea 。練習(xí)的時(shí)間需要保持在 2周左右，然后第三周則開(kāi)始練習(xí)閱讀聽(tīng)力的改寫(xiě)。具體練習(xí)形式如下：Reading: Additionally, water treated with fluoride is much purer than untreatedwater.Listening:While fluoride does purify water, it

3、 can still lead to harmful sideeffects if taken in large amounts since it is a toxic chemical.組合信息：Although the writer of the reading passage thinks ,the professor claims .寫(xiě)完后最好請(qǐng)老師批改，從詞語(yǔ)選用和句式選擇上均可以在原文的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的改寫(xiě)。如上文可以組合成：Although the writer of the reading passage thinks that fluoride water must becl

4、earer than common water, the professor claims that it indeed purer in treated water, but detrimental side effect may also come into bodies if people over takeit.3. 筆記許多考生認(rèn)為，在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中，閱讀會(huì)重新出現(xiàn)，因此沒(méi)有必要記筆記。事實(shí)上，筆者想強(qiáng)調(diào)， 筆記不僅需要認(rèn)真記錄， 而且需要作為聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容的重要依據(jù)。 閱讀筆記有以下幾點(diǎn)好處：一是理順閱讀文章中的邏輯思路，對(duì)閱讀內(nèi)容保持熟悉度；二是為聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容做個(gè)鋪墊，通常情況下聽(tīng)力內(nèi)容以反

5、對(duì)或者加強(qiáng)閱讀材料為主， 因此我們可以猜測(cè)聽(tīng)力的內(nèi)容； 三是形成聽(tīng)力和閱讀的對(duì)應(yīng)框架以便對(duì)照行文。4. 應(yīng)對(duì)技巧寫(xiě)作部分考試的開(kāi)始首先是3 分鐘的閱讀時(shí)間，此部分需要考生做一個(gè)2 次閱讀的步驟。第一步先抓取主要觀點(diǎn)也就是MAIN ARGUE 和 3 個(gè) TS 句， 這個(gè)步驟大約在 45 秒內(nèi)可以完成。 同時(shí)做好框架的筆記結(jié)構(gòu)，找到文章的論點(diǎn)是什么，從哪幾個(gè)方面入手等信息。 第二遍再讀細(xì)節(jié)，找出關(guān)鍵詞，將論據(jù)用一些符號(hào)聯(lián)系起來(lái)。 這樣閱讀部分的完成時(shí)間一般在 2分鐘 30 秒之內(nèi)。 如果還有剩余時(shí)間， 考生可以思考一下聽(tīng)力可能從哪幾個(gè)方面來(lái)進(jìn)行反駁。這樣建立一個(gè)假想的聽(tīng)力體系， 我們?cè)诼?tīng)聽(tīng)力的過(guò)

6、程中就能夠?qū)μ?hào)入座， 大大提高正確率和關(guān)鍵詞的提取速度，以及定位的準(zhǔn)確度。二、場(chǎng)景分類事實(shí)上，考生最頭疼的是如何進(jìn)行更有效率的備考。筆者認(rèn)為，沒(méi)有聽(tīng)力和閱讀的正確性，綜合寫(xiě)作的高分就完全成為奢望。 在這一點(diǎn)上， 朗閣海外考試研究中心的專家們認(rèn)為， 考生受到限制和分?jǐn)?shù)不夠高的原因在于話題難度， 因?yàn)樵摬糠值膶W(xué)術(shù)話題中涉及了人類學(xué)、 生物、物理、 商業(yè)、 考古學(xué)、 文學(xué)、 藝術(shù)等多類專業(yè)性話題。 考生們經(jīng)常都會(huì)因?yàn)橐洃泴?xiě)作單詞、閱讀單詞、 聽(tīng)力單詞和口語(yǔ)單詞而覺(jué)得時(shí)間不夠。 不僅工作量大， 而且記憶難度也大， 所以最后就放棄了記單詞， 一味刷題。 其實(shí)在備考的過(guò)程中， 如果考生能夠根據(jù)現(xiàn)有聽(tīng)力材

7、料中出現(xiàn)的單詞對(duì)癥下藥， 于聽(tīng)力閱讀練習(xí)中增加單詞記憶， 這樣就會(huì)比單純背單詞起到更好的效果。下面，筆者以一篇 TPO 13的聽(tīng)力閱讀文章為例，挑選篇章中適合記憶以及在聽(tīng)力考試中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的詞匯作為范例，來(lái)引導(dǎo)考生的提詞能力。READING MATERIALS:Private collectors（這類名詞性短語(yǔ)的提取效率較低，其他題目不一定用到，可作為非重點(diǎn)）have been selling and buying fossils （“化石"，人類學(xué)、考古學(xué)的重點(diǎn)單詞，一定要掌握），the petrified（專業(yè)詞，“石化”，但是有時(shí)在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中也可以表示“驚呆”）remain

8、s of ancient organisms（專業(yè)名詞， “有機(jī)物”，生物、化學(xué)、考古學(xué)都可以用到），ever since the eighteen century. In recent years, however, the saleof fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and otherlarge vertebrates （“大型脊椎動(dòng)物”，其中可以重點(diǎn)記憶 vertebrate,獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)到身體損傷時(shí)也能用到）has grown intoa big business. Rare and important fossils are now being

9、sold to privateownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museumswhere everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow thepublic to view t

10、heir collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils canlead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the mostimportant fossils and therebymiss out （"錯(cuò)失",此短語(yǔ)需要重點(diǎn)記憶！ 兩部分作文都通用，且能夠非常到位地表達(dá)意思）

11、on potentially crucial discoveries aboutextinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and mostimportant fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money（"不計(jì)成本”，表示花了相當(dāng)多的錢(qián)?？梢杂糜讵?dú)立寫(xiě)作和綜合寫(xiě)作）to acquire them. Scientistsand the museums and universities they work for oft

12、en cannot competesuccessfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidenceassociated with（短語(yǔ)，”與 .相關(guān)“，獨(dú)立和綜合寫(xiě)作均可使用）the fossils theyunearth （ unearth=discover , 很多同學(xué)會(huì)以為這是沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)）.Most commercialfossil collectors are untrain

13、ed or uninterested in carrying out the careful fieldwork and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. Forexample, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurscalled oviraptors（“產(chǎn)卵管”，不理解這類詞語(yǔ)并不影響考試，并且可以完全照抄在寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容里，因此可以算作非重點(diǎn)。） by carefully observing the e

14、xact position ofoviraptors fossils in the ground and thepresence （presence=existence, 替換詞，重點(diǎn)記憶。）of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossilcollectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.在聽(tīng)力材料的處理上，朗閣

15、專家建議考生做題后，再精聽(tīng)?zhēng)妆?，盡量把 argue的點(diǎn)都寫(xiě)清楚，然后把關(guān)鍵詞重點(diǎn)標(biāo)注。如有沒(méi)聽(tīng)清楚的，再對(duì)照聽(tīng)力原文，最后把聽(tīng)力原文里有用的詞語(yǔ)摳出來(lái)。LISTENING MATERIALS:First of all, the public is likely to have greaterexposure （表示 "暴露"，綜合寫(xiě)作中非常常見(jiàn)的詞，且考生容易誤解）to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade,not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot

16、 of fossils available forpurchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schoolsand libraries can now routinely （表示 “例行公事地”, 雖然對(duì)閱讀和 聽(tīng)力的 內(nèi)容把握沒(méi)有大的影響，但可用于獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作）buy interesting fossils and display them for thepublic.As for the idea that scientists willlose access to（聽(tīng)力中非常容易錯(cuò)過(guò)的內(nèi)容

17、）really important fossils, that ' s not realistic either. Before anyone can put a valueon a fossil, it needs to bescientifically identified（、“科學(xué)鑒鋁”，科學(xué)、牛物、人類學(xué)、地理等多類話題都會(huì)用到），right? Well, the only people who can identify,t, areyspeenorstsngwho can really tell what a given fossil is or isndetailed ex

18、aminations and tests on the fossils themselves. So, even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community（“科學(xué)組織”，其他同義詞等在考試中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)， 諸如 association, organization 和 institution 等） is not going to miss o

19、ut on anything important that' s out there.Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren ' for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because ther e aren ' t that many fossil collecting operations（有的時(shí)候在文章中表示 “操作"，有的時(shí)候在醫(yī)學(xué)類話題中還表示“手術(shù)”，考生通常會(huì)反應(yīng)不

20、過(guò)來(lái)，可以引起重視）that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn' t it better for science toat least have more fossils being found even if we donall thehscientificdata we ' d like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered?按照以上挑選單詞的方法，不管是在做TPO還是其他的綜合寫(xiě)作練習(xí)，考生都能夠從文段中總結(jié)出一些單詞和短語(yǔ)作為記憶的內(nèi)容。持之以恒下去，就算不去記憶專門(mén)的單詞，對(duì)話題和